Multidimensional Human Poverty

Multidimensional Human Poverty

“New Approaches in Poverty Measurement”, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey, 20 February 2014

Mihail PeleahHuman Development Officer, UNDP BRC

http://fotky.sme.sk/fotka/299648/ciganska-osada-muranska-dlha-luka

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Going beyond monetary poverty: where?

• Multidimensional wellbeing

• Connecting data

• Qualitative and Quantitative data nexus

Alkire-Foster MethodGlobal MPI National MPIsSocial Exclusion Index

Secondary Sources Contextualization

‘Micronarratives’

ALKIRE-FOSTER MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY METHOD

Poverty in one dimension

X%

X$

Y%

Y$

• Selection of welfare function

• Obtaining welfare function distribution

• Selecting poverty line• Calculating poverty

headcount (H)– plus poverty gap (FGT1),

poverty intensity (FGT2)– plus sensitivity analysis

Multidimensional poverty

Multidimensional poverty

Headcount H

Average Deprivation among Poor A

MPI = H x A

Multidimensional poverty:setting up

• Unit of analysis: individual? household?• Select dimensions• Select indicators for dimensions• Double poverty line method: first, deprivation in

each indicator; second, number of simultaneous deprivations for poverty status– ‘Deprivation line’ in each dimension– ‘Poverty line’ for multidimensional poverty

• Weighting– Within dimension– Between dimensions

OPHI: Missing Dimensions

• Employment– both formal and informal employment, with particular emphasis on quality of

employment

• Empowerment or Agency– the ability to advance goals one values or has reason to value

• Physical safety– Security from violence to property and person, as well as perceived violence

• The ability to go about without shame– emphasize importance of dignity, respect and freedom from humilation

• Meaning and value– emphasize meaning, satisfaction and their determinants

http://www.ophi.org.uk

MPI: Data Source

• Data hungry—all variables for one household / person• Existing Survey(s)

– Global MPI: Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, World Health Surveys and National Surveys.

• New Survey– Regional Social Exclusion Index: 6 countries

• Combination– Moldova HBS: Core Questionnaire plus Additional Module– Ukraine HBS: Additional Modules, once in 1-2 years

• Matching data

Multidimensional poverty:counting

• H – poverty headcount– Sensitive to frequencies– Not sensitive to breadth

• A – average share of deprivations– Sensitive to breadth

• M0=H•A – multidimensional poverty index– Sensitive to frequencies– Sensitive to breadth

Multiple deprivation• Unidimensional

– Variable – income

– Poverty line

– Deprivation vector– Gap vector– Headcount ratio – how many are

“poor”– Gap – how far from poverty line

• Multidimensional– Variables – income, employment,

access to water, …

– Poverty lines – first cutoffs

– Deprivation matrix– Gap matrix– Second cut off k

• Deprived in one dimension• Deprived in all dimensions• Deprived in more than k dimensions

– H – headcount rate– A – average breath of deprivation– M0 – adjusted headcount rate

125

500

250

100

y

190z 1235190z

1238125

2436500

940250

816100

y

GLOBAL MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX

Dimensions and Indicators of MPI

MPI Poor and Income Poor

OPHI, Multidimensional Poverty Index 2013

Changes in MPI: Incidence and Intensity

OPHI, Multidimensional Poverty Index 2013

Turkey MPI: Deprivation in each Indicator

OPHI, Turkey Country Briefing, 2013

Turkey MPI: Urban – Rural disparities

OPHI, Turkey Country Briefing, 2013

MPI in Turkey Regions

Inequalities matter

Inequality of Opportunitiesmatters most

E. Molina et al. Outcomes, Opportunity and Development , WPS 6735

MULTIDIMENSIONAL WELLBEING:SOCIAL EXCLUSION INDEX

Why this index?

• Objective and multidimensional measure of social exclusion

• Measures status of exclusion or non-exclusion, rather than ‘perceptions’ or ‘risks’

• Applicable for Europe and Central Asia region• Useful for policymaking

Drivers of social exclusionSpecific local conditions

Social exclusion status

Individual characteristics

interact with

in context of

…and result in

Structures and institutions; values and behavior patterns; policiesDrivers are external factors, influenced by legacies, that either speed up or slow down the process of individual vulnerabilities turning into social exclusion

(social exclusion risk factors), like poor education, disability, minority status

Predominant industry, single or multiple employment opportunities, local infrastructures, history of violent conflict or environmental disaster

of the individual in three dimensions—exclusion from economic life, social services, and civic and social participation

Social Exclusion Chain

Construction of index

• Based on Alkire-Foster (2009)• Exclusion is overlapping deprivations• 3 areas of exclusion, 24 indicators, 8 per area

–Economic exclusion–Exclusion from social services–Exclusion from civic and political

participation• Threshold is 9 out of 24 possible deprivations, but other

possible thresholds tested

Profiles of exclusion

Different combinations of individual risks, drivers and local context produce different levels of social exclusion

If you are young person, with low education, living in village, with single company—you face high risk of exclusion

…and secondary education doesn’t help much in these conditions…

…while vibrant business environment makes a lot of difference

…economic centers offer more opportunities (even with low education)

…and much more if you are educated

++

++ + +

Source: RHDR “Beyond Transition: Toward Inclusive Societies”, 2011

Secondary Source Contextualization

Survey

Administrative datasets

Statistical databases

Local economy matters

Serbia: Social Exclusion andHealth

Serbia: Social Exclusion and Education

Serbia: Social Exclusion and Employment

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DATA NEXUS: ‘MICRONARRATIVES’

Why the ‘micronarratives’?

• QxQ—combine the best from Qualitative and Quantitative research

• Zoom in and Zoom out—see the pattern and investigate a

case study• Suitable for all stage of policy process:

– Understanding– Planning– Implementation– Monitoring and Evaluation

• Could be a tool of empowerment and trust building

Past

Present Future

How it works?

People tell stories about the topic and tag them against some questions

When we get more and more stories patterns start emerge• easy to catch by human eye, hard to compute• less sensitive to number of stories, more sensitive to topic

Patterns and stories help identify issues, solutions and actions

and create feedback loops, involving people in solutions and monitoring

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Issues

Solutions

Actions

Where we implement it?

• Montenegro — Environmentally protected areas

• Montenegro — Civil service and civilians

• Serbia — Roma people

• Belarus, Russia, Ukraine — Chernobyl-affected areas

• Belarus — people with disabilities

• Georgia, Kyrgyzstan — youth perception of development

• UNDP — internal business processes

Thanks to Borko Vulikic borko.vulikic@undp.org for this case

Cooperation

Competition Corruption

Jeeps and Sheeps

• Cluster of stories re: – Communities– Revenues– Source of incomes– Limitations of income or business activities

• Dig into the stories– Jeep tours were organized to protected areas– …but they raise dust clouds– …which spoil milk, the raw material for cheese– …cheese is major local commodity and source of incomes

• Solution– Move jeep trail 500 m from village

Thanks to Borko Vulikic borko.vulikic@undp.org for this case

Questions for discussion

• Do Turkey need national MPI?

• What are relevant dimensions and indicators?

• What could be a data source for index?

Mihail PeleahHuman Development Programme and Research OfficerUNDP Bratislava Regional Centermihail.peleah@undp.org