MRK360 Week 2. Re-cap from last class What is OB? We talked about challenges in the Canadian workplace in three levels – what are they? Explain some of.
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MRK360
Week 2
Re-cap from last class
What is OB? We talked about challenges in the Canadian
workplace in three levels – what are they? Explain some of the challenges individuals
face Explain some of the challenges groups face Explain some of the challenges organizations
face
Chapter 2
Perception, Personality, and Emotion
What do you see?
Which of these people is more outgoing? Which is more successful?
Perception
What is Perception? The process by which individuals organize and
interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
Why Is it Important? Because people’s behaviour is based on their
perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. The world as it is perceived is the world that is
behaviourally important.
Why We Study Perceptions
We study this topic to better understand how people make attributions about events.
We don’t see reality. We interpret what we see and call it reality.
The attribution process guides our behaviour, regardless of the truth of the attribution
Factors Influencing Perception
The PerceiverThe TargetThe Situation
Exhibit 2-1 Factors that Influence Perception
Perception
The Target
• Novelty• Motion• Sounds• Size• Background• Proximity
The Perceiver
• Attitudes• Motives• Interests• Experience• Expectations
The Situation
• Time• Work setting• Social setting
Perceptual Errors – “shortcuts” that we all take
Attribution Theory Selective Perception Halo Effect Contrast Effects Projection Stereotyping
You have all read the book – take a minute and think of one example of each of these that you have seen.
Attribution theory
The class average for the midterm was 90% but you got 45% - What happened?
Was this:Externally caused – the teacher hates me orInternally caused – I was up too late partying!
Attribution Theory
When individuals observe behaviour, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Distinctiveness
Does individual act the same way in other situations? Consensus
Does individual act the same as others in same situation? Consistency
Does the individual act the same way over time?
Attribution Theory
Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency to underestimate the influence of
external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behaviour of others.
Self-Serving Bias The tendency for individuals to attribute their own
successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.
Additional Perceptual Errors
Selective Perception People selectively interpret what they see based on
their interests, background, experience, and attitudes
Halo Effect Drawing a general impression about an individual
based on a single characteristic Contrast Effects
A person’s evaluation is affected by comparisons with other individuals recently encountered
Additional Perceptual Errors
ProjectionAttributing one’s own characteristics to other
people Stereotyping
Judging someone on the basis of your perception of the group to which that person belongs
Personality
The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others.
Personality Determinants Heredity Environment Situation
Personality Traits Enduring characteristics that describe an
individual’s behaviour The Big Five Model
vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.
OutgoingMore intelligentEmotionally stableDominantHappy-go-luckyConscientiousVenturesomeSensitiveSuspiciousImaginativeShrewdApprehensiveExperimentingSelf-sufficientControlledTense
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.
Exhibit 2-3 Sixteen Primary Personality Traits
Reserved Less intelligent Affected by feelingsSubmissiveSeriousExpedientTimidTough-mindedTrustingPracticalForthrightSelf-assuredConservativeGroup-dependentUncontrolledRelaxed
The Big Five Model
ClassificationsExtroversionAgreeablenessConscientiousnessEmotional StabilityOpenness to Experience
The Big Five Model
Can you think of a famous (or not famous) person on each end of the scale?
Highly extroverted Highly introverted
Highly Conscientious
Emotionally Stable
Open to experiences
Agreeable Not agreeable
Not very Conscientious
Not Emotionally Stable
Not open
Exhibit 2-5 Big Five Personality Factors and Performance
Big Five Personality Factor Relationship to Job Performance
Relationship to Team Performance
Extroversion * Positively related to job performance in occupations requiring social interaction
* Positively related to training proficiency for all occupations
* Positively related to team performance
* Positively related to degree of participation within team
Agreeableness * Positively related to job performance in service jobs
* Most studies found no link between agreeableness and performance or productivity in teams
* Some found a negative link between person’s likeability and team performance
Conscientiousness * Positively related to job performance for all occupational groups
* May be better than ability in predicting job performance
Exhibit 2-5 Big Five Personality Factors and Performance
Big Five Personality Factor Relationship to Job Performance
Relationship to Team Performance
Emotional Stability * A minimal threshold amount may be necessary for adequate performance; greater degrees not
related to job performance
* Positively related to performance in service jobs
* May be better than ability in predicting job performance across all occupational groups
Openness to Experience *Positively related to training proficiency
*Data unavailable
Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB
Locus of ControlMachiavellianismSelf-EsteemSelf-MonitoringRisk TakingType A and Type B Personalities
Locus of Control
The degree to which people believe they are in control of their own fate Internals
Individuals who believe that they control what happens to them
Externals Individuals who believe that what happens to
them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance
Machiavellianism
Degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means
Self-Esteem
Individuals’ degree of liking or disliking of themselves
Self-Monitoring
A personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust behaviour to external situational factors
Risk-Taking
Refers to a person’s willingness to take chances or risks
Type A Personality
Always moving, walking, and eating rapidly. Feel impatient with the rate at which most events
take place. Strive to think or do two or more things at once. Cannot cope with leisure time. Are obsessed with numbers, measuring their
success in terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire.
Type B Personality
Never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience.
Feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments unless such exposure is demanded by the situation.
Play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority at any cost.
Can relax without guilt.
What is your personality?
Rank yourself
Internal Locus of Control
External Locus of Control
High Self Esteem
High Self Monitoring
Type A
Highly Mach. Not Mach.
Low Self esteem
Low Self Monitoring
Type B
Group Discussion
Personality Characteristics
What are Emotions?
Three related terms: Affect
A broad range of feelings that people experience.
Emotions Intense feelings that are directed at someone or
something.
Moods Feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and
that lack a contextual stimulus.
Exhibit 2-6 Emotion Continuum
FearHappiness SadnessSurprise Anger Disgust
Choosing Emotions: Emotional Labour
When an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal interactions.
Employees can experience a conflict between what they feel, and what’s expected of them.
Emotional Intelligence
Noncognitive skills, capabilities, and competencies that influence a person's ability to succeed in coping with environmental demands and pressures
Five dimensions Self-awareness Self-management Self-motivation Empathy Social skills
Negative Workplace Emotions
Negative emotions can lead to a number of deviant workplace behaviours. They fall in categories such as: Production (leaving early, intentionally
working slowly)Property (stealing, sabotage)Political (gossiping, blaming co-workers)Personal aggression (sexual harassment,
verbal abuse)
Summary and Implications
Perception Individuals behave based not on the way their
external environment actually is but, rather, on what they see or believe it to be
Evidence suggests that what individuals perceive from their work situation will influence their productivity more than will the situation itself
Absenteeism, turnover, and job satisfaction are also reactions to the individual’s perceptions
Summary and Implications
Personality Personality helps us predict behaviour Personality can help match people to jobs, to some
extent at least
Emotions Can hinder performance, especially negative
emotions Can also enhance performance
Perception Exercise
In the new OB project team, two members obviously have different perceptions on just about everything the team does. Kevin ‘sees’ the project one way; Kim ‘sees’ it differently. They have different perceptions about team goals, methods, values and the roles team members should play. Kevin gives the impression he wants “to be in charge” and he argues aggressively to get his way. Kim, who is more reserved, offers thoughtful ideas in rebuttal, and usually consults with the other group members for their views and support. Privately, Kevin bad-mouths Kim to anyone who will listen. He says that he has been on successful teams many times and ‘knows’ the best ways to operate the team. He says that Kim is a “control freak” and “the only one on the team holding up progress”. Kim, on the other hand, only conveys her feelings about Kevin when team members are present, but she has repeatedly said out loud, “There are more ways of getting this team started than just yours! Too bad you have a closed mind!” For the most part, the other team members perceive Kim and Kevin to have a “personality conflict”, and they are avoiding getting involved. The team is ineffective so far, and there’s pressure to get the team on track because of the impending class assignment deadline.
In Groups
Agree on answers to the following questions, then report back on your group’s conclusions. Time: 20 minutes. What main factors may account for the different perceptions held
by Kevin and Kim? In each perceiver? In the targets? In the current situation?
What are some ‘short cuts’ each may be taking in judging the other? Are these judgements correct?
To what extent might the current situation be affecting the different perceptions?
To what extent might each person’s apparent personality be the cause for the current conflict? Define their respective personalities.
If behaviour such as this happens often, how can perceptions be changed to that people in conflict like Kevin and Kim can reach consensus? List some ideas.
Homework for next class
Complete and Score:Learning About Yourself Exercise 1 – pg 55Learning About Yourself Exercise 2 – pg 56Learning About Yourself Exercise 3 – pg 57Learning About Yourself Exercise 4 – pg 58Learning About Yourself Exercise 5 – pg 59Learning About Yourself Exercise 6 – pg 61
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