Muhammady Fathy Muhammed Keywords - cuscholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=muf/files/methods_and_methodology_of_learning... · Muhammady Fathy Muhammed ... muhammady.fathy@cu.edu.eg Keywords: Education,
Post on 15-Mar-2018
224 Views
Preview:
Transcript
1
Methods and Methodology of Learning the Coptic Language
(Linguistic - Cultural Study)
Master Degree Thesis in Egyptology
Muhammady Fathy Muhammed
Faculty of Archaeology- Cairo University
muhammady.fathy@cu.edu.eg
Keywords:
Education, Ways, Methodology, Coptic, Teacher (Schoolmaster), School,
Student, School exercises, Syllabaries, Lists (Words, Names).
The Research "Methods and Methodology of Learning the Coptic
Language (linguistic - cultural study)" is divided into:
An Introduction, Preface; layout of Education in Egypt before the
Christianity (Ancient and Greco-Roman Egypt), and three main chapters.
the first chapter "The Education in Coptic Egypt", in which different
Coptic vocabulary function on the meaning of education or instructions ⲥⲃⲱ,
learning ϯⲥⲃⲱ and teaching ϫⲓⲥⲃⲱ, and some Etymology from other scripts
of the language of the ancient Egyptian, those from the Greek language.
Discussing the history of Education and literacy in late antique Egypt, in
which spread the Christian religion, from the second century AD to the
formal end use of the Coptic language in the Egypt during the twelfth
century.
Education was not open to males only but was open to girls, who had access
to primary schools, but males were vast majority. But elite females could
attend, pursue and attend the advanced levels of education1.
Together with the Education in the monasteries, because the Coptic
monasteries was a center of Education and knowledge, both monasteries
which were held in northern Egypt; such as the monasteries of Wadi El-
Natron, which founded by Saint Macarius (dayr anba Maqar), or the
monasteries which were held in Upper Egypt; such as the Monastery of St.
Phoibamon in Deir el-Bahari, and the monastery of St. Epiphanius in the
1- Cribiore R.,"Education in the Papyri", In: The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology, Edited
by Roger S. Bagnall, (Oxford 2009), 328.
2
west of Thebes1. Winlock H.
2 said that cell A was a workshop for the
writers, and cell B was a school.
And in Fayyoum Oasis during the first millennium AD, through the
evidence and the archaeological remains discovered in these places. The
Education was an important element of life, especially with the spread of the
monasteries studded deserts of Egypt.
When the Christians established the Monasticism in Egypt, there were many
different styles of the Monasticism; one of them the style of saint Pachom he
Required to anyone who wants to join the monastery to spend three years
under test, and have to be learnt, because he will read the sacred book. Thus
Pachom was interested in educating the monks and erase their illiteracy, he
arranged three daily lessons in the day for beginners, and those monks had to
attend. Saint Shenoute traced and followed saint Pachom in his rules
concerning the education.
The definition of the Scriptorium which is the place where to copy the books
-specially the sacred Bible and psalms which were so important in praying-
in the monastery; like cell A in the monastery of Epiphanius at Thebes. And
the Libraries. And the different meanings that this word and origin of
language. The Scriptorium was inside the monasteries, and was relating to a
school.
Then the types of education Coptic; religious and secular. Education in late
antique Egypt in its beginning was focusing on studying the Bible, then
included all different branches of Science.
Then progression stages of scientific and education which were three stages;
the first stage was the primary education, that stage was at homes or a school
inside a nearby monastery, next to the house, this was obligatory and free.
According to the sources of late antique Egypt, there wasn’t a certain age to
join the school, as well as the duration of the study didn’t identify and not
specified. The preparations went according to each student, but it may like
the Egyptians in that period kept a custom of joining their children to school
at an early age.
1- Wilfong, T. G., Western Thebes in the Seventh and Eighth Centuries, A Bibliographical
Survey of Jême and its Surroundings, Bulletin of American Society of Papyrologists 26,
1989, 89-145. 2- Winlock, H. E., Crum, W. E. and Evelyn White, H. G., The Monastery of Epiphanius at
Thebes, vol. I (New York 1926), p. 25.
3
Then the second stage was specialization, this stage was mainly based on
apprenticeship special teacher, along with the study in the theological school
which was called Catechetical school. The third and final stage was of
higher Education, in that stage the education was oral, the role of the teacher
in this stage to explain the texts.
With shedding light on the role of parents in educating their children, with
mention of the writing tools and materials used in the recording and writing
the School exercises; The papyri, parchment, and paper (in later time) were
rare in the school exercises, ostraca and wooden tablets. There was a new
and practical method was invented by the Christians concerning to the
wooden tables, they covered them with waxed coat, to let the student resettle
the surface of the wax, and there were number of holes in the top of the
wooden tablets to be hanged with a nail on the wall; like that which in the
Coptic museum inv.1006 (4079). The most material which has been used
widely was ostraca, because it was cheap, easy to find anywhere all over
Egypt.
The second chapter: “the Coptic schools and teachers in late antique
Egypt”. A. the Coptic Schools: The variant Coptic vocabulary by different
function with the school; the most familiar word is ⲁⲛⲍⲏⲃⲉ, this word is the
only Coptic word with the Greek letter ⲍ1, ⲙⲁ ⲛ ϯ ⲥⲃⲱ, ⲙⲁ ⲛ ϫⲓ ⲥⲃⲱ
2. the
vocabularies related to school; like ϣⲕⲉⲗⲕⲓⲗ bell, chalk or the reed which
was used as a pen ⲕⲁϣ, ϫⲱⲱⲙⲉ, ϫⲱⲱⲙⲉⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ book, notebook and ⲙⲉⲗⲁ
ink, and the original of some of these words whether Greek or Egyptian. The
definition of “school” simply is the place where exist specific activity; it is
the teaching and learning. Education in antiquity availed itself of a variety of
places. Foremost in this were existing public buildings: temples, baths,
gymnasia, and private houses3. Raffaella Cribiore has demonstrated that
elementary classes could have even taken place out in the open, in the city
streets, and even under the trees. Higher education, however, needed more
permanent structures4.
Then the history and the roles of the school in late antique Egypt, one of the
most important school at all, The School of teaching the principles of
1- Plumely J. M., An Introductory Coptic Grammar (Sahidic Dialect), (London 1984), 2.
2- Crum W.E., A Coptic Dictionary, (Oxford 1939), 320; Cherix P. A., Lexique Copte Sahidique
segment d'origine égyptienne attestés en copte sahidique, (Genève 2010), 45. 3- Majcherek G., “The Auditoria on Kom el-Dikka: A Glimpse of Late Antique Education in
Alexandria", In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fife International Congress of Papyrology, Ann
Arbor 2007, American Studies in Papyrology, (Ann Arbor 2010), 475. 4- Cribiore, R., Gymnastics of the Mind: Greek Education in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt
(Princeton 2001) 21–34.
4
Christianity in Alexandria (Catechetical School of Alexandria1) and its role,
heads and history. Ihe first and foremost in'litution of theological learning in
Christian antiquity. Though we first hear of it as an eslablished school in the
Historia ecclesiastic of Eusebius. around the year 180.
The Auditoria on Kom el-Dikka in Alexandria the most important and
remarkable institutional complex it was an academic complex which dated
to the byzantine period and it was used in late antique Egypt.
The public schools and the Schools in the Monasteries; like cell B in the
monastery of Epiphanius, Bachatly found in the monastery of Apa
Phoibamon some ostraca written by the Greek and Coptic languages It
seems from which the existence of a school of some kind. This is confirmed
by the presence of the Coptic alphabet written in red ink at the entrance of
the courtyard leading to the Southern offering hall in the Temple of Bahari2.
It was found many school exercises for students of Copts were staying in the
cell no. 25 in the Monastery of the Archangel Michael in Naqlon in Fayom.
This is like what was followed by the Ancient Egyptians, because the school
was annexed to the temple. Establishing the school with connection to the
monastery and the church because the Coptic Church took care –and still-
with the children.
Some connection between school and temple can be observed in the fourth
century C.E. in the village of Kellis in the Dakhleh Oasis. A mud-brick
structure inside the temple of the deity “Tutu” yielded fragments of several
inscribed wooden boards of a scholastic nature, an ostracon with an exercise,
and a number of reed pens. These objects were found in the rooms of the
main structure that were divided by a partition and provided with benches.
While it is tempting to suppose that these alterations were due to the need to
adapt the rooms to school use3.
It seems that many of the teachers have been using their homes as school in
special cases or on specific days of the week, and that was a practical
solution and years4.
1- Atiya A. S., “Catechetical School of Alexandria”, Coptic Encyclopedia 3 (New York 1991),
469-473. 2- Bachatly C., Le Monastère de Phoebammon dans le Thébaïde, Tome II: Graffiti,
inscriptions et ostraca, II, (Le Caire 1965). 3- Cribiore R., Gymnastics of the Mind: Greek Education in Hellenistic and Roman
Egypt, (Princeton University Press, 2001), 23. 4- Haggag M., “Some Remarks on the Function of the Auditoria of Kom el-Dikka”,
Alexandria. Auditoria of Kom el-Dikka and Late Antique Education, The Journal of Juristic
Papyrology. Supplements 8 (Warsaw 2007), 135-139.
5
Then different Coptic vocabulary that function on the teacher; like ⲥⲁϩ in
sahidic dialect and ⲥⲁϧ in bohairic dialect, and ⲣⲉϥϯⲥⲃⲱ which occurs in the
Bible as a title of the Christ; in Gospel of Matthew 19, 61. In psalm 25, 8:
ⲉϥⲉϯⲥⲃⲱ ⲛⲛⲓⲣⲙⲣⲁⲩϣ ⲉⲛⲉϥⲙⲓⲧⲱⲟⲩⲓ “he instructs sinners in his ways”.
Some its Linguistic origins (etymology), then the teachers in Coptic
schools, their role, social status and stage of preparation and the most
famous of these teachers; such as Pantaenus, Clement of Alexandria, Origen
and Didymus the blind.
The third chapter "The Coptic School texts", this chapter is the most
important section in the thesis, these which were taught in Coptic schools,
by the Coptic teachers, the definition of educational texts “it’s refers to the
students' work inside the school or for the school at any level of the different
levels of education, and also indicates what the teachers are prepared for
pupils at school”2. There are many factors that sometimes contributed to
characterize the school exercises; writing materials, the line is written, which
finishes the text, punctuation. The writing concerning students are
characterized, because it’s slow and not perfect, size of letters is large
written in irregular lines, footnotes, and diversity in the direction of the
letters. But good and perfect writings are those that belong to teachers,
which is called "the writings of teachers" or "teacher models", which
characterized by speed, precision and perfection3, those writings were played
role of the books which were used to be copied; like the tablet of Isocrates,
is dated to the 7th
century, contains Greek and Coptic texts4.
The Coptic school exercise are few, because the education was the most
verbally and oral, or they were erased after writing to rewrite again on the
ostraca, these are the reasons that most Coptic school texts mostly out of our
reach. But the most important educational Coptic texts are those that
collected and studied by Monika Hasitzka (MPER N. S. XVIII )
5, KSB III
1- Horner G., the Coptic Version of the New Testament in the Northern Dialect, 166-167.
2- Cribiore R., "Literary School Exercises", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 116
(1997), 53. 3- Cribiore R.,"Education in the Papyri", In: The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology, Edited
by Roger S. Bagnall, (Oxford 2009), 321. 4- Cribiore R.,"Education in the Papyri", 328-330
5- Hasitzka M. R. M. unter Mitarbeit von Hermann Harrauer, Neue Texte und
Dokumentation zum Koptisch-Unterricht, Mitteilungen aus der Papyrussammlung der
Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek, Neue Series, XVIII, (Wien, Holline 1990).
6
and some texts in the collection MPER XV1 and some other school exercises
in Berlin2.
The institutional content and teaching methods:
The historian says that the students went through an entire curriculum to
learn reading and writing in the past passing three successful successive
stages of supervised teachers scattered, where students learn reading and
writing in primary school, rules and poetry in grammar school, the art of
speech in rhetorical school3. The student was initially in primary education,
with training on the letters of the alphabet and then to skip this important
stage and up to the advanced stage of education to learn by heart Psalm or
part of the holy Gospels; like Paul the Apostle messages starting from the
third century AD4. There is Coptic text mentions that the teaching of writing
precedes reading in the school training, it concerns two Christian saints;
Paneu and Panine5. This text says: “Sinfronis learnt the art of writing and
quickly began to overtake him on the older pupils who have already started
to read”6. So, the methodology of the education in late antique Egypt was
based on main concept; it’s the sequence and gradualism from simple to
difficult, and from little to major.
The Coptic school exercises:
It followed the educational system. The students were practicing single
letters of alphabet practiced several times, and letters that are joined without
following an alphabetical order in the first stage at primary school, the
second level includes complete and incomplete alphabets, Syllabaries which
consist of consonant letters with vowels, these syllabry are divided into dual,
triple and quad. Lists of words, writing exercises, short passages: maxims,
saying, opening formula of letters repeated several times, and how to write
letters, sections and lists of spelling words and names. In advanced stage
1- Harrauer H. and Sijpesteijn P., Neue Yexte Aus Dem Antiken Untericht, MPER XV,
(Wien 1985). 2- Loebenstein H. and Krause M., "Paprus Collections", Coptic Encyclopedia 3 (New York
1991), 1890-1898. 3- Kaster R. A., "Notes on "Primary" And "Secondary" Schools in Late Antiquity",
Transactions of The American Philological Association 113 (1995), 323.
4- Cribiore R., Higher Education in Early Byzantine Egypt, 50; Cribiore R., "Education in
the Papyri", p. 328; Cribiore R., Writing, Teachers and Students in Graeco-Roman Egypt,
no. 403, Tafel LXXV. 5- Orlandi T., Il dossier Copto del martire Psote, (Milano 1978), 95-115.
6- Cribiore R., Writing, Teachers and Students in Graeco-Roman Egypt,( Atlanta 1996),
149.
7
training on longer passages; copies of biblical texts or of teachers' models,
grammatical and mathematical exercises were simple with numbers,
examples of addition, and tables for fractions and multiplication.
The Coptic school Exercises can be divided regarding to content to:
A- Exercises of alphabets:
Whether these letters are written in is arranged in alphabetical order.
Whether complete or incomplete. Sometimes the letters borrowed from
demotic script seven or six, according to dialect. Teaching the alphabet was
necessary to keep it well before it can be written. There are some exercises
that contain alphabets also includes training in writing.
B- Exercises of syllables:
Syllables consist of consonant letters with vowels, these syllables are
divided into dual, triple and quad, the majority of the exercises of syllables is
the triple which contains two consonants between them a vowel. The main
purpose of exercises of syllables is to teach students the pronunciation.
There are some exercises which contain alphabets and syllables. It was
divided into horizontal columns by points or vertical lines and horizontal.
C- Writing exercises:
In order to train the student to write and mastered it he must copying
exercises from other texts, such as religious texts; psalms in particular and
parts of the gospels, or to copy the usual formulas for the opening formulae
of the letters; which is the most type which is written in Coptic, ranging
from training on short sentences, and sayings, lists of names; personal and
geographical, and lists of words. Monika Hasitzka said that the word lists
were characteristic feature of the Coptic education only, reaching to the level
of long-copied texts. There are little of orthographic and grammatical
exercises, P.Vindob.K 16794 is an example of a grammatical exercise.
D- Mathematical exercises:
To let the students learn numbers and the ability to know and learn different
mathematical operations, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
In mathematical texts alphabet were used to express numbers. The training
was by giving the result twice, by changing the position of the numbers, for
example 1+2=3 and 2+1=3.
Then the curriculum content and teaching ways and methods, and finally
with the educational texts published; Coptic ostraca of Crum, exercises from
8
Michigan university, exercises from monastery of Epiphanius, from
Phoibamon, from Duke university, from Columbia, MPER (NS. XVIII, XV)
Collection, from IFAO, from Says collection, of Fournet Jean-luc, of Herbert
Thompson, from Greco-roman Museum, from Thebes, from Fayyoum and
from the British Museum. With the comment and said the most important of
these models with the need to say that there are many of these texts similar
in content.
The Paleography and the characteristics of the Coptic school exercises:
1- Slowness and lack of proficiency and immaturity, for the size of the
letters are large, irregular lines of writing, footnotes, and sometimes the
writing is slope and stepping out of the line. Diversity in the direction and
the size and shape of the letters and the large number of ligature that is often
not elaborate.
2- There are frequent errors in copying texts, sentences and formulas, these
errors were result of forgotten, omissions, or ignorance, some of these errors
were corrected.
3- Confusion and cannibalization between the letters which are similar in
shape and sound like ⲁ, ⲇ and ϫ, ϭ. Some letters lengthen in its end like ϣ,
ⲣ, ⲫ. This is a chronological feature makes text dating to the last centuries of
the Coptic languae, especially the 8th
and 9th
centuries. It sometimes contains
the page margins, and be numbered like pages of a book.
4- Some Coptic exercises were written on a material already used in other
writing texts, by erasing the text with water and then copy the exercise, This
can be seen that some letters are faint; those which belong to the erased text.
This process was a reason of missing much important information. Or use
free space on papyrus and paper to copy his exercise.
5- The student began writing the exercise with the Cross for blessing, as well
as the Chrism. Sometimes we find shape and form of the letters one, then
changed Hence we know that means more than one student have written
exercise, there is often student better than another one.
6- Rarely is a student's signature on the exercise.
In the end of the thesis, the results conclusions of this Study, the
bibliography, Indexes of the exercises, proper names, the archaeological
sites, the most important vocabularies, the hieroglyphic words, and Coptic
words, and finally the plates.
9
The Conclusion:
At the end of this thesis "Methods and Methodology of Learning the Coptic
Language (linguistic - cultural study)", it was reached following results:
Education in late antique Egypt assets attributable to the period in which
Christianity entered Egypt in the second half of the first century, when old
educational traditions stained with the new religion. The Christian
dignitaries established schools wherever they settled in their hierarchical
dioceses and leadership. The educational habits near churches and
monasteries in most areas all over Egypt.
Since the fourth century education became an important element of life in
the monastery. The monasteries were centers of knowledge; it had many
monks who worked as scribes and teachers and had libraries. The
monasteries were managing the educational process.
Saint Bakhoum was interested in the education of monks and erasing their
illiteracy to be able to read the Holy Scriptures. So he arranged for the
beginners three daily lessons in the day, they had to attend these lessons.
While the old monks were attending lessons of interpretation the divine
Scriptures on Wednesdays and Fridays. The library was opened for reading,
which contained the Bible, the sayings of the desert fathers, the work of the
martyrs, laws and canons. Sometimes had some books of stories, history,
literature and the grammar of the Coptic language.
The young children in the villages were learning to read and write
mathematics and important elements in Christianity in the Coptic language.
The advanced education was offered in the monasteries.
It’s difficult to distinguish between the letters which have been sent already
and those which used as writing exercise.
Although the Copts were interesting the education, but most of the people
were illiterate, the evidence of that many Copts asked the educated persons
to write for him because he didn’t know how to write.
Didymus the Blind educational means invented a new method to help blind
children; this is hewn letters to help them learn to read.
During the period between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries, the Copts
made efforts in order to maintain the Coptic language, which was threatened
by the superiority of the Arabic language, so, they compiled books on Coptic
grammar, vocabulary are called “introductions and ladders”. Those books
that helped to teach the Coptic language in Europe, which began in the 17th
century by both Kircher and Stern.
10
Selected Bibliography: Al-Suryani M., Ancient and Contemporary Christian Education in the Coptic
Church of Egypt, M.A thesis, (Princeton Theological Seminary, 1955).
Antoniak I., "New Ostraca from Thebes", In: Christianity and Monasticism
in Upper Egypt, Vol. 2 Nag Hammadi-Esna, (New York, Cairo, 2010).
Bagnall R. S., Egypt: from Alexander to the Copts, (London, 2004).
Bagnall R. S., Egypt in the Byzantine World 300-700, (Cambridge, 2007).
Bagnall R. S., Late Antique Egypt, the Oxford Handbook of Papyrology,
(Oxford, 2009), 427-451.
Bachatly C., Le Monastère de Phoebammon dans la Thébaïde, Tome II:
Graffiti, inscriptions et ostraca, Publications de la Société d’archéologie
copte. Rapports de fouilles, (Cairo, 965). Bacot S., "Ostraca Grecs Et Coptes Des Fouilles Franco-Polonaises sur Le
Tell Edfou", Bibliothèque d’Études coptes 19 (2009), 201-207.
Bell H. I., Egypt from Alexander the great to the Arab Conquest, (Oxford,
1966).
Biedenkopf-Ziehner A., Koptische Ostraka II: Ostraka aus dem Ashmolean
Museum in Oxford, (Wiesbaden, 2000).
Boak A. E. R., "Greek and Coptic School Tablets at the University of
Michigan", Classical Philology 16, no. 2, (1921), 189-194.
Boak A. E. R., A Coptic Syllabary at the University of Michigan",
Agegyptus 4 (1923), 296-7.
Boaval B., "Le Cahier scolaire d Aurelios Papnouthion", Zeitschrift für
Papyrologie und Epigraphik 17 (1975), 225-235.
Boud'hors A., Monastic Estates in Late Antique and Early Islamic Egypt:
Ostraca, Papyri, and Studies in Honour of Sarah Clackson, American
Studies in Papyrology 46, (American Society of Papyrologists, 2009).
Boud'hors A., Ostraca grecs et coptes des Fouilles de Jean Maspero À
Baouit (O. Bawit IFAO 1-67 et O. Nancy, IFAO, Bibliothèque D'Études
Coptes 17, le Caire, 2004.
Boud'hors A. et Heurtel Ch., "Exercice de grece sur un Éclat de Calcaire",
Memnonia 16 (2005), 55-58. Bowman A. K., Egypt after the Pharaohs, (British Museum Press, 1996).
Breen A. B., "Three Coptic Papyri from the Michigan Collection",
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 59 (1985), 30-32.
Brune Karl-Heinz., "Schooldays in the Fayoum in the First Millennium",
Christianity and Monasticism in the Fayoum Oasis: Essays from the 2004
International Symposium of the Saint Mark Foundation and the Saint
11
Shenouda the Archimandrite Coptic Society in Honor of Martin Krause,
edited by Gabra G., (Cairo and New York: The American University in
Cairo Press, 2005), 34–43.
Bucking S., "A Sahidic Coptic Manuscript in the Private Collection of Lloyd
E. Cotsen (P. Cotsen 1) and the Limits of Papyrological Interpretation",
Journal of Coptic Studies 8 (2006), 55-78.
Bucking S., "Scribes and Schoolmasters? On Contextualizing Coptic and
Greek Ostraca Excavated at The Monastery of Epiphanius", Journal of
Coptic Studies 9 (2007), 21-47.
Bucking S., "On the Training of Documentary Scribes in Roman, Byzantine
and Early Islamic Egypt: A Contextualized Assessment of the Greek
Evidence", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 159 (2007), 229-247.
Caminos R. A., "A Fragmentary Hiratic Schoo-Book in the British Museum
(pap. B.M. 10298)", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 54 (1968), 114-120.
Clarysse W., "A Propos de Quelques Exercices Scolaires (Melenages Victor
Loret)", Bulletin de l' Institute Francais D’Archeologie Orientale 30 (1931),
417-423.
Cribiore R., Writing, Teachers and Students in Greco- Roman Egypt
(American Studies Papyrology 36, Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press, 1996. Cribiore R., "Literary School Exercises", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und
Epigraphik 116 (1997), 53-60. Cribiore R., Gymnastics of the Mind Greek Education In Hellenistic and
Roman Egypt, (Oxford, 2001). Cribiore R., "The Coptic School Exercises in the Collection of Columbia
University", Akten des 23. Internationalen Papyrologen-Kongresses, Wien
22.–28 Juli 2001, edited by Bernhard Palme, Vienna: Verlag der
sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Austrian Academy of
Sciences Press, 2007), 127-130.
Cribiore R., "A School Tablet from the Hearst Museum", Zeitschrift für
Papyrologie und Epigraphik 107 (1995), 263-270. Cribiore R.,"Greek and Coptic Education in Late Antique Egypt", In
Ägypten und Nubien in spätantiker und christlicher Zeit: Akten des 6.
Internationalen Koptologenkongresses, ed. S. Emmel et al. (Wiesbaden
1999), 279-286. Cribiore R., "Spaces for Teaching in Late Antiquity, In: Alexandria:
Auditoria of Kom el-Dikka and late antique Education", ournal of Juristic
Papyrology, Supplement 7 (Warsaw, 2007), 143-150.
Cribiore R., "Education in the Papyri", In: The Oxford Handbook of
Papyrology, Edited by Roger S. Bagnall, (Oxford, 2009), 321-337.
12
Cribiore R., "Higher Education in Early Byzantine Egypt", Egypt in the
Byzantine World 300-700, edited by Bagnall R., (Cambridge, 2007), 47-66. Crum W. E., Coptic Ostraca from the Collections of the Egypt Exploration
Fund, the Cairo Museum and Others, (London, 1902). and Evelyn White
Crum W. E. and Evelyn White H.G., The Monastery of Epiphanius at
Thebes, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition, 2 vols,
(New York, 1926). Debut J., "Les documents scolaires", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und
Epigraphik 63(1986), 251-278.
Di Bitonto-Kasser A., "Ostraca scolastici copti a Deir Gizaz", Aegyptus 68
(1988), 167-175.
Delattre A., "Ostraca bibliques et scolaires de la région thébaine", Chronique
D'Egypte 86 (2011), 386-389.
Dunne H. J., "Education in Egypt and the Copts", Bulletin de la Sociéte
D´Archeologie Copte 6 (1940), 91-108. El Konaissi A., "What is Share of Philosophy in the Educational Curriculum,
if there is, of the Monasteries of the Egyptian West Desert in the Beginning
of the Middle Ages?", The Culture of The Oasis from The Antiquity to The
Modern Age, Instituto Italiano di Cultura del Cairo, El Kharga, 22-27
October 1998, 239-244.
Galant L., "Un Ostracon calcareo Greco-copto del Museo di Firenze", studi
italiani di filologia classica 9 (1901), 194-198.
Gasparri F., "Scriptorium", Encyclopedia of the middle Ages, edited by
Bunson M., (New York, 1995).
Hall H. R., Coptic and Greek Texts of the Christian Period from Ostraca,
Stelae etc. in the British Museum, (London, 1905).
Husselman E. M., "A Bohairic School Text on Papyrus", Journal of Near
Eastern Society 6 (1947), 129-151.
Kahle P. E., Bala'izah Coptic Texts from Deir El-Bala'izah In Upper Egypt,
2 vols., (London, 1954).
Kaster R. A., "Notes on "Primary" And "Secondary" Schools in Late
Antiquity", Transactions of the American Philological Association 113
(1995), 323-346.
Parsons P. J., "A School-Book from the Sayce Collection", Zeitschrift für
Papyrologie und Epigraphik 6 (1970), 133-149.
Pezin, M., "Exercice scolaire avec psaume en copte (P. Sorbonne inv. 2490
et 2524): amulette chrétienne?", Cahiers de recherches de l'Institut de
Papyrologie et Égyptologie de Lille 12 (France, 1990), 131-133.
13
Robinson J., "The First Christian Monastic Library", Acts of the 3rd
International Congress of Coptic Studies, 20-25 August 1984, (Warsaw,
1990), 371-378.
Sobhy G. P. G., "Education in Egypt during the Christian Period and
amongst the Copts", Bulletin de la Sociéte D´Archeologie Copte 9 (1943),
103-122.
Stefanski E. and Lichtheim, M., Coptic Ostraca from Medinet Habu,
(Chicago, 1952).
Szabat E., "Teachers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Fifth - Seventh): A
Historical Study and Prosopography", Alexandria: Auditoria of Kom el-
Dikka and late antique Education. JJP Supplement vol. 7 (Warsaw, 2006),
177-345.
Van Minnen P., "A Late Antique Schooltablet at Duke University",
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 106 (1995), 175-178.
Williams R. J., "Scribal Training in Ancient Egypt", Journal of The
American Oriental Society 92, no. 2 (1972), 214-221.
Wilfong T. G., "Western Thebes in the Seventh and Eighth Centuries" A
Bibliographical Survey of Jême and its Surroundings", Bulletin of American
Society of Papyrologists 26 (1989), 89-145.
Worrell W. H., Coptic Texts in the University of Michigan Collection,
(Humanistische Serie, Bd. 46), (Ann Arbor, 1942).
14
Index of the Coptic school exercises
seria
l
Inventory number Provenance Now at chronol
ogy
Writi
ng
materi
al
content
1- Exercises of alphabets
1 O.Narm.Dem.II 37
OMM 1063+OMM
204
fayoum Cairo, Egyptian
Museum
2-3
Century
Pottery Coptic and hieratic
exercise
2 O.Narm.Dem.II 38
Egyptian Museum
OMM 1367
fayoum Cairo, Egyptian
Museum
2-3
Century
Pottery Coptic and
demotic exercise
3 Paris, Louvre AF
12270
Western
Thebes
Louver 8
Century
Pottery Alphabet+scribe
name+prayer
4 O.BM inv. 21291
MPER NS 18 37
unknown Columbia
university
7-8
Century
Ostraca Scattered Greek;
Coptic alphabet
5 O.BM inv. 21295
MPER NS 18 38
unknown Columbia
university
7-8
Century
Ostraca Scattered Greek;
Coptic alphabet
6 O.BM inv. 33166
MPER NS 18 42
unknown Columbia
university
7-8
Century
Limesto
ne
Random letters
7 O.BM inv. 21379
MPER NS 18 40
unknown Columbia
university
7-8
Century
Ostraca Random letters
8 O.Lond UC.31901
MPER NS 18 59
unknown Columbia
university
4?
Century
Pottery alphabets
9 O. Leiden inv. 0.2
+O.Deir el Gizaz
inv.41
Deir Gizaz
Thebes
Columbia
university
6-7
Century
Pottery alphabets
10 T.Würzburg K 1027 unknown Berlin, Private
collection
7
Century
wood alphabets
11 O.BM inv. 21247
MPER NS 18 66
unknown British Museum 7-8
Century
Pottery alphabets
12 O.BM inv. 31663
MPER NS 18 64
unknown British Museum 7-8
Century
Pottery alphabets
13 O.BM inv. 26739
MPER NS 18 65
unknown British Museum 7-8
Century
Pottery alphabets
14 P.Vindob.K 19383 Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
8
Century
papyrus Scattered letters
15 P.Vindob.K 0186 Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
8?
Century
Pottery Scattered letters
16 P.Vindob.K 17899 unknown Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
9?
Century
papyrus Scattered letters
17 O.Deir el Gizaz inv. Deir Gizaz British Museum 9 Pottery Alphabet in order
15
n. 41 Thebes Century and repeated
18 O.Vindob. K 0313
MPER NS 18 7
Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
8?
Century
Pottery alphabets
19 O.Vindob.K 500
MPER NS 18 9
unknown Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
8
Century
Pottery Scattered letters
20 P.Vindob. K 0698
MPER NS 18 10
unknown Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
7
Century
Papyrus Scattered letters
21 O.Vindob. K 0744
MPER NS 18 11
unknown Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
9-10
Century
Pottery Scattered letters
22 P.Vindob. K 02236
MPER NS 18 12
unknown Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
8
Century
Papyrus Scattered letters
23 P.Vindob. K 03090
MPER NS 18 13
unknown Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
8-9
Century
Papyrus Scattered letters
24 P.Vindob. K 03519 unknown Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
8?
Century
Papyrus Scattered letters
25 P.Vindob. K 08252
MPER NS 18 16
unknown Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
9
Century
Papyrus Scattered letters
26 P.Vindob. K 10254
MPER NS 18 17
unknown Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
10
Century
Paper Scattered letters
27 P.Vindob.G 37640v
MPER NS XV 106a
unknown Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
8
Century
Papyrus Scattered letters
28 P.Vindob. K 11145
MPER NS 18 19
unknown Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
11
Century
Paper Letter Ⲉ in 8 lines
29 O.Berlin P. 17937 unknown Berlin 8
Century
Pottery Alphabet+ⲁⲛⲟⲕ
30 O.Berlin P. 20862 unknown Berlin 8
Century
Pottery alphabets
31 Baouit Nr.430 Baouit 8
Century
Pottery alphabets
32 P.Vindob K. 08314
MPER NS 18 55
Herpolis Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
11
Century
Paper alphabets
33 P.Vindob K. 09472
MPER NS 18 56
Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
9
Century
Parchm
ent
alphabets
34 O. Berline P. 5136
MPER NS 18 146
Berlin 8
Century
Pottery alphabets
35 P.Vindob. G 37640
MPER NS 18 106a
fayoum Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
759-775
AD
Papyrus Letter ⲩ
36 O.EdfouCopte 17 Edfo IFAO 7
Century
Pottery alphabets
37 O. Qurnat Mar'y inv.
302
Qurnat
Mar'y
IFAO 6
Century
Pottery alphabets
38 Deir Gizaz
Thebes
573
588
603
Ostraca Alphabet in 9 lines
39 O.BM 21247 fayoum British Museum 4-11 Ostraca alphabets
16
Century
40 O. BM 31663 fayoum British Museum م11-4ق Ostraca alphabets
41 O. BM 21379 British Museum Limesto
ne
Scattered letters
42 33136 O. BM British Museum Limesto
ne
Unarranged
alphabet
43 27414 O. BM British Museum Limesto
ne
alphabets
44 26739 O. BM British Museum Ostraca Letter Ⲫ 6 times
45 21247 O. BM British Museum Pottery alphabets
46 26739 like:
18972+18798:
18816+19092
British Museum Pottery alphabets
47 MMA.14.1.188
O. Mon.Epiph. 576
Epiphanies
Monastery
Thebes
British Museum Pottery letter Ⲃ repeated+
some alphabet
48 Beside
Carter’s rest
6-8
Century
Limesto
ne
alphabets
49 Polish Center
Excavation 2003
Western
thebes
7-8
Century
Limesto
ne
alphabets
50 Northern wall, tomb
no. 23, Beni Hassan
Beni Hassan 7-8
Century
Limesto
ne
alphabets+
syllables
51 479 in TT 2,
480 - 483
Western
thebes
8
Century
Limesto
ne
alphabets
52 O.col.inv.1073
(acc. 64.12.92)
Epiphanies
Monastery
Thebes
Columbia Uni. 6-7
Century
Pottery random alphabet
53 O.col.inv. 1077
(acc. 64. 12.96)
Epiphanies
Monastery
Thebes
Columbia Uni. 6-7
Century
Pottery random alphabet
in two lines
54 O.col.inv. 1097 (acc.
64. 12.116)
Epiphanies
Monastery
Thebes
Columbia Uni. 6-7
Century
Pottery only 3 letters
55 O.col.inv. 1259 (acc.
65.2.91)
Epiphanies
Monastery
Thebes
Columbia Uni. 6-7
Century
Limesto
ne
alphabets
56 P.Vindob K. 19609
MPER NS 18 057
Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
7-8
Century
Papyrus alphabets
57 P.Vindob K. 02071
MPER NS 18 054
Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
8
Century
Papyrus alphabets
2- Exercises of syllables
1 P.Mich.inv. 3816 Karanis
fayoum
Michigan Uni. 5-6
Century
Papyrus Syllables
2 T.Mich.inv. 765 fayoum Michigan Uni. wood Syllables+alphabet
3 P.Vindob. K 11373 unknown Nationalbiblioth5 Papyrus Dual Syllables
17
ek, Vienna Century
4 O.Deir el Gizaz 14
MPER NS 18 82
Deir Gizaz
Thebes
7-8
Century
Pottery triple and quad
Coptic; Greek
syllables
5 T.Duk.inv.7 unknown Duke
University
6-7
Century
wood triple syllables
6 P.Sorb.inv. 2074,
cliché Kagan-IRHT
MPER NS 18 75
unknown Sorbonne,
France
7-8
Century
Papyrus Triple Syllables
7 O.Lond UC 31896;
CO. 435;
MPER NS 18 104
unknown Petrie’s
Museum
4
Century
Pottery incomplete word
list
8 P.Lond or 4721 (25);
MPER NS 18 80
unknown 8
Century
Papyrus Syllables
school book
9 MPER NS 18 107
O.Berol.inv.P.19699
unknown 8?
Century
Pottery Coptic letters+2
names
10 P.Rylands UL unknown John Rylands
Library
6
Century
Papyrus teacher’s model
11 P.vindob.K 08306
MPER NS 18 79
fayoum Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
10-11
Century
paper Syllables
12 MPER XVIII 74 Beni Hassan 2-3
Century
wall Syllables
13 O.IFAO s.n unknown IFAO 2-3
Century
Pottery Syllables
14 31387 O.BM British Museum no date Pottery Syllables+alphabet
15 P.J R. Liberary 2074 Paris Uni. Papyrus Syllables
16 3 Michigan Uni. Papyrus Syllables
17 12554 unknown Louvre 8
Century
Pottery Syllables
18 P.Vindob K. 02030 Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
7-8
Century
Papyrus Triple Syllables
19 P.Mich. inv. 926 Theadelphia
(Batn-Ihrît)
Michigan Uni. Papyrus Syllables+alphabet
3- Writing exercises
1 P.Vindob.G. 29274
MPER NS IV 24
Arsenoi
fayoum
Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
4-5
Century
Papyrus note of 4 folios;
psalm+alphabets
2 Mon.Epiph. II 621
MPER NS 18 247
Epiphanies
Monastery
Thebes
6-7
Century
Papyrus list of birds names
3 O.MMA 14.1.140
O.Mon.Epiph.II 611
Epiphanies
Monastery
Thebes
Metropolitan 6-7
Century
Pottery part of Homer's
Iliad
4 P.Vindob.G. 26127
MPERNS 18 120
unknown Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
6-7
Century
Papyrus story of son who
killed his father
5 T.Würzbug K 1019 unknown 8-9 wood hymn to Christ
18
Century and his mother+
copy on verso
6 P.Berol.inv. 22141
MPER NS XV 139
unknown Papyrus letter and
grammatical exc.
7 O.BM 33110 unknown British Museum 7-8
Century
Pottery Nouns+verbs list
8 Musée copte inv.1006
(4079)
unknown Coptic Museum 7
Century
wood mathematical
exercise+ word list
9 Theban Ostraca, Part
IV, no. 45
Thebes 7-8
Century
Limesto
ne
2 Samuel 1. 1
10 MSS Theban Ostraca,
Part IV, no. 46
Thebes 7-8
Century
Limesto
ne
Acts 2. 9
11 Theban Ostraca, Part
IV, no. 48
Thebes 7-8
Century
Limesto
ne
religious texts
12 O.BM inv.27432 unknown British Museum 7-8
Century
Pottery word list in
alphabetical order
13 Theban Ostraca, Part
IV, no. 49
Thebes 7-8
Century
Ostraca word list+names
14 28404(21228 B) Thebes Greco-Roman
Museum
7-8
Century
Pottery religious texts as
an exercise
15 28423(21255 B) Thebes Greco-Roman
Museum
7-8
Century
Pottery writing exercise
16 28424(21255 B) Thebes Greco-Roman
Museum
7-8
Century
Pottery writing exercise
17 28435(21269 B) Thebes Greco-Roman
Museum
7-8
Century
Pottery writing exercise
18 TT233.227 dra naga
Thebes
Macquarie Uni. Ostraca exercise of letter+
alphabets
19 TT233,226+506+509 dra naga
Thebes
Macquarie Uni. Ostraca letter from Andros
20 TT233. 460 dra naga
Thebes
Macquarie Uni. Ostraca Romans 14:6
21 BM 33140 fayoum British Museum 4-11
Century
Limesto
ne
religious texts as
an exercise
22 P.vindob. K 0483
MPER NS 18 114
fayoum Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
4-11
Century
Papyrus opening formula+
2 letters
23 P.vindob. K 3256
MPER NS 18 122
fayoum Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
8-9
Century
Papyrus Invocation and
supplication
24 P.Vindob.K 16794
MPER NS 18 279
fayoum Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
Papyrus grammar
25 P.Vindob. K 08448
MPER NS 18 271
fayoum Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
4-11
Century
Papyrus religious texts
26 P.Vindob. K 08309
MPER NS 18 260
fayoum Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
10-11
Century
paper Coptic-Greek
dictionary
27 P. Ct YBR inv. 2103 Baouit 7 Papyrus order+ opening
19
qua (B) . Century formula
28 BL Or. 6201 B29 Baouit 7-8
Century
Papyrus exercise on
writing letter
29 UC62819 (Petrie 24) Dendara Petrie’s
Museum
Byzantin
e
Pottery A letter of apology
as an exercise
30 UC62825 (Petrie 30) Dendara Petrie’s
Museum
Byzantin
e
Pottery two repeated
words
31 UC32088-UC2089
and UC32090
Dendara Petrie’s
Museum
Byzantin
e
Pottery ثالثة شقافات عليها
حروف أبجدية
32 O.BM 5866 British Museum Pottery opening formula+
names list
33 O.BM 21271 British Museum Limesto
ne
Sentences and
names
34 O.BM 21137 British Museum Limesto
ne
beginning of letter
as an exercise
35 O.BM 12176 Elephantine British Museum Pottery List of persons’
names
36 O. MU 2309 Thebes Roman Pottery exercise to write
Kamets’ name
37 P.Mich. inv. 926 Theadelphia
(Batn-Ihrît)
Michigan Uni. Pottery letters+syllabels+
Romans
38 O. BM 16842 British Museum Limesto
ne
exercise on 2
Corinthians 4
39 O. BM 15971 Hermonthis Limesto
ne
Baskets list on Ro.
writing exercise V.
40 O. BM 33135 Deir Bahari
Thebes
British Museum Limesto
ne
exercise in 6 lines
41 O. BM 33158 British Museum Limesto
ne
Prayers and a list
of names
42 O. BM 33149 British Museum Limesto
ne
exercise on a letter
religious text?
43 O. BM 33129 British Museum Pottery psalm 14
44 O. BM 33140 British Museum Limesto
ne
religious sentence
on recto and verso
45 O. BM 20344 British Museum Pottery writing exercise
46 O. BM 33133 British Museum Limesto
ne
beginning of letter
in one phrase
47 O. BM 33142 British Museum Pottery letter to Pavictor
48 O. BM 33252 British Museum Limesto
ne
exercise on
writing Jesus the
Christ
49 O. BM 26221 British Museum Ostraca writing ⲜⲀⲒⲨⲤ
twice
50 O. BM 21290 British Museum Limesto
ne
2 lines of writings
20
51 O. BM 14222 British Museum Pottery grammar exercise
52 O. BM 26210
+26211+26215
British Museum Limesto
ne
word list, names+
places of Bible
53 O. BM 19967 Karnak British Museum Pottery literary exercise
54 O. BM 21281 British Museum Limesto
ne
religious sentences
55 O. BM 27424 British Museum Limesto
ne
Letter + list names
+ supplication
56 O. BM 5857 British Museum
Anastasi
collection
Limesto
ne
letter from set to
John
57 O. BM 21288 British Museum Limesto
ne
part of homily
58 O. BM 27500 British Museum Limesto
ne
school model ?
59 O. BM 14170 British Museum
Hay coll.
Pottery writing exercise
on writing letter
60 O. BM 29767 British Museum Limesto
ne
beginning of letter
in 7 lines
61 O. BM 25723 British Museum Pottery list? or maths
exercise
62 O. BM 5870 British Museum
Sams coll.
Pottery part of religious
text
63 O. BM 33176 British Museum writing exercise
64 O. BM 16841 British Museum Limesto
ne
letter to Apa
Solomon
65 O. BM 21296 British Museum Limesto
ne
religious sentences
66 O. BM 27412 Naqada British Museum Limesto
ne
nominal sentences
67 EA. 29528 British Museum
Anastasi
collection
7-8
Century
wood myth of Christ and
the grape vine +
complaint
68 P. Köln VII Ihnasiyyah
al-Madinah
6-7
Century
formal text
69 p. Sorbonne inv. 2646 unknown Sorbonne
France
7-8
Century
Papyrus Greek-Coptic
dictionary
70 P. Sorbonne inv. 2490
et 2524
unknown Sorbonne
France
7-8
Century
Papyrus exercise on
writing psalm
71 Amos and Hosea Dic. unknown British Museum 3
Century
Papyrus Greek-Coptic
dictionary
72 CO 263 Thebes Egyptian
Museum
8
Century
Pottery exercise on letter
73 CO 264 Thebes Egyptian
Museum
8
Century
Pottery exercise on letter
21
74 CO 265 Deir Bahari Egyptian
Museum
8
Century
Pottery beginning of letter
75 CO 280 Thebes Egyptian
Museum
8
Century
Pottery beginning of letter
76 CO 298 Thebes Egyptian
Museum
8
Century
Pottery beginning of letter
77 CO 399 Thebes Egyptian
Museum
8
Century
Pottery beginning of letter
78 CO 479 Thebes Egyptian
Museum
8
Century
Pottery exercise with 2
words
79 CO 523 Dendara Egyptian
Museum
8
Century
Pottery Homer poetry
80 CO 524 Thebes Egyptian
Museum
8
Century
Pottery Homer poetry
81 CO 525 Thebes Egyptian
Museum
8
Century
Pottery list of names
82 Wooden tablet Menya 3-4
Century
wood wisdom or proverb
83 P.Mon.Epiph.611 Thebes Metropolitan wood syllables + words
84 P.Mon.Epiph.615 Thebes Metropolitan Limesto
ne
Homer’s Iliad
85 P.Mon.Epiph. 576 Thebes Metropolitan Limesto
ne
Menander’s play
86 57 Deir El-
Bala'izah
Bodlein Library
Oxford
4-5
Century
Papyrus writing exercise
87 395 Deir El-
Bala'izah
Bodlein Library
Oxford
4-5
Century
Papyrus mathematical
exercise of
monastery
88 386 Deir El-
Bala'izah
Bodlein Library
Oxford
4-5
Century
Papyrus copy as an
exercise
89 291 Deir El-
Bala'izah
Bodlein Library
Oxford
4-5
Century
Papyrus hymn as an
exercise
90 396 Deir El-
Bala'izah
Bodlein Library
Oxford
4-5
Century
Papyrus writing exercise
91 1 Phoibamon 7-8
Century
Papyrus writing exercise
92 2 Phoibamon 7-8
Century
Pottery religious text as an
exercise
93 3 Phoibamon 7-8
Century
Pottery nominal sentence
as an exercise
94 5 Phoibamon 7-8
Century
Pottery writing exercise
95 6 Phoibamon 7-8
Century
Pottery repeated line for 6
times
96 P.Rain.Unterricht 107 Papyrus writing exercise
22
97 O. Col. Inv. 1377
(acc.65.3.98)
Epiphanies
Monastery
Thebes
Columbia Uni. 6-7
Century
Ostraca opening formula+
Invocation
98 O. Col. Inv. 0302
(acc.64.2.131)
Epiphanies
Monastery
Thebes
Columbia Uni. 6-7
Century
Ostraca ending formula of
letter
99 Apis.1902,
Col.inv.23.3.701
Epiphanies
Monastery
Thebes
Columbia Uni. 6-7
Century
Acts + letter
100 MS. BRUX. IV 590 near Deir El
madinah
Bibliothèque
Royale de
Belgique
6
Century
Papyrus religious word list
divided to parts
101 P.Vindob. K 08448 Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
Papyrus orthographical
model from
religious text
102 Gr. Inscr. 3019 Thebes Parsons
collection
3
Century
Sycamo
re
psalm in
Akhmemic dialect
as an exercise
103 3019 Thebes Ashmolean
Museum
Oxford
wood psalm in
Akhmemic dialect
104 MPER N.S. 18 106 fayoum 759-775
AD
Papyrus exercise on letter
105 Add 34186 unknown British Museum wood multiplication
table+word list
106 1656 (CO 434 MPER
NS 18 261)
Florenz
Museum
Limesto
ne
Greek-Coptic
writing exercise
107 1658 MPER NS 18 Phoibamon
Thebes
7-8?
Century
pottery writing exercise
108 P.inv.18/89
Doc.No.27/89
naqlon
monatery
Coptic Museum 10-11
Century
paper writing exercise
109 Doc. No.188/89
O. inv.?
naqlon
monatery
Coptic Museum 10-11
Century
paper writing exercise
110 1271
MPER NS 18 1661
Phoibamon
Thebes
7-8
Century
Ostraca exercise in 5 lines
111 1277
MPER NS 18 1662
O.inv.? 89/195
naqlon
monatery
Coptic Museum 8
Century
Papyrus opening formula
of letter
112 P.Vindob. K 07712 unknown Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
8-9?
Century
Papyrus exercise in 8 lines
113 O. Vindob. K 0571 unknown Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
8
Century
pottery word list+2
Corinthians 1. 1
114 O. Berline P.12509 unknown Berlin 8-9?
Century
Limesto
ne
opening formula
on two sides
115 O. Vindob. K. 0152 Thebes Nationalbiblioth8? pottery letter in 8 lines
23
ek, Vienna Century
116 Berlin, Ägyptische
Museum p. 8710
Thebes Egyptian
Museum, Berlin
7-10
Century
pottery texts from Bible
117 O. Berline P. 4974 unknown Berlin 8?
Century
pottery religious text+
letters
118 P.Vindob K. 08308 Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
10-11
Century
paper word list
119 P.Vindob. G 18373
MPER NS 18 173
fayoum Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
7
Century
Papyrus Greek-Coptic
exercise
120 P.Vindob. G 26011k fayoum Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
3
Century
Papyrus writing exercise
121 P.Vindob. G 19250 fayoum Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
759-
م775
Papyrus formula of “in the
name of father...”
122 P.Vindob. K 04912 El
Ashmunein
Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
8
Century
Papyrus Luke’s gospel
from 8 to 10
123 O.EdfouCopte 87 Edfou IFAO 7
Century
pottery exercise on letter
124 O.EdfouCopte 141 Edfou IFAO 7
Century
pottery writing exercise
125 O.EdfouCopte 142 Edfou IFAO 7
Century
pottery writing exercise
126 Cairo, IFAO O.
number unknown
Thebes IFAO 7-8
Century
Limesto
ne
copy of prayer and
invocation of the
Holy Trinity
127 Cairo, IFAO O. (C
2058) O. The bifao 29
Thebes IFAO 7-8
Century
Limesto
ne
prayer and psalm
128 O. BM EA 41339 Phoibamon
Thebes
British Museum Limesto
ne
opening formula
of letter+ drawing
of horse
129 4747 zawyet
al’ayan,
Giza
Coptic Museum 7
Century
Limesto
ne
drawing exercise
animal, lotus,
plaited cross
130 4397 Coptic Museum 4
Century
Limesto
ne
drawing exercise
geometric forms
131 4661 Coptic Museum Limesto
ne
drawing exercise
of plaited
decoration+cross
132 4588 Phoibamon
Thebes
Coptic Museum 4
Century
Limesto
ne
drawing of a man
climbs a palm tree
133 4396 Coptic Museum Limesto
ne
drawing exercise
of human
faces+bird face+
crosses
134 MPER NS 18 141 8-11
Century
Papyrus exercise on letter
24
135 Berlin, Ägyptisches
Museum P. 14189
fayoum Egyptian
Museum Berlin
8-9
Century
wood writing exercise+
story
136 2524 Fayoum? Coptic Museum 8
Century
wood exercise on
religious text
137 Ramasseum
Thebes
7-8
Century
Limesto
ne
names list
138 O.Bodl.GK.Inscr.2925 Unknown 7-8
Century
Pottery word list
139 (Coptic 44), folio 23,
part 24, Golman
collection
Upper Egypt National library,
Paris
14
Century
Paper grammar of Coptic
language
140 Or. 4997 Library of
Leiden
University
1833-
1835
Paper Coptic alphabets
and pronunciation
141 P.Vindob.K o. 674
MPER NS 18 268
Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
7
Century
Pottery part of play of
Sententia 371+
Coptic translation
4- Mathematical exercises
1 P.Vindob.K 8784 fayoum Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
10-11
Century
Paper maths exercise on
numbers
2 P.Vindob.K 07151 fayoum Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
10-11
Century
Paper mathematical
exercise
3 O.LouverAF 12605 Elephantine Louvre
Museum
4-8
Century
Pottery dividing table on 4
4 KHM Wien Inv.8604 fayoum Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
6
Century
Papyrus part of
multiplication
5 P.Vindob.K 06479 fayoum Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
8
Century
Papyrus part of
multiplication
6 P.Vindob.K 10495 Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
10-11
Century
Paper part of
multiplication
7 P.Vindob.A.ch.15853 Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
11-12
Century
Paper numbers 1-10+
multiplication
table of number 2
8 P.Vindob.K 11206
P.Vindob.K 10261
Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
11
Century
Paper multiplication
table
9 P.Vindob.A.ch.04519 Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
11
Century
Paper multiplication
table
10 P.Vindob.Ach.32367 Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
11-12
Century
Paper part of
multiplication
11 P.Vindob.A.ch.11276 Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
11
Century
Paper part of
multiplication
12 P.Vindob.A.ch.5070 Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
10
Century
Paper part of
multiplication
25
13 P.Vindob. K 20796 Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
10
Century
Paper part of
multiplication
14 Wadi sarga, Nr.23,
s.53f
Wadi Sarga Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
10-11
Century
Paper part of
multiplication no.
7
15 P.Vindob.K 20797 Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
11
Century
Paper part of
multiplication
16 P.Vindob.A.ch.20817 Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
11
Century
Paper part of
multiplication
17 P.Vindob.A.ch.4789 Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
11
Century
Paper part of
multiplication
18 P.Vindob.A.ch.16845 Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
11
Century
Paper part of
multiplication
19 P.Vindob.A.ch.1812 Nationalbiblioth
ek, Vienna
11
Century
Paper part of
multiplication
20 O. BM 25723 British Museum Pottery arithmetic list?
21 O.IFAO s.n Thebes IFAO 5-6
Century
limesto
ne
exercise of
accounting
22 P.Lond. Or. 5707,
BM no. 528
British Museum 9
Century
Parchm
ent
mathematical
equation
top related