MUTATIONS

MUTATIONS

W H AT HA P P E N S I F

DN A H

A S ER R O R S ? ! ! !

WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN ORGANISM’S DNA AND PROTEIN SPECIFICITY?a. DNA becomes a specific part of the

protein structureb. DNA determines the ribosomal RNA

sequence that becomes part of the protein structure

c. DNA determines which RNA molecules are incorporated into protein molecules

d. DNA determines the amino acid sequence of each protein.

THE SYNTHESIS OF STRUCTURE X OCCURRED IN THE:a. Nucleusb.Cytoplasmc. Lysosomed.Vacuole

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noticed about the video clip?

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this video clip?

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video clip?

• What is 1 word you can use to describe what happened to Peter Parker?

1.Figure out the mRNA and amino acid sequence for the original strand

1.Figure out the mRNA and amino acid sequence for the original strand

2.Repeat this for #1-#4.

1.Figure out the mRNA and amino acid sequence for the original strand

2.Repeat this for #1-#4.

3.Compare the mRNA and amino acid sequence of #1-#4 to the original strand and write down what you notice!

AUG AUA GCU UAA

Met.-Ile.-Ala.-stopAUG AUA CCU UAA

Met.-Ile.-Pro.-stop

AUG AUA GCC UAA

Met.-Ile.-Ala.-stop

AUG UAU AGC CUA A

Met.- Tyr.-Ser.-Leu.

AUG AUA CUU AA

Met.-Ile.-Leu.-

MUTATIONS

W H AT HA P P E N S I F

DN A H

A S ER R O R S ? ! ! !

DNA MUTATIONS:Mutation - Change in a DNA

sequence that affects genetic information; error or mistake in copying DNA.

TYPES OF MUTATIONS:1. Point Mutations - Mutation that affects a

single nucleotide, usually by substituting one nucleotide for another.

Substitution – one base is changed to another

Original: AUGUAC → Met – Tyr Mutated: AUGUAG → Met – Stop

(causes the amino acid chain to stop protein production early) SILENT Point mutations would

NOT change the protein

TYPES OF MUTATIONS:2. Frameshift Mutations - Mutation that shifts the

“reading” frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide. –Insertions – A base is inserted into the DNA sequence.–Deletions - A base is removed from the DNA sequence.

Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. Frame Shift: The fat caa tet hew eer at.(Frame shift mutations affect all subsequent amino

acids!)

SIGNIFICANCE OF MUTATIONS:

Many mutations have little or no effect on the expression of genes.

Mutations may be harmful and may be the cause of many genetic disorders and cancer.

Source of genetic variability in a species (may be highly beneficial).

WHAT VARIES IN OUR DNA:Mutations cause a change in the sequence of the

nitrogen bases (or the order of nucleotides).This creates differences between organisms

(physical or not) because the DNA sequences are not similar, so the genes do not code for the same traits!GENE: AAGCCTAGCAC =

MUTATED GENE: AAGCTTAGCAC = no fingerprint!