Napier grass smut and stunt resistance: Introducing the Project
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Napier grass smut and
stunt resistance
ASARECA Project 06/RC01-FC-2-02 (LFP PRJ 12)
Presented at the ASARECA/ILRI Workshop on Mitigating the Impact of Napier Grass Smut and Stunt Diseases, Addis Ababa, June 2-3, 2010
Napier grass is grown extensively in Kenya and Uganda by smallholder farmers as feed for stall fed dairy cows
Napier grass smut and stunt both
severely reduce plant biomass production. This is limiting feed
availability for smallholder farmers
Napier grass smut
Napier grass stunt
Effect of Napier grass stunt on fodder yield,
Uganda
2007
2009
Project leaders from Tanzania, Uganda
and Kenya
Some of wider project team
ILRIINTERNATIONAL LIVESTOCK RESEARCH INSTITUTE INSTITUTE
Napier GrassNapier grass is a major cut and carry feed for cross bred dairy cattle. Smut and stunt diseases are causing yield reductions.Working together can reduce the impact of stunt and smut on smallholder dairy farms in East Africa.
This project is:Responding to the disease threats to a smallholder dairy industry dependent on Napier grassRaising awareness of Napier grass smut and stunt in the regionResponding to demand for information on managing Napier grass smut and stuntResponding to demand for productive and resistant clones of Napier grass from NARS and farmers in the region
Best management practicesInspect your crop regularly and remove diseased plantsKeep Napier healthy by weeding and manuring plotsUse planting material from disease free areas
A partnership approach to mitigate the effects of Napier diseases on smallholder dairy
Partners: International Livestock Research Institute, Kenyan Agricultural Research Institute, National Biological Control Program (Tanzania), National Livestock Resource Research Institute (Uganda), Rothamsted Research (UK), International Centre for Insect Physiology and EcologyContact: Dr Jean Hanson, j.hanson@cgiar.org Dr Janice Proud, j.proud@cgiar.org
Stall fed cows face feed shortages
Screening for disease incidence
Stunt affected plant
Different strains of stunt
Website screenshot(https:/sites.google.com/site/napiergrassdiseaseresistance)
Raising awareness National team leaders
Information gathering and dissemination
Weighing biomass
Healthy Napier grass
ILRI’s role in the project In proposal• Nutritional analysis for project (student from region)• Molecular characterisation for project (student from region)• Validate and test smut diagnostics• Arrange and host training in molecular diagnostics• Screen ILRI collection for smut & stunt• Arrange annual regional meeting• Train and support partners in M&E, using Outcome Mapping• Project coordination
Subsequently added• Further development work on smut diagnostics• Training national partners in molecular diagnostics• Transfer of ILRI collection to Kenya for disease screening• Website development and maintenance• Regional final workshop to disseminate project results
Surveys and collections Surveys carried out in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, in selected districts representing 3 agro-ecological zones
Clones that farmers thought disease tolerant collected and planted in each country
Households surveyed Clones collected
Kenya 515 597
Tanzania 250 212
Uganda 296 52
Technical progress
Data from surveys collated in each country to identify:• how Napier grass is selected and grown• how it is managed managed for yield • how it is managed to mitigate the impact of disease• the extent and severity of disease in the selected areas
Morphological characterisation and biomass trials
Napier grass from national collections selected for replicate trials on basis of disease resistance, high yield and variation in morphology
Clones collected Clones in trial
Kenya 597 120
Tanzania 212 30
Uganda 52 56
Napier grass characterised for morphological traits using standard protocol. Traits can be used to select clones desirable to farmers, less hairy and serrated
High yielding clones identified in each national trial
Technical progress
Nutritional quality and molecular diversity
Nutritional quality• All replicates of clones in national
trials analysed at two harvest using NIRS, at ILRI, Addis Ababa
• Equation for Napier grass expanded and used to predict nutritive quality
• High and low quality clones identified for each country
Molecular diversity• All clones from national trials and
ILRI collection (60) analysed using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, at BecA/ILRI, Nairobi
• 64 primer pairs tested, 10 pairs selected for analysis of the 281 samples
Near Infra Red Spectral analysis
M57 M58 M59
M60 M61 M62
M63 M64
Technical progress
Disease incidence and severity Replicated trials planted with spreader rows of infected plants for field challenge for stunt
Disease scored after each harvest
Uganda all clones susceptible to stunt
Clones showing tolerance planted for further challenge with vector
To date, still 14 clones disease free in Tanzania and 40 in Kenya, of which 28 high yielding
Clones in trial
Clones vector challenge
Disease free clones
Disease free high yielding clones
Kenya 120 83 40 28
Tanzania 30 15 14 No data yet
Uganda 56 0 0 0
Technical progress
Molecular diagnostics Napier grass smut• Causal agent of Napier grass smut, Ustilago
kamerunensis, cultured, used to infect healthy plants
• Sequenced for first time• Primers and probe designed and being
optimised for PCR and Nucleic Acid Hybridisation
Napier grass stunt• Better primers and probe designed for
detection of phytoplasma strains causing Napier grass stunt in Ethiopia and Kenya
Capacity building• Training manual prepared• Training planned to share techniques with
regional partners for use in their institutes or BecA nodes in their countries
UE
UcynodontisAF038825
UcynodontisAY740168
UcynodontisAY345000
UsparsaAY345008
UxerochloaeAY345012
Ucalamagrostidis
UstriiformisAY740172
Usporoboli indiciAY772739
UpamiricaAY345005
UtriticiAF135424
UbullataAY344998
Uturcomanica
UphrygicaDQ139961
UnudaAF135430
UhordeiAF105224
UavenaeAY344997
UtriodiaeAY740075
UechinataAY345001
UtraganaAY740072
UvetiveriaeAY345011
UtrichophoraAY345009
UschroeterianaAY345006
UfiliformisAY740066
UtrichophoraAY740073
UKFKenya
UKBKenya
UdavisiiAY740169
UalcorniiAY740165
UsculentaAB211929
UspermophoraAY740171
Uaustro africanaAY740061
UdrakensbergianaAY740170
UcrameriAY344999
UbouriquetiAY740167
PseudozymaAM160635
100
66
67
100
93
98
96
93
83
71
92
56
69
81
68
65
69
90
0.01
• Phylogenetic tree based on ITS
• Ethiopian sample (UE) identical to U. cynodontis
• Kenyan samples separate and close to U. trichophora
• No U. kamerunensis sequences in Genbank
Technical progress
Collecting and sharing information
Focus during surveys:• collecting information on:
– disease extent and severity– best practices to manage the diseases
• raising awareness of smut and stunt, especially in Tanzania where they had not been recorded previously
Knowledge sharing
Knowledge sharing
Then:• raising awareness of smut and stunt• sharing best management practices• getting feedback
Using a variety of means:• leaflets• posters• drama
In different settings:• on farm• at markets• at roadside
• at stakeholder meetings• at agricultural shows• at field days
• song• radio• participatory assessment
• TV• website
Knowledge sharing
Knowledge sharing
Influencing policy
Activities• Participation at agricultural shows• Invitations of policy makers to
stakeholder meetings• Raising awareness of diseases in
media (newspaper, radio, TV)• Policy briefs
Outcomes• Research, extension work and
disease reporting supported• Proposals funded
– for extension work to share knowledge
– to increase understanding of the disease
Capacity building
Integral to project, both locally and regionally• Nutritional quality at ILRI Addis, Clementine Namazzi (Uganda)• Molecular characterisation at ILRI Nairobi, Bramwel Wanjala
(Kenya)• Biomass yield, morphological characterisation and disease
incidence and severity in each country, national in each country
Capacity of project leaders enhanced through the rigorous cycle of:
• workplan and budget preparation• recording and reporting on finances• reporting on technical progress• presentations on project activities to different groups• Outcome mapping of project progress
• ICIPE working on east Africa promoting Push Pull technology for Striga and maize stem borer control have real concern about Napier diseases, working to identify vector of Napier grass stunt, will promote disease resistant clones
• East Africa Dairy Development project, a link for dissemination of best management practices and disease resistant planting material
• FOA promoting Napier grass in Burundi, have disease problem and want to learn more from this project.
• Many local partnerships at all levels, from research to sharing knowledge
Regional relevance and linkagesNapier grass stunt is a severe threat to smallholder dairy sector in western Kenya and Uganda, an emerging disease in Tanzania and suspected in Burundi.
Napier grass smut is a threat in central Kenya, where stunt is now an emerging disease.
Technical reporting
Reporting, following ASARECA structures• Six monthly reporting by partners• Collated by ILRI to single report for ASARECA, with follow up by
email for clarification, extra information• Analysis of pooled national data for regional overview• Similar procedures for annual report• Progress indicators calculated as progress made in different
activities needed to complete the indicator
Outcome mapping reporting• Training at inception reporting• Support at meetings to develop indicators• Follow up training at regional meeting end year 2• Initial outcome mapping report develop by partners• Further support to complete reports including participation at
final national stakeholder meetings
Financial procedures and reporting
Using ASARECA formats• Partners prepare budget for workplan activities for each year• Submitted to ASARECA as annual financing plan for project• Fund request submitted to ILRI with budget for year• First advance 80% of year 1 budget• Submission of financial report and supporting documents to ILRI
6 monthly• Expenditure checked against workplan activities and budget• Expenditure recorded by ILRI finance• Expenditure reported to ASARECA 6 monthly• Subsequent advances made against cleared expenditure of at
least 75% of advanced funds
Gender
• This project is important for women in East Africa, since women provide most of the labour on smallholder dairy farms.
• The project outputs of management practices to mitigate the impact of Napier grass diseases and disease resistant planting material will have a significant impact on women by improving Napier grass production.
• Increased Napier grass production will increase milk yield, benefiting women and their children through enhanced nutrition and income from milk.
• The project has also developed the capacity of women scientist in the region, both in the project team in each country and other staff.
• Several of the project team have benefitted from participation in the African Women in Agricultural Research and Development (AWARD) program of the CGIAR
Thank you to ASARECA and ADB for funding this work
1 Demand driven technologies/innovations generated and promoted
3 Regional and national capacity for implementing agricultural research in the IAR4D paradigm strengthened
4 Availability of information on agricultural research and development enhanced
GULU
KOTIDO
LIRA
MUKONO
KITGUM
APAC
MASINDI
PADERARUA
MOROTO
HOIMA
BUGIRI
RAKAI
KALANGALA
MPIGI
MUBENDE
KAMULI
KUMI
MASAKA
KATAKWI
MAYUGE
KIBOGA
KIBAALE
NEBBI
SOROTI
KASESE
BUSHENYI
NAKAPIRIPIRIT
KYENJOJO
WAKISO
YUMBE
IBANDA
NAKASEKE
IGANGA
MOYO
ADJUMANI
ISINGIRO
KIRUHURA
LUWERO
PALLISA
NAKASONGOLA
KABALE
TORORO
MBALE
KAMWENGE
SEMBABULE
MBARARA
NTUNGAMO
KAYUNGA
KABAROLE
BUNDIBUGYO
RUKUNGIRI
JINJA
KAPCHORWA
KANUNGU
BUSIA
SIRONKO
KABERAMAIDO
KISORO
KAMPALA
N
90 0 90 180 Kilometers
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Unsurveyed districts
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GULU
KOTIDO
LIRA
MUKONO
KITGUM
APAC
MASINDI
PADERARUA
MOROTO
HOIMA
BUG
GULU
KOTIDO
LIRA
MUKONO
KITGUM
APAC
MASINDI
PADERARUA
MOROTO
HOIMA
BUGIRI
RAKAI
KALANGALA
MPIGI
MUBENDE
KAMULI
KUMI
MASAKA
KATAKWI
MAYUGE
KIBOGA
KIBAALE
NEBBI
SOROTI
KASESE
BUSHENYI
NAKAPIRIPIRIT
KYENJOJO
WAKISO
YUMBE
IBANDA
NAKASEKE
IGANGA
MOYO
ADJUMANI
ISINGIRO
KIRUHURA
LUWERO
PALLISA
NAKASONGOLA
IRI
RAKAI
KALANGALA
MPIGI
MUBENDE
KAMULI
KUMI
MASAKA
KATAKWI
MAYUGE
KIBOGA
KIBAALE
NEBBI
SOROTI
KASESE
BUSHENYI
NAKAPIRIPIRIT
KYENJOJO
WAKISO
YUMBE
IBANDA
NAKASEKE
IGANGA
MOYO
ADJUMANI
ISINGIRO
KIRUHURA
LUWERO
PALLISA
NAKASONGOLA
KABALE
TORORO
MBALE
KAMWENGE
SEMBABULE
MBARARA
NTUNGAMO
KAYUNGA
KABAROLE
BUNDIBUGYO
RUKUNGIRI
JINJA
KAPCHORWA
KANUNGU
BUSIA
SIRONKO
KABERAMAIDO
KISORO
KAMPALA
N
90 0 90 180 Kilometers
o
w
i
u
ve
e
r
b
KABALE
TORORO
MBALE
KAMWENGE
SEMBABULE
MBARARA
NTUNGAMO
KAYUNGA
KABAROLE
BUNDIBUGYO
RUKUNGIRI
JINJA
KAPCHORWA
KANUNGU
BUSIA
SIRONKO
KABERAMAIDO
KISORO
KAMPALA
N
90 0 90 180 Kilometers
o
w
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u
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which is working to ensure that farmers have productive disease free Napier grass for their cows to help feed and support their families, while meeting ASARECA objectives:
Napier grass stunt in Uganda
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