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Maintenance
What is maintenance?
Industrial maintenance usually refers to the repair and upkeep of the different types of
equipment and machines used in an industrial setting. The basics of industrial maintenance
may be broken down into the following five categories: general knowledge, mechanical
knowledge, electrical knowledge, welding knowledge, and preventative maintenance.
According to this wide variety of areas of expertise, industrial maintenance technicians
usually are multi-skilled individuals, proficient in many tasks. Industrial maintenance also
involves a great degree of problem solving skill. Identifying the problem alongside the best
and safest means of resolving the difficulty typically are integral parts of the industrial
maintenance process.
Why maintenance is important ?
Regular maintenance is essential to keep equipment, machines and the work environment
safe and reliable. It helps to eliminate workplace hazards. Lack of maintenance or inadequate
maintenance can lead to dangerous situations, accidents and health problems.
Maintenance is a high risk activity. It has to be performed in a safe way!
What is the Task of Maintenance? Its Significance in Society?
In Europe every year, thousands of billions of Euros are invested in new machines, factories,roads, etc. It is the task of the maintenance people to take good care of these huge
investmentsto be responsible for ensuring that they provide the service they were designed
for, at best possible profits for the investors.
The duty of maintenance is not only to repair and maintain the machines. A professional
maintenance person will keep the machines running safely and reliably. He or she will also
try continually to improve the efficiency of the equipment.
The main task of maintenance is to make sure that the investments made will generate the
best possible profit during the entire lifetime of the machine.
Improving the availability, reliability, safety, and return on life cycle cost are the foundationof profitability and competitiveness.
The better the Industrys competitiveness and the communitys ability to provide services, the
more the assets efficiencies are optimised.
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Maintenance for safety
Proper maintenance is essential for eliminating hazards and managing risks at the workplace.
Lack of maintenance or inadequate maintenance can cause serious and deadly accidents.
Many accidents, such as slips, trips and falls, happen because of lack of maintenance or as a
result of poor quality maintenance
Lack of maintenance and regular service of construction equipment and machinery may lead
to their failure and cause injuries to the operators and other workers (e.g. defective
conveyors, derricks, hoists, faulty ladders, etc.)
Poor standards of maintenance are a major underlying cause of accidents in the catering
industry. Most accidents resulting from poor maintenance involve equipment (e.g. faults in
plugs or cables, poorly maintained gas appliances) or happen due to leaks and spillages.
Safety critical equipment can fail due to lack of maintenance causing serious accidents
The general knowledge usually required in industrial maintenance
The general knowledge usually required in industrial maintenance is an understanding of
tools, blueprint reading, and safety. The correct tools and the comprehension of how to use
them can be crucial for fixing potential machinery problems. Blueprint reading enables the
industrial maintenance technician to understand how a particular machine works. Safety is
also a pivotal aspect of maintenance, as most industrial machines can be considered
dangerous. It usually is important for the technician to maintain his or her own safety, as well
as those of the workers using the machinery.
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Mechanical knowledge of how machines function may include a familiarity with concepts
such as mechanical power transmission, fluid power, piping systems, pumps, and
compressors. Since any number of mechanical parts can make up a piece of machinery,
industrial maintenance typically requires the knowledge of how machines function in general.
A familiarity with wiring, transformers and basic industrial electronics allows for the
repairing of machines experiencing problems with power supplies. The knowledge ofwelding techniques, such as arc welding and gas welding, also can be necessary to solve a
mechanical problem.
Instruments used in industrial maintenance
A. Technical
1. Temperature controlled soldering Iron
2. Oscilloscope
3. Multimeter
4. Universal programmer
5. variable Power supply AC and DC
6. LCR meter
7. Clamp meter
8. De-soldering Gun
9. Hot air gun
10.Cleaning gunB. Mechanical
1.Hand tools
2.Pliers
3.L-keys (.5 to 15 )
4.Set of tweezers
5.Screwdrivers
6.Cutters7.Puller
8.Ruler
9.Hammer
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C. Other essentials
1.Selves
2.Shockproof Tape
3.Soldering wire4.Flux (liquid & solid)
5.Wires
D. Self made Testing zig according to the chip you are using.
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Stoll CMS-402
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General Description of Stoll CMS-402
Serial no Part
1 Machine stand
2 Needle carrier
3 Racking unit
4 Knitting unit
5 Fabric take down6 Yarn delivery unit
7 Maintenance unit
8 Protecting unit
9 Machine control
10 Cable Guidance
11 Electric
12 Electronic system
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Stepper Motor Driver Card
The image shows the stepper motors used in machines. These motors control
the yarn feeder of the machines. These also control the tension of thread.
There are total eight motors in machine and an individual driver card is used
for Rotation of motor. These are placed in the left cabinet of the machine.
The testing base for these shows the testing of card
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This image shows the initial state of motor driver card when it is not triggered
or ypu can say it is in low position now.
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This shows the image of card when it is triggered and the card is in working
position or you can say in high position in right position
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This shows the image of card when it is triggered and the card is in working
position or you can say in high position in left position
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Linear scale encoder
An infra-red LED emits light onto the scale, which is a plane reflective metal grating of20 m period. It is important that this scale is uniform and strongly periodic, but it does not
need to be a good diffraction grating. As with RG2 and RG4 readheads, the SiGNUM
readhead optics average the contributions from many scale periods and effectively filters out
non-periodic features such as dirt. The nominally square-wave scale pattern is also filtered to
leave a pure sinusoidal fringe field at the detector. Here, a multiple finger structure is
employed, fine enough to produce photocurrents in the form of four symmetrically phased
signals. These are combined to remove DC components and produce sine and cosine signal
outputs with high spectral purity and low offset, while maintaining bandwidth to beyond 500
kHz.
The balance and level control of these signals is further enhanced by active adjustment of
individual channel gains, offsets and also control of the LED light source within the
SiGNUM readhead. As a result, the inherent cyclic error (sub-divisional error, SDE) is 30nm, i.e. 0.15% of scale period. Interpolation is by CORDIC algorithm, within theSiGNUM Si interface
TheIN-TRAC reference mark is embedded in the incremental scale in the form of a dark
line. This feature is rejected by the filtering incremental optics, but detected by a split
photodetector within the readhead. With appropriate level sensing and gating circuitry this
yields a reference mark output that is bi-directionally repeatable to unit of resolution at all
speeds. Calibration of phase with respect to the analogue channel is performed automatically
on installation by the logic within the interface, which also provides comprehensive system
monitoring and set-up assistance.
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This is the I.R emitter side of the linear scale. It emits I.R rays on the photo
diode on the other side. There is also a concave lens between IR emitter and IR
receivers to read the coding on the linear scale.
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Receiver side of the linear scale encoder.
The recivers are on the other side of the PCB.
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Total view of the linear scale encoder
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The digital encoded scale inside the encoder. We can say it as the heart of the
encoder.
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PCB DESIGN STEPS IN OrCad 10.5
Entry of Schematic Diagram
Schematic diagram provides the functional flow and the graphical
representation of an electronic circuit. The entry of schematic diagram is the
first step in PCB design using OrCad.
A schematic diagram consists of:-
Electrical connections(nets)
Junctions
Integrated circuits symbols
Discrete components symbols like resistors, capacitors etc.
Input / output connectors
Power and ground symbols Buses
No connection symbols
Components reference names
Text
The Schematic Page Editor:
The schematic page editor is used to display and edit schematic pages. So that
one can parts; wires; buses and draw graphics. The schematic page editor has a
tool palette that you can use to draw and place everything you need to create
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a schematic page. One can print from within the schematic page editor, or
from the project window.
The Part editor:
The part editor is used to create and edit parts.
From the view menu of the part editor you can choose either part or package.
In part view one can:-
Create and edit parts and symbols, then store in new or existing
libraries.
Create and edit power and ground symbols, off-page connector symbols,
and title block
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Use the tool palettes electrical tools to place pins on parts, and its
drawing tools to draw parts and symbols.
The Session Log:
The session log lists the events that have occurred during the current
Capture session, includes message resulting from using captures tools. To
display context-sensitive help for an error message, put the cursor in the error
message line in the session log press F1.
The ruler along the top appears in either inches or mill meters, depending on
which measurement system is selected in the window panel. Your tab setting
are saved and used each time you start capture.
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One can search for information in the session log using the find command on
the Edit menu. You can also save the contents of the of the session log to a file,
which is useful when working with Orcads technical support to solve technical
problems. The default filename is SESSION.TXT.
The Toolbar:
Captures toolbar is dock able (that means you can select and drag the toolbar
to new location) as well as resizable, and displays tool tips for each tool; by
choosing a tool button you can quickly perform a task. If tool button is
dimmed, you cant perform that task in the current situation.
Some of the tools operate only on what you have selected, while others give
you a choice of either operating on what is selected or expanding the scope to
entire project.
You can hide the toolbar, then display it again when u need it. For hiding select
from the schematic page editors view menu, choose TOOLBAR.
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The Tool Palette:
Capture has two tool palettes: one for the schematic page editor and one for
the part editor. Both tool palettes are dock able and resizable. They can also
display tool tips that identify each tool. The drawing tools on the two tool
palettes are identical, however, each tool palette has different electrical tools
after you choose a tool, and you press the right mouse button to display a
context- sensitive pop-up menu.
The schematic page editor tool palette:
The first group of tools on the tool palette is electrical tools, used to place
electrical connectivity objects. The second group of tools is
Drawing tools, used to create graphical objects without electrical connectivity.
The part editor tool palette:
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The first group of tools on the part palette is electrical tools, used to place pins
and symbols. They have been already explained above within the schematic
page editor tools. The second group of tools is drawing tools, used to create
graphical objects without objects any electrical connectivity and is described:
Pin Tools: Place pins on part
Pin Array: Place multiple pins on part
Selecting and deselecting of objects
Once one selects an object, one can perform operations on it, include moving,
copying, cutting, mirroring, rotating, resizing, or editing. One can also select
multiple, objects and edit them, or group them in to a single object. Grouping
objects maintain relation ship among them while one moves them to another
location.
Creating Net list File
Net-list file is a document file which contains information about the logical
interconnections between signals and pins. Before one create a net list file, be
sure ones project is completed, annotated and it is free from electrical rule
violations.
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A net list file consists of nets, components, connectors, junctions, no
connection symbol, power and ground symbols.
Creation of net list in capture:
Select your design in the project manager.
From the tools, choose create net list. The net list dialog box displays.
Choose a net list format tab.
If necessary, set the part value and PCB foot print combined property
strings to reflect the information you want in the net list.
Click ok to create the net list.
In the net list file text box, enter a name for the output file. If the
selected format creates an additional file, enter its file name in the
second text box.
PLACEMENT OF LAYOUT PLUS
What is Layout Plus?
Layout plus is one part for the PCB design in which we place as well as route
the components an set unit of measurement, grids, and spacing in OrCad.
Within other soft wares you also have to place and route the components in
similar way. For the placement and routing of the components we normally
use auto-placement and auto-routing. Unfortunately, in a lot of soft wares
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some critical signals have to be routed manually before auto-routing. In layout
plus we also define the layer stacks, pad stacks and via's.
Steps for board design:
At first, we have created a net list from our schematic diagram by using
capture.
Layout plus includes design rules in order to guide logical placement and
routing. That means, load the net list into layout to create the board. Atthe same time you have to specify the board parameters.
Specify board parameters: Specifying global setting for the board,
including nits of measurements, grid, and spacing
Place components: Use the components tool in order to place manually
the components which are fixed by the system designer on the board or
otherwise use auto-placement.
Route the board: Use different routing technologies to route the board
and take advantage of push and shove (a routing technology), which
moves track you are currently routing as well as you can also auto route
the board.
Provide finishing of the board: Layout supplies an ordered progression of
commands on the auto menu for finishing your design. These commands
include design rule check, cleanup design, rename components, back
annotate, run post processor, and create reports.
The design window:
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The design window provides a graphical display of printed circuit board, it is
primary window you use when designing your board. It also provides tools
to facilitate the design process such as to update components and design
rule violation.
Main window
Method to create a board with Layout Plus:
Ensure that net list with all footprints and necessary information has
been created.
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Create a directory in which the schematic design, net list, and boar will
co-exit and put the schematic design and net list. OrCad provides a
directory for this purpose.
From the layout session frames file menu, choose New. The load
template file in the dialog box displayed.
Design window
Select the technology template (.TCH), then choose the open button and
load the net list in other box.
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Then apply the auto ECO.
If necessary, respond to link footprints to component dialog.
Draw the board outline by using the obstacle tool in the tool bar.
Setting board parameters:
There is some parameter which should be set before placing the components
on board. They are as follows:-
Set Datum
Create a board outline
Set units of measurements
Set system grid
Add mount holes
Creating of board outline:
Board outline is the graphical representation of the size of the actual PCB
board. So it is the main step in layout, to draw the board outline of the actual
size of PCB board.
Placement of components:
Placement of components means that to place the components in designed
box. A designer should follow the following steps before going for it:-
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Optimize the board for component placement.
Load the placement strategy file.
Place components on the board.
Optimize placement using various placements
Components can be placed by using two techniques:-
1) Manual placement of components
2) Auto placement of components
Choose the components tool bar button. From the pop up men, choose the
queue for placement. The components selection criteria dialog box appears.
Enter the reference designator of the components that you want to place in
the appropriate text box, and click ok. Drag the components to desired
location, place it there.
Conductor Routing in Layout:-
After placing all the components the other main step is to route the boardfrom the electrical connections between the components. One may route
board manually or automatically by auto router.
100% auto routing can be achieved only when components are placed in the
order of functional flow of electronic circuit. The main routing tool available
in OrCad is as flow:-
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Add/edit route mode
Edit segment mode
Shove track mode
Auto path route mode
Design Rule Check:-
In manual designs every thing was checked as a possible source of error.
Components sizes, hole sizes, conductor widths and clearance, land-to-hole-
ratio, board areas to be free of components, clearance to the edges, positional
accuracy and of course electrical interconnections had tad to be personally
reviewed with a great deal of care. After completing the design of printed
circuit board with the help of an EDA-Tool, a designer has again to verify the
PCB in order to find out errors. Such type of verifications/design rule check
contains beside the general verifications commonly two types:-
Physical verification
Electrical verification
Post processing:-
Post processing can be done once the design is completed in all aspects. The
common way is still a process to generate GERBER data and NCD files which
can be used for photo plotting and for steps of CNC manufacturing and PCB-
drilling.
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POWER SYSTEM DESIGN
First part of electronics ckts. is power. The main power supply is in AC but
mostly electronic ckts. work with DC. So a system is required to convert ac todc and these sources should able to produce stable supplies.
Power supplies may be used in. may be of different types such as regulated,
unregulated, smps etc.
Unregulated power supplies
These are the power supplies in which the out put is not constant. That it is
varies with input voltage, load, and also effected by the environment
conditions such as temperature, etc. so these are the variable supplies.
Commonly these supplies are not employed as there efficiency is very less.
The unregulated power can be obtained using rectifying circuit after AC
supply.
Regulated power supplies
These are the power supplies in which the output voltage is constant, i.e.
the out put voltage is independent of the input voltage, load and other
external conditions. So to obtain the regulated voltage using different
regulators. The regulator voltage is mainly the DC voltage, it may AC to or
DC to DC voltage. A better approach to power supply design is to use
enough capacitance to reduce ripple to low level, then use an active
feedback circuit to eliminate the remaining ripple and dependence of
output voltage on input, load and environment conditions. These active
devices are known as Regulators. These regulators can be used to produce
negative and positive voltage of required value.
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The voltage regulators are of three types:-
1) Constant positive voltage regulators
2) Constant negative voltage regulators3) Variable voltage regulators
Constant positive voltage regulators:- These are the regulators which are
able to produce positive and constant voltage. Some of them are given
below:-
S. no. Name of regulator Output voltage
1 LM 7805 5v
2 LM 7810 10v
3 LM 7812 12v
4 LM 7815 15v
These regulators are used according to the required voltage need.
Constant negative voltage regulators:- These are also the constant output
voltage regulator but there output is negative in polarity. These regulators are
also employed according to voltage requirements. Some of them are given
below with there outputs:-
S. no Name of regulator Output voltage
1 LM7905 -5v
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2 LM7910 -10v
3 LM7912 -12v
4 LM7915 -15v
Variable voltage regulators:- These are the regulator whose output voltage can
be varied according to the desired need. These regulators again of two types
i.e.:-
Positive
Negative
The output of these regulators can be varied by varying the resistance of the
variable resistance which is connected to the adjustable pin the regulators. So
these are the most commonly used regulators in the electronic industry as
wide range of stable voltage can be obtained from single chip by varying the
resistance connected to the adjustable pin of the regulators. The most
commonly variable regulators are:-
LM317 (it is positive regulator)
LM 337(it is negative regulator)
There description is given below:-
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LM317 3-Terminal Adjustable Regulator:-
General Description:
The LM317 series of adjustable 3-terminal positive voltage regulators is capable
of supplying in excess of 1.5A over a 1.2V to 37V output range. They are
exceptionally easy to use and require only two external resistors to set the
output voltage. Further, both line and load regulation is better than standard
fixed regulators. Also, the LM117 is packaged in standard transistor packages
which are easily mounted and handled. In addition to higher performance than
fixed regulators, theLM317 series offers full overload protection available only
in ICs. Included on the chip are current limit, thermal overload protection and
safe area protection. All overload protection circuitry remains fully functional
even if the adjustment terminal is disconnected. Normally, no capacitors are
needed unless the device is situated more than 6 inches from the input filter
capacitors in which case an input bypass is needed. An optional output
capacitor can be added to improve transient response.
The adjustment terminal can be bypassed to achieve very high ripple rejection
ratios which are difficult to achieve with standard voltage, supplies of several
hundred volts can be regulated as long as the maximum input to output
differential is not exceeded, i.e., avoid short-circuiting the output.
Also, it makes an especially simple adjustable switching regulator, a
programmable output regulator, or by connecting a fixed resistor between the
adjustment pin and output, theLM317 can be used as a precision current
regulator. Supplies with electronic shutdown can be achieved by clamping the
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adjustment terminal to ground which programs the output to 1.2V where most
loads draw little current.
Typical application:
Features
1. Guaranteed 1% output voltage tolerance (LM317A)
2. Guaranteed max. 0.01%/V line regulation (LM317A)
3. Guaranteed max. 0.3% load regulation (LM317)
U1
LM317/CYL
VIN3
AD
J
1
VOUT2
R1
220E
C1
.1uF
C2
.1uF
R2
5k
VOUTVIN
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4. Guaranteed 1.5A output current
5. Adjustable output down to 1.2V
6. Current limit constant with temperature
7. P+ Product Enhancement tested
8. 80 dB ripple rejection
9. Output is short-circuit protected
Packages of LM317
I
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Application Hints:
In operation, the LM317 develops a nominal 1.25V reference voltage, VREF,
between the output and adjustment terminal. The reference voltage is
impressed across program resistor R1 and, since the voltage is constant,
constant current I1 then flows through the output set
resistor R2, giving an
output voltage of
Since the 100A current from the adjustment terminal represents an error
term, the LM317 was designed to minimize IADJ and make it very constant
with line and load changes. To do this, all quiescent operating current is
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returned to the output establishing a minimum load current requirement. If
there is insufficient load on the output, the output will rise.
PROTECTION DIODES:-
When external capacitors are used with any IC regulator it is sometimes
necessary to add protection diodes to prevent the capacitors from discharging
through low current points into the regulator. Most 10F capacitors have low
enough internal series resistance to deliver 20A spikes when shorted. Although
the surge is short, there is enough energy to damage parts of the IC. When an
output capacitor is connected to a regulator and the input is shorted, the
output capacitor will discharge into the output of the regulator. The discharge
current depends on the value of the capacitor, the output voltage of theregulator, and the rate of decrease of VIN. In the LM317, this discharge path is
through a large junction that is able to sustain 15A surge with no problem. This
is not true of other types of positive regulators. For output capacitors of 25F
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or less, there is no need to use diodes.
The bypass capacitor on the adjustment terminal can discharge through a low
current junction. Discharge occurs when eitherthe input or output is shorted.
No protection is needed for output voltages of 25V or less and 10F
capacitance. Figure 3 shows an LM317 with protection diodes included for use
with outputs greater than 25V and high values of output capacitance.
LM337 3-Terminal Adjustable Regulator:-
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General Description:
The LM337 is adjustable 3-terminal negative voltage regulators capable of
supplying in excess of 1.5A over an output voltage range of 1.2V to 37V.
These regulators are exceptionally easy to apply, requiring only 2 external
resistors to set the output voltage and 1 output capacitor for frequency
compensation. The circuit design has been optimized for excellent regulation
and low thermal transients. Further, the LM337 series features internal current
limiting, thermal shutdown and safe-area compensation, making them virtually
blowout-proof against overloads. The LM337 serves a wide variety of
applications including local on-card regulation, programmable-output voltage
regulation or precision current regulation. The LM337 are ideal complements
to the LM317 adjustable positive regulators.
Pin diagram
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Features:
1) Output voltage adjustable from 1.2V to 37V
2) 1.5A output current guaranteed, 55C to +150C
3) Line regulation typically 0.01%/V
4) Load regulation typically 0.3%
5) Excellent thermal regulation, 0.002%/W
6) 77 dB ripple rejection
7) Excellent rejection of thermal transients
8) Temperature-independent current limit
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9) Internal thermal overload protection
10) Standard 3-lead transistor package
11) Output is short circuit protected.
These two Ic's i.e. LM337and LM317are mainly used in the regulated power
supplies because using these regulator a wide range of output can be obtain
which can be varied from 0v to 30v, which is much sufficient to drive any
electronic circuit.
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Superpro 5000
The SUPERPRO includes ultra high speed programming via 32bit RISC MCUdevice. This is especially suitable for programming high capacity NAND Flash
devices
A 144 pindriver support is builtin to provide efficient programming of largepin count devices, an additional pin expander module is not necessary to
program large pincount devices.
The SUPERPRO operates with a PC for engineering purpose or in standalonemode, without a PC, for repeat production mode programming. This provides
seamless migration from engineering to production
The SUPERPRO communicates through a USB 2.0 port and operates on mostPentiumbased, IBM compatible desktop/notebook computers.
The SUPERPRO comes with a standard 48pin DIP ZIF socket and supportsoptional socket adapters to accommodate PLCC, TSOP, SOIC, SOP, QFP,
TSSOP and BGA package types.The programmer and software supports Windows XP and Windows Vista.The programmer is scheduled to support 43,000+ IC devices by the end of 2008.
Using Superpro 5000
The main SUPERPRO screen is illustrated below. Each part of the user interface is
labeled with a number and described below.
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1. The Main Menu provides access to the File, Buffer, Device, Option, Project, and
Help menus2. The Toolbar includes icons for quick access to common functions.
3. Select Device to open the Device Selection dialog box.
4. Select Buffer to open the Buffer Edit window.
5. The system displays information about the selected device.
6. The system displays information about the file currently loaded in the buffer.
7. The Operation Option toolbar facilitates setting the operation options properly.
The items correspond to the items in the Option Menu
8. The left side of the screen lists device operation functions.
9. The Operation Message Window displays the operation process, the operation
result and the historical records of information.10. The Status bar displays the menu item info, the progress of operation, and a
Cancel button
10.The Statistical Window displays statistical information
File MenuThe File menu provides access to the Load, Save, Recent Projects, and Exit
functions. Each function is described in the following sections.
Load File
There may be one or more data buffers in the device. If several data buffers aredisplayed after you have selected the device, refer to the name and the data
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manual for the meanings of the buffers.
The two data types of the device are Data (HEX/ASCII) and Fuse.
For most EPROM and SCM, the data type is Data (HEX/ASCII).The data type for PLD device is Fuse.After you select the device, the software automatically identifies the data buffer
type. You can review the buffer data types if you open the Edit dialog box for thedata buffer
When some file data are loaded into the data buffer, the following rules apply:
With a HEX/ASCII data buffer (EPROM, MCU etc.), the system assumes that 8bits of the data are valid.
With a JEDEC buffer (PLD/PAL), the system considers the lowest bit (1 bit) ofthe file data valid.
Select Load from the File menu to open the Load File dialog box, illustrated below.
The red labels refer to the numbered explanations below.
1. Select the data Buffer name from the drop down list, as illustrated below.
The default option is considered the programming zone of the device asdescribed in the data manual.
To choose between several buffers, determine the correspondingprogramming zones according to the names and the data manual.
The system loads the file data into the data buffers according to the data buffer
names.
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2. Enter the name of the data file to load in the File Name field.
First select the file type from the Files of type drop down list.
Data (HEX/ASCII data) file types can be further divided into many differenttypes according to their storage forms. You must select the appropriate file
type to ensure the data loads correctly.
The file type for Fuse data files is JEDEC and the file extension is jed. After selecting the file, you do not need to select the data file type.
3. Select the File Type from the drop down list.
4. Select one of the following File Modes from the drop down list:Normal to load the whole fileEven to load the first byte and discard the second byte out of every twobytes
Odd to discard the first byte and load the second byte out of every twobytes
1st byte of 4 to load first byte and discard the other three bytes out of everyfour bytes
2nd byte of 4 to load the second byte and discard the other three bytes outof every four bytes
3rd byte of 4 to load the third byte and discard the other three bytes out ofevery four bytes
4th byte of 4 to load the fourth byte and discard the other three bytes out ofevery four bytes
1st 2_byte of 4 to load the first two bytes and discard the other two bytesout of every four bytes
2nd 2_byte of 4 to load the last two bytes and discard the other two bytesout of every four bytes
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Edit
Select Edit from the Buffer menu to open either the Fuse Buffer Edit window or
the Data Buffer (HEX/ASCII) Edit window.
Use the following keys to edit the buffer data:
Press the Page Up key to Page up in the data window.Press the Page Down key to Page down in the data window.Press the Home key to move the cursor to the beginning of the line.Press the End key to move cursor to the end of the line.The following sample illustrates an example with two data buffers. The red labels
refer to the numbered explanations below.
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