Native Americans European Exploration Africans and Slavery Mrs. Dean Social Studies.
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Native AmericansEuropean ExplorationAfricans and Slavery
Mrs. DeanSocial Studies
Arrival of Native Americans
Who discovered America?28,000 nomadic hunters traveled
BC over Bering Strait◦Some continue to hunt large game◦Others settle and become farmers
Native Americans reside throughout the Americas for thousands of years◦50-100 million natives◦More than 2000 groups (or tribes)
Native Americans ThriveHundreds of tribes succeeded in
North America◦Had their own distinct languages◦Estimates of NA in North America =
7-12 million (25 million in Mexico alone)
Harvested corn, beans, squash, sunflowers, cotton and took advantage of the numerous animal resources
Savage?
If this could be yours…would you take it?
Causes for European Exploration
3 G’s◦Gold◦God◦Glory
GoldIn Europe – land is no longer the way to be
rich…they looked to goldMarco Polo – travels to China, wrote about
the culture – sparks exploration◦More and more people are interested in the
exotic goods◦Merchants realize they can make $ by selling
goods from the East Spices (cinnamon, pepper, cloves), perfumes, and
precious stones in high demand Most of the trading is done on land through middle men
Merchants begin looking for routes to trade directly with the East
GloryWhat is the U.S. known for TODAY?Large nation-states begin to form (equivalent of
countries)◦ Look to establish wealth and power specifically through
power and trade◦ Establish laws, courts, taxes and armies
Improvements in technology encourage this growth◦ Moveable type/printing press = new info◦ Better maps = more accurate◦ Better navigation instruments = know direction/location◦ Better ships = longer voyages, faster, larger cargo areas
Look to make a better name for their nation-state!
GodChurch is constantly looking to
acquire land, wealth and believers◦Protestant Reformation (early
1500’s) – led to decline in Catholic Church
◦Look for areas and people to convert
Christopher ColumbusHow have you celebrated Columbus in the past?Given money buy king to sail West towards Asia
(for more efficient trading)◦ Return for gold and spices, Columbus would receive
10% of profits, governor of new lands, and the title Admiral of the Ocean Sea
◦ October 1492 – landed in Bahamas◦ Kidnapped natives so he could find gold in Cuba
On return trips, Columbus focused on finding gold and slaves◦ Never found the “pot of gold” he was looking for◦ Many thousands of slaves died in route back to Europe◦ 1515 – 50,000 Indians left; 1550 – only 500 (originally
millions)
Spanish SettlementSpanish settled primarily in the
Caribbean and Central AmericaPonce de Leon – first to arrive on
North American mainland◦Looking for gold (exhausted supply
in Caribbean) and fountain of youthSpanish primarily stay in South
(such as Florida, New Orleans)
Explorers vs. IndiansExamples of what is to come
◦Columbus = Arawaks of the Bahamas
◦Cortes = Aztecs of Mexico◦Pizarro = Incas of Peru◦English settlers of VA and MA =
Powhatans and Pequots
Spanish vs. English Colonies
Spanish Armada ◦ Failed attempt by
Spain to restore English monarchy to a Catholic one
◦ Spain no longer the ruler of the seas – opens the way for English exploration
English Take Over Exploration
1585 – Roanoke (off of North Carolina)◦Difficult winter – colonists returned to
England◦1587 (2nd attempt)
100 men; 17 women Wrote of Native Americans Virginia Dare – first English colonist born on
American soil John White sailed back for more supplies –
returned 3 years later, Roanoke deserted Only clue – CROATOAN carved in a tree
English Exploration (cont’d)
Jamestown◦ Group of merchants
from the Virginia Company of London
◦ April 1607◦ In the Chesapeake
Bay (Virginia) – named the river “James” and the town Jamestown” after who???
◦ Left with 144 men – only 38 left a year later
JamestownWhen residents
were starving, some ran off to join the Indians
Gov. of Jamestown ordered return of men but men did not
Gov. ordered revenge on Indians
Soldiers killed 16 Indians, burned houses, ruined corn fields, took queen of tribe and children◦ Took them into boats,
threw children overboard and shot them in the head
◦ Queen was taken off and stabbed to death
12 yrs later, Indians feared growing numbers of settlers and went on killing rampage: 347 men, women and children
Total War
Jamestown
New Wave of ColonistsCame searching for religious freedom
Puritans = Protestants who wanted to reform the Anglican Church
Separatists (Pilgrims) = those who wanted to set up their own churches
Only 35 of 102 Mayflower passengers were Pilgrims
Originally planned on settling in Virginia, but landed in Cape Cod
“Mayflower Compact” – set up representative govt.
Pilgrims and IndiansWhat is Thanksgiving?Thanksgiving Video
AfricaRegions rich with natural
resources – gold, copper, ironBy 1400, Portugal had set up
trading posts on the west coastAfricans had long accompanied
ships sailing to the New World, not necessarily as slaves
AfricansFirst Africans (20) workers to
Jamestown in 1619◦Perhaps brought more as indentured
servants – not lifetime serviceUp until 1640 – some Africans
were free and owned propertyBy 1660, slavery was recognized
in Virginian lawAfrican slaves came by the
shiploads
Why Africans?....Why not poor whites, Native
Americans, or other willing servants?
1637 – very first American-made slave ship arrives in the colonies◦Named Desire
Millions are to-be-slaves never make it to US◦Disease◦suicide
Slavery and the Middle Passage
Slavery in the USEvolves to the most cruel form in
the worldEven in South American and
Caribbean Islands, Africans maintained certain aspects of their culture◦Religion◦Music◦Language
Colonial RuleEngland views its North American
colonies as economic resource◦ In order to profit, colonies need to export
more than they import◦Navigation Acts – ensures profits for England
Monopoly over all colonists goods Colonists begin to smuggle goods
Magna Carta – English document that specifies limited government
Education important – Harvard (1636), William and Mary (1693) established
Time Notebook“Numbers” pg 115
http://www.glencoe.com/cgi-bin/pdfServer.pl/sec/socialstudies/ose/aj2003/full/docs/chap04.pdf
Additional Costs of Goodshttp://
www.espl.org/genealogy-research/cost-of-some-items-in-colonial-virginia.html
French and Indian WarMap – pg 117American population growing –
need more room to expandFrench had good relationship with
NA◦Did not want their land, but fur trade ◦Often married NA women
Iroquois balanced the power by siding with the British
French and Indian WarGeorge Washington surveys the land
in the Ohio River Valley◦Assigned Liuetenant of 150 militia (1754)◦Went to present day Pittsburgh – French
already built a fort◦Established a nearby fort – Fort Necessity◦Washington tried to attack, but failed –
returned to VirginiaHomework: Read Chapter 4-4 (121-
125)
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