Mr. Kopp’s 8 th Grade Earth Science Welcome. Classroom Norms, Rules, and Expectations Note taking Name: Mr. KoppUnit: Intro. to Earth ScienceTopic: What.

Mr. Kopp’s 8th Grade Earth Science

Welcome

Classroom Norms, Rules, and Expectations

• Note takingName: Mr. Kopp Unit: Intro. to Earth Science Topic: What is Earth Science? Date: 9/10/15

Essential Questions:

What is Earth Science?----------------------What are the Branches of Earth Science?

Notes:

-The study of Earth and its place in space-The history of Earth and how it changes over time-------------------------------------------------------------------Earth Science is divided into Meteorology (weather), Astronomy (space), Oceanography (oceans), Geology (solid part of Earth), and Ecology (interaction between life and earth)

Connections to videos, readings, and labs:

Video: “Introduction to Earth Science”

Viewed different things an Earth Scientist might study-Galaxies-Tornadoes-Mountains

How do we think scientifically?

• 1. Make observations using your 5 senses –

• 2. Express any literal findings

• No metaphor or flowery language

• Be specific, accurate

• 3. Generate Inferences

• Using prior knowledge and experience to determine a possible explanation

• 4. Make real world connections

What are the applications of my inference to other real world events?

• 5. Write a conclusion based on factual evidence

What is the Scientific Method?

Series of steps that help guide scientific study

• Must be repeatable (recipe)• Validates conclusions

What are the steps of the scientific method?

• 1) Make an Observation in nature• 2) Identify the problem/ask a question• 3) Conduct Research• 4) Form a Hypothesis• 5) Experiment• 6) Collect/Analyze Data• 7) Draw a Conclusion• 8) Present your findings

Fact From Fiction• Scientist classify ideas based upon their ability to

PROVE their ideas using mountains of evidence and repeatable experiments

• Scientific Law – description of what scientists find happening in nature repeatedly and in the same way without exception

• Scientific Theory – a well-tested and widely accepted hypothesis

Scientific Method Keys Terms

• Data – any set of information

• Control – part of an experiment that does not change (used for comparison)

• Variable – part of an experiment that is different

Chapter 1: Introduction to Earth Science

GEOLOGY

ASTRONOMY

OCEANOGRAPHY

METEOROLOGY

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

What is Earth Science?

• The name for the group of sciences that study the Earth and its neighbors in space.

BIG BANG THEORYFORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE!

NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS

FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Formation of the Earth

• NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS– the solar system formed from a giant cloud of gas and dust (nebula)

Nebular Theory Continued• 1) A nearby Giant star explodes in a supernova 5 -7

billion years ago

• 2) The material from this explosion formed a giant cloud of gas and dust – SOLAR NEBULA

Nebular Theory Continued

• 3) The cloud begins to spin due to a gravitational forces

• 4) Materials accrete (come together) at the center as the cloud flattens out

Nebular Theory Continued

• 5) Increased gravity and heat at the center causes immense amounts of material to accrete (come together) at the center (99% of all) – Fusion begins forming our sun

Nebular Theory Continued

• 6) Meanwhile, due to friction, hundreds of larger chunks are forming in the outer portions of the flattened cloud – Planetismals

Nebular Theory Continued • 7) The larger chunks grow faster than the smaller

chunks due to higher gravitational force

• 8) Only the biggest 50 - 100 or so capture all of the other chunks – Protoplanets

• 9) The biggest ones have enough gravitational pull to capture the lightest gases such as hydrogen and helium, they are also far enough away from the center (cold enough) to capture icy materials such as ammonia and methane – they become the Outer Planets or Gas Giants

(After the Sun began fusion, solar wind pushed particles outward to the outer planets causing additional growth)

• 10) The smaller, closer ones are not large enough and are too hot to capture many gases. They are called the Inner Planets or Terrestrial Planets

Nebular Theory Continued

• 11) Collisions continue on a massive scale…– A mars-sized object collides with the Earth

forming our moon

12) Many of the moons of the outer planets were captured by the planet’s gravitational pull

Nebular Theory • 1) Supernova creates giant cloud• 2) Giant Cloud (Nebula) begins to spin• 3) Nebula rotates, flattens, accretion in center (protostar)• 4) 100s of planetismals grow in the outer portion of the

disk-like cloud• 5) Fusion begins – Sun is born• 6) 50-100 Proto-planets grow• 7) Massive collisions happen - # of proto-planets decrease• 8) Inner planets remain small and rocky (due to heat)• Outer planet grow huge and gaseous (due to size and cold)• 9) moons are captured or created by explosions

Earth’s Structure

Structure of the Earth• Crust – silicon and oxygen (least

dense)

• Mantle – silicon, oxygen, and magnesium

2,885 km thick, the mantle is 82% of Earth’s volume.

• Outer Core – liquid iron and nickel2,255 km thick Density – 10-12 g/cm3

• Inner Core – solid iron and nickel (most dense)

Radius of 1,220 km. Density – 13 g/cm3

Composition of the crust

Types of CrustContinental crust – Underlies the continents. –Avg. rock density about 2.7 g/cm3. –Avg. thickness 35-40 km. –Felsic composition (light color)- Avg. rock type = Granite

Oceanic crust – Underlies the ocean basins. –Density about 3.0 g/cm3. –Avg. thickness 7-10 km. –Mafic composition (dark color)- Avg. rock type = Basalt/Gabbro

Origin of the Earth’s Atmosphere and Oceans

• While the Earth was cooling, gasses escaped from the interior (think volcanic eruptions) which became the Atmosphere and eventually rained down to become the oceans

• Source of Heat – radioactive materials, collisions of asteroids/comets

Shape of the Earth

Oblate Spheroid - • Not a perfect sphere• Flatter at the poles, bulges at

the equator• An object weighs more at the

poles (15N) than it does at the equator (14N)

• The farther an object is from the center of gravity, the less it weighs

• Copy down these Earth Facts:• Radius – avg. about 8,000 miles• Circumference• equator is 24,901.55 miles• poles is 24,859.82 miles• Mass – 5,973,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg• Density – 5.5 g/cm3• Period of rotation-23 hours 56 min • Equatorial rotation velocity 1,674.4 km/h (465.1 m/s)• Axial tilt 23.5°• Period of Revolution – 365 days 6 hrs 9 min• Average orbital speed 107,200 km/s