Mr. Kurtis D. Werner The Decline of the Empire: 18c.
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The Young Turks Revolt: 1908
Progressive Individuals who wanted to rid the Empire of the Sultan and introduce reform
Mehmet Talaat
Grand Vizier,
1917-1918
Enver Pasha Minister of War
Ottoman Commander- in-Chief
The Young Turks Program
Pushed for reforms basic democratic rights:
freedom of speech.
freedom of assembly.
freedom of the press.
Problem of nationalism within (heterogeneous empire).
Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey
1914 1922
Erzerum 215,000 1,500
Van 197,000 500
Kharbert 204,000 35,000
Diarbekir 124,000 3,000
Bitlis 220,000 56,000
Sivas 225,000 16,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey
Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000
European Turkey 194,000 163,000
Trapizond District 73,390 15,000
Total: 2,133,190 387,800
Two Armed CampsCentral PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938) Republican People’s Party Goals:
republicanism (National Assembly).
nationalism (“Turkification”).
populism (for the benefit of the people).
statism (state-controlled economy).
secularism (free from religious control).
reformism.
1924 abolished the caliphate.
“Father Turk”
Atatürk’s Reforms1. “Turkify” the Islamic faith
Translate the Qur’an into Turkish.
Secular education.
Ministry of Religious Affairs abolished.
Sharia courts closed newsecular courts.
2. Western-style clothing Forbid the wearing of the fez
Western-style men’s suits.
Attacked the veiling of women.
Atatürk’s Reforms
3. Language Reform: Roman alphabet replaced
theArabic script.
Literacy in new alphabet required for government positions.
4. State Socialism: State banks established to
finance government-controlled businesses.
5. Adoption of a Surname
Oil Discovered in Mesopotamia!
First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persiain 1908.
Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.
Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledgingallegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul,promised exclusive oil rights to the British.
Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.
In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.
Oil Becomes the New International
“Coin of the Realm!” American oil companies
[Texaco & Chevron], gainoil concessions in Bahrainin 1929.
In 1933, American oil companies win an oilconcession in Saudi Arabia.
ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939.
Rezah Khan (1877-1944)
an Iranian officer, seizedcontrol of the govt. in 1921.
declared himself SHAH in1925.
created the Pahlavi Dynasty.
ruled from 1925-1941.
initiated some modern reforms.
forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in 1941.
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