Munson FundFluidMech 6th Contenido
Post on 02-Feb-2016
61 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Transcript
xvii
Contents
1INTRODUCTION 1
Learning Objectives 1
1.1 Some Characteristics of Fluids 3
1.2 Dimensions, Dimensional
Homogeneity, and Units 4
1.2.1 Systems of Units 7
1.3 Analysis of Fluid Behavior 11
1.4 Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight 11
1.4.1 Density 11
1.4.2 Specific Weight 12
1.4.3 Specific Gravity 12
1.5 Ideal Gas Law 12
1.6 Viscosity 14
1.7 Compressibility of Fluids 20
1.7.1 Bulk Modulus 20
1.7.2 Compression and Expansion
of Gases 21
1.7.3 Speed of Sound 22
1.8 Vapor Pressure 23
1.9 Surface Tension 24
1.10 A Brief Look Back in History 27
1.11 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 29
References 30
Review Problems 30
Problems 31
2FLUID STATICS 38
Learning Objectives 38
2.1 Pressure at a Point 38
2.2 Basic Equation for Pressure Field 40
2.3 Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest 41
2.3.1 Incompressible Fluid 42
2.3.2 Compressible Fluid 45
2.4 Standard Atmosphere 47
2.5 Measurement of Pressure 48
2.6 Manometry 50
2.6.1 Piezometer Tube 50
2.6.2 U-Tube Manometer 51
2.6.3 Inclined-Tube Manometer 54
2.7 Mechanical and Electronic Pressure
Measuring Devices 55
2.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface 57
2.9 Pressure Prism 63
2.10 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved
Surface 66
2.11 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability 68
2.11.1 Archimedes’ Principle 68
2.11.2 Stability 71
2.12 Pressure Variation in a Fluid with
Rigid-Body Motion 72
2.12.1 Linear Motion 73
2.12.2 Rigid-Body Rotation 75
2.13 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 77
References 78
Review Problems 78
Problems 78
3ELEMENTARY FLUID DYNAMICS—THE BERNOULLI EQUATION 93
Learning Objectives 93
3.1 Newton’s Second Law 94
3.2 F ma along a Streamline 96
3.3 F ma Normal to a Streamline 100
3.4 Physical Interpretation 102
3.5 Static, Stagnation, Dynamic,
and Total Pressure 105
3.6 Examples of Use of the Bernoulli
Equation 110
3.6.1 Free Jets 110
3.6.2 Confined Flows 112
3.6.3 Flowrate Measurement 118
3.7 The Energy Line and the Hydraulic
Grade Line 123
3.8 Restrictions on Use of the
Bernoulli Equation 126
3.8.1 Compressibility Effects 126
3.8.2 Unsteady Effects 128
3.8.3 Rotational Effects 130
3.8.4 Other Restrictions 131
3.9 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 131
References 133
Review Problems 133
Problems 133
��
JWCL068_fm_i-xxii.qxd 11/7/08 5:00 PM Page xvii
4FLUID KINEMATICS 147
Learning Objectives 147
4.1 The Velocity Field 147
4.1.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow
Descriptions 150
4.1.2 One-, Two-, and Three-
Dimensional Flows 151
4.1.3 Steady and Unsteady Flows 152
4.1.4 Streamlines, Streaklines,
and Pathlines 152
4.2 The Acceleration Field 156
4.2.1 The Material Derivative 156
4.2.2 Unsteady Effects 159
4.2.3 Convective Effects 159
4.2.4 Streamline Coordinates 163
4.3 Control Volume and System Representations 165
4.4 The Reynolds Transport Theorem 166
4.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds
Transport Theorem 168
4.4.2 Physical Interpretation 173
4.4.3 Relationship to Material Derivative 173
4.4.4 Steady Effects 174
4.4.5 Unsteady Effects 174
4.4.6 Moving Control Volumes 176
4.4.7 Selection of a Control Volume 177
4.5 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 178
References 179
Review Problems 179
Problems 179
5FINITE CONTROL VOLUME ANALYSIS 187
Learning Objectives 187
5.1 Conservation of Mass—The
Continuity Equation 188
5.1.1 Derivation of the Continuity
Equation 188
5.1.2 Fixed, Nondeforming Control
Volume 190
5.1.3 Moving, Nondeforming
Control Volume 196
5.1.4 Deforming Control Volume 198
5.2 Newton’s Second Law—The Linear
Momentum and Moment-of-
Momentum Equations 200
5.2.1 Derivation of the Linear
Momentum Equation 200
5.2.2 Application of the Linear
Momentum Equation 201
5.2.3 Derivation of the Moment-of-
Momentum Equation 215
xviii Contents
5.2.4 Application of the Moment-of-
Momentum Equation 216
5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics—The
Energy Equation 223
5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation 223
5.3.2 Application of the Energy
Equation 225
5.3.3 Comparison of the Energy
Equation with the Bernoulli
Equation 229
5.3.4 Application of the Energy
Equation to Nonuniform Flows 235
5.3.5 Combination of the Energy
Equation and the Moment-of-
Momentum Equation 238
5.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics—
Irreversible Flow 239
5.4.1 Semi-infinitesimal Control
Volume Statement of the
Energy Equation 239
5.4.2 Semi-infinitesimal Control
Volume Statement of the
Second Law of Thermodynamics 240
5.4.3 Combination of the Equations
of the First and Second
Laws of Thermodynamics 241
5.4.4 Application of the Loss Form
of the Energy Equation 242
5.5 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 244
References 245
Review Problems 245
Problems 245
6DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW 263
Learning Objectives 263
6.1 Fluid Element Kinematics 264
6.1.1 Velocity and Acceleration
Fields Revisited 265
6.1.2 Linear Motion and Deformation 265
6.1.3 Angular Motion and Deformation 266
6.2 Conservation of Mass 269
6.2.1 Differential Form of
Continuity Equation 269
6.2.2 Cylindrical Polar Coordinates 272
6.2.3 The Stream Function 272
6.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum 275
6.3.1 Description of Forces Acting
on the Differential Element 276
6.3.2 Equations of Motion 278
6.4 Inviscid Flow 279
6.4.1 Euler’s Equations of Motion 279
6.4.2 The Bernoulli Equation 279
JWCL068_fm_i-xxii.qxd 11/7/08 5:00 PM Page xviii
Contents xix
7.7.2 Problems with Two or More
Pi Terms 352
7.8 Modeling and Similitude 354
7.8.1 Theory of Models 354
7.8.2 Model Scales 358
7.8.3 Practical Aspects of
Using Models 358
7.9 Some Typical Model Studies 360
7.9.1 Flow through Closed Conduits 360
7.9.2 Flow around Immersed Bodies 363
7.9.3 Flow with a Free Surface 367
7.10 Similitude Based on Governing
Differential Equations 370
7.11 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 373
References 374
Review Problems 374
Problems 374
8VISCOUS FLOW IN PIPES 383
Learning Objectives 383
8.1 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow 384
8.1.1 Laminar or Turbulent Flow 385
8.1.2 Entrance Region and Fully
Developed Flow 388
8.1.3 Pressure and Shear Stress 389
8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow 390
8.2.1 From F ma Applied to a
Fluid Element 390
8.2.2 From the Navier–Stokes
Equations 394
8.2.3 From Dimensional Analysis 396
8.2.4 Energy Considerations 397
8.3 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow 399
8.3.1 Transition from Laminar to
Turbulent Flow 399
8.3.2 Turbulent Shear Stress 401
8.3.3 Turbulent Velocity Profile 405
8.3.4 Turbulence Modeling 409
8.3.5 Chaos and Turbulence 409
8.4 Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow 409
8.4.1 Major Losses 410
8.4.2 Minor Losses 415
8.4.3 Noncircular Conduits 425
8.5 Pipe Flow Examples 428
8.5.1 Single Pipes 428
8.5.2 Multiple Pipe Systems 437
8.6 Pipe Flowrate Measurement 441
8.6.1 Pipe Flowrate Meters 441
8.6.2 Volume Flow Meters 446
8.7 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 447
References 449
Review Problems 450
Problems 450
�
6.4.3 Irrotational Flow 281
6.4.4 The Bernoulli Equation for
Irrotational Flow 283
6.4.5 The Velocity Potential 283
6.5 Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows 286
6.5.1 Uniform Flow 287
6.5.2 Source and Sink 288
6.5.3 Vortex 290
6.5.4 Doublet 293
6.6 Superposition of Basic, Plane Potential
Flows 295
6.6.1 Source in a Uniform
Stream—Half-Body 295
6.6.2 Rankine Ovals 298
6.6.3 Flow around a Circular Cylinder 300
6.7 Other Aspects of Potential Flow
Analysis 305
6.8 Viscous Flow 306
6.8.1 Stress-Deformation Relationships 306
6.8.2 The Naiver–Stokes Equations 307
6.9 Some Simple Solutions for Viscous,
Incompressible Fluids 308
6.9.1 Steady, Laminar Flow between
Fixed Parallel Plates 309
6.9.2 Couette Flow 311
6.9.3 Steady, Laminar Flow in
Circular Tubes 313
6.9.4 Steady, Axial, Laminar Flow
in an Annulus 316
6.10 Other Aspects of Differential Analysis 318
6.10.1 Numerical Methods 318
6.11 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 319
References 320
Review Problems 320
Problems 320
7DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS, SIMILITUDE, AND MODELING 332
Learning Objectives 332
7.1 Dimensional Analysis 333
7.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem 335
7.3 Determination of Pi Terms 336
7.4 Some Additional Comments
About Dimensional Analysis 341
7.4.1 Selection of Variables 341
7.4.2 Determination of Reference
Dimensions 342
7.4.3 Uniqueness of Pi Terms 344
7.5 Determination of Pi Terms by Inspection 345
7.6 Common Dimensionless Groups
in Fluid Mechanics 346
7.7 Correlation of Experimental Data 350
7.7.1 Problems with One Pi Term 351
JWCL068_fm_i-xxii.qxd 11/7/08 5:00 PM Page xix
xx Contents
9FLOW OVER IMMERSED BODIES 461
Learning Objectives 461
9.1 General External Flow Characteristics 462
9.1.1 Lift and Drag Concepts 463
9.1.2 Characteristics of Flow Past
an Object 466
9.2 Boundary Layer Characteristics 470
9.2.1 Boundary Layer Structure and
Thickness on a Flat Plate 470
9.2.2 Prandtl/Blasius Boundary
Layer Solution 474
9.2.3 Momentum Integral Boundary
Layer Equation for a Flat Plate 478
9.2.4 Transition from Laminar to
Turbulent Flow 483
9.2.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow 485
9.2.6 Effects of Pressure Gradient 488
9.2.7 Momentum-Integral Boundary
Layer Equation with Nonzero
Pressure Gradient 492
9.3 Drag 493
9.3.1 Friction Drag 494
9.3.2 Pressure Drag 495
9.3.3 Drag Coefficient Data and Examples 497
9.4 Lift 509
9.4.1 Surface Pressure Distribution 509
9.4.2 Circulation 518
9.5 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 522
References 523
Review Problems 524
Problems 524
10OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW 534
Learning Objectives 534
10.1 General Characteristics of Open-
Channel Flow 535
10.2 Surface Waves 536
10.2.1 Wave Speed 536
10.2.2 Froude Number Effects 539
10.3 Energy Considerations 541
10.3.1 Specific Energy 542
10.3.2 Channel Depth Variations 545
10.4 Uniform Depth Channel Flow 546
10.4.1 Uniform Flow Approximations 546
10.4.2 The Chezy and Manning
Equations 547
10.4.3 Uniform Depth Examples 550
10.5 Gradually Varied Flow 554
10.5.1 Classification of Surface Shapes 000
10.5.2 Examples of Gradually
Varied Flows 000
10.6 Rapidly Varied Flow 555
10.6.1 The Hydraulic Jump 556
10.6.2 Sharp-Crested Weirs 561
10.6.3 Broad-Crested Weirs 564
10.6.4 Underflow Gates 566
10.7 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 568
References 569
Review Problems 569
Problems 570
11COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 579
Learning Objectives 579
11.1 Ideal Gas Relationships 580
11.2 Mach Number and Speed of Sound 585
11.3 Categories of Compressible Flow 588
11.4 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas 592
11.4.1 Effect of Variations in Flow
Cross-Sectional Area 593
11.4.2 Converging–Diverging Duct Flow 595
11.4.3 Constant-Area Duct Flow 609
11.5 Nonisentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas 609
11.5.1 Adiabatic Constant-Area Duct
Flow with Friction (Fanno Flow) 609
11.5.2 Frictionless Constant-Area
Duct Flow with Heat Transfer
(Rayleigh Flow) 620
11.5.3 Normal Shock Waves 626
11.6 Analogy between Compressible
and Open-Channel Flows 633
11.7 Two-Dimensional Compressible Flow 635
11.8 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 636
References 639
Review Problems 640
Problems 640
12TURBOMACHINES 645
Learning Objectives 645
12.1 Introduction 646
12.2 Basic Energy Considerations 647
12.3 Basic Angular Momentum Considerations 651
12.4 The Centrifugal Pump 653
12.4.1 Theoretical Considerations 654
12.4.2 Pump Performance Characteristics 658
12.4.3 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) 660
12.4.4 System Characteristics and
Pump Selection 662
12.5 Dimensionless Parameters and
Similarity Laws 666
12.5.1 Special Pump Scaling Laws 668
12.5.2 Specific Speed 669
12.5.3 Suction Specific Speed 670
JWCL068_fm_i-xxii.qxd 11/7/08 5:00 PM Page xx
Contents xxi
12.6 Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pumps 671
12.7 Fans 673
12.8 Turbines 673
12.8.1 Impulse Turbines 674
12.8.2 Reaction Turbines 682
12.9 Compressible Flow Turbomachines 685
12.9.1 Compressors 686
12.9.2 Compressible Flow Turbines 689
12.10 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 691
References 693
Review Problems 693
Problems 693
ACOMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS AND FLOWLAB 701
BPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 714
CPROPERTIES OF THE U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE 719
DCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW DATA FOR AN IDEAL GAS 721
ONLINE APPENDIX LIST 725
ECOMPREHENSIVE TABLE OFCONVERSION FACTORS See book web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson, for this material.
FVIDEO LIBRARYSee book web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson, for this material.
GREVIEW PROBLEMS See book web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson, for this material.
HLABORATORY PROBLEMSSee book web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson, for this material.
ICFD DRIVEN CAVITY EXAMPLESee book web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson, for this material.
JFLOWLAB TUTORIAL AND USER’S GUIDESee book web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson, for this material.
KFLOWLAB PROBLEMSSee book web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson, for this material.
ANSWERS ANS-1
INDEX I-1
VIDEO INDEX VI-1
JWCL068_fm_i-xxii.qxd 11/7/08 5:00 PM Page xxi
top related