Transcript
Neanderthals and UsChris Stringer
The Natural History Museum London
Some “recent” events in human evolution
‘Out of Africa 1’?
First humans in S. Europe?
Changes in glacial intensity
First humans in N. Europe/Britain?
Early Neanderthals in Europe
Homo sapiens ‘Out of Africa 2’
Homo sapiens in Africa
Neanderthals and “Hobbit” extinct
Homo heidelbergensis appears
Homo erectus in Africa
Homo erectus in Java & China
Complex human behaviour…
“Houses””
Art, Music,Spirituality
Complex technology
Treatment of the dead
Networking
Models of modern human origins
1984 1970
Stringer 1974: cranial metrics suggest Neanderthals are not good ancestors
for modern humans
The evolution of Modern Humans
and Neanderthals(based on fossil and
genetic data)
Homoheidelbergensis~500,000 years
The Late Neanderthals
Neander Valley 1856
newworldeveryday.com
longer lower vaultsuprainiac fossastrong browridge
projecting midface
large front teethweak chin
globular vaultparietal expansionweak browridgeflat midface
small front teethstrong chin
Neanderthals: a different species?
Harvati
Harvati
omegaparque.com
Nea-mod variation
Modvar.
Smaller groups sizes, less networked
Building a Neanderthal genome….
The evolution of Modern Humans
and Neanderthals(based on fossil and
genetic data)
Homoheidelbergensis~500,000 years
Lieberman
H. sapiens: fossils suggest an African origin for the modern
pattern ~ 150-200ka?
Age ka ~260 ~150? ~160? ~195? >130
Tim White
300 ka 200 150 100 50 0
Omo Kibish Herto
Kapthurin
Twin Rivers
Twin Rivers
Pinnacle Point
Klasies Qafzeh
Klasies
Grotta Moscerini
Blombos
Blombos
Skhul
Taforalt
Enkapune ya Muto
Enkapune ya Muto
Howiesonspoort
Mumba
Microliths
Shellfishing
Ochre
Shell beads
Early H. sapiens fossils
“Modern” anatomy and behaviour have deep roots in Africa…
Shell jewellery + red pigments ~70-100 ka
100,000 yrs ago the Sahara was ‘green’ (Nick Drake et al.)
1987: Mitochondrial Eve hits the headlines!
Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution Nature 325, 31-36Rebecca L. Cann, Mark Stoneking & Allan C. Wilson (1987)
African female ancestor~200ka
The pendulum starts swinging…
2000 1995 1995 1984 1970
PNAS 2012
Art and music 30-40 ka
Statuettes and flutes: Hohle Fels & Vogelherd ~ 40ka
Female figurines Europe and Asia
Ain elAin elGuettarGuettar
Cueva AntónCueva Antón
L’ArbredaL’Arbreda
Grotte MandrinGrotte Mandrin
Les CottésLes Cottés
Dar es-Dar es-Soltane 1Soltane 1
Haua FteahHaua Fteah
Undo, Undo, BondiBondi
TabulaTabulaTraianaTraiana
LakonisLakonis
TincovaTincova
Grub/K.Grub/K.
WP-1/2 Palaeolithic Sites (N = 50) cryptotephra present (N = 16) cryptotephra absent (N = 28) sample processing in progress (N = 6)
KozarnikaKozarnika
TheopetraTheopetra
KlissouraKlissoura
Golema PeshtGolema Pesht
TaforaltTaforalt
Moravský Krumlov IV, Zelec/Ondratice I,Moravský Krumlov IV, Zelec/Ondratice I,Vedrovice V, Vedrovice V, Brno-Bohunice 2002, Kulna Brno-Bohunice 2002, Kulna
AzokhAzokh11
CosavaCosavaSiuren I,Siuren I,Kabazii IIKabazii II
Redaka IIRedaka II
UcagizliUcagizli
BeregovoBeregovo
Oued El AkaritOued El Akarit
Sodmein
KebaraKebara
SzeletaSzeleta
Romualdova p.Romualdova p.
ZezëZezë
Zaskalnaya V,Zaskalnaya V,Karabai IIKarabai IIMujina p.Mujina p.
Velika p.Velika p.
Molodova VMolodova V
HurdhHurdhëëss BlazBlaz
Riparo l'OscurusciutoRiparo l'OscurusciutoGrotta di Santa CroceGrotta di Santa Croce
Romanesti-D IRomanesti-D I
Figure byFigure byDustin White,Dustin White,
June 2013June 2013 Hohle Fels Hohle Fels
Hohlenstein-Stadel Hohlenstein-Stadel
RhafasRhafas
Kostenki 14Kostenki 14
RESET Middle-Upper Palaeolithic total sites sampled (2008-13)RESET Middle-Upper Palaeolithic total sites sampled (2008-13)
The Campanian Ignimbrite
PNAS 109:13532-13537(2012)
>41,000 years
>43,000 years
~40,000 years
Châtelperronian material: the product of Neanderthals ~42,000 years ago?
Interbreeding?
Cell
Ancient DNA
What happened to the Neanderthals?
Continuity?Evolved into the Cro-Magnons
Genetically absorbed
Extinction?
Interpopulation conflict
Demographic disadvantage
Competitive exclusion
Infectious diseases
Distinct physiologies/diets
Competition/fluctuating climates
Climate change
Part of megafaunal extinctions
Rapid climate change 20-60 ka
Phylogenetic relationships and geographic distribution of Neanderthals. Recent (<48 kyr) western Neanderthals are placed within a well-defined monophyletic group (blue box), whereas specimens older than 48 kyr constitute a paraphyletic group together with eastern Neanderthals (red box).
Dalén et al. 2012: Partial genetic turnover in Neas Mol Biol Evolution
Enter the Denisovans…
?
1. Interbreeding with Neas?
2.Interbreeding with
Denisovans?
?
NEW DATA ON NEA % Europeans ~ 1% Chinese ~ 1.7%(Meyer et al. Science 2012;Wall et al Genetics 2013)
Only one limited phase of interbreeding, then drift?1st limited phase W. Asia + 2nd in Asia?More widespread, but strong hybrid disadvantage?
A Proper Study for Mankind: analogies from the Papionin Monkeys and their implications for Human Evolution
Clifford Jolly
The message is to concentrate on biology, avoid semantic traps, and realize that any species-level taxonomy based on fossil material is going to be only
an approximate reflection of real-world complexities.
The pendulum swings back a bit!
2013
“Mostly Out of Africa”
Thank you all for listening, and to…The Calleva Foundation
Human Origins Research Fund…and all my sources of data and illustrations..
Mousterian
Châtelperronian
Aurignacian
Fu et al. Curr Biol 2013
The last 35,000 years……
Libor Balák
~60 ka: Modern Humans start to leave Africa…
?
NEW DATA:Europeans ~ 1%Chinese ~ 1.7%
Meyer et al. Science 2012Wall et al Genetics 2013
‘At least two separate episodes of admixture between Neanderthals and modern humans must have occurred, and at least one of those episodes must have occurred
after the separation of the ancestors of modern Europeans and East Asians’
Simulated landscape used in our simulations.
Currat M , and Excoffier L PNAS 2011;108:15129-15134©2011 by National Academy of Sciences
We find that observed low levels of Neanderthal ancestry in Eurasians arecompatible with a very low rate of interbreeding (<2%), potentially attributable
to a very strong avoidance of interspecific matings, a low fitness of hybrids, or both. These results suggest the presence of very effective barriers to gene flow between
the two species
Thomas Higham , Laura Basell , Roger Jacobi , Rachel Wood , Christopher Bronk Ramsey , Nicholas J. Conard
Journal of Human Evolution Volume 62, Issue 6 2012 664 - 676
Out of Africa Mitochondrial DNA
Out of Africa Y-chromosome DNA
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