Mosquitoes: Kill them! Or use them? Kill them! Or use them? UC Davis 2016 Niels. O. Verhulst MSc Thesis report, GJ Wierda - Handheld PCR with disposable PDMS cells Page 18 F igure

Mosquitoes: Kill them! Or use them?

UC Davis 2016

Niels. O. Verhulst

MSc Thesis report, GJ Wierda - Handheld PCR with disposable PDMS cells

Figure 5 Arduino Microcontroller system with labels on some of the important components.

Although some of the Arduino pin connections can be swapped around, if this is consequently stated in

the software used, most of the wiring was based on the examples as stated in the software reference

section in the Materials & Methods. The current wiring is shown in Figure 6. When using the serial

connection for data logging or when the temperature profile is not necessary anymore, the SD-module

can be omitted. Note that the SD Module currently used does not support SDHC or SDXC cards, which

have a too high capacity. Without the fluorescence detection the light sensor can be left out as well. The

LED remains a nice indicator to see if the heating cycle protocol is running as it will also indicate if the

protocol is finished as soon as it switches off automatically.

Figure 6: hook-up scheme. Black = ground, Red = connections of the SD module & the Color sensor, Purple = Reset connection, Orange = 3.3V, Pink = 5V, Blue = LED, Yellow = Push Button, Cyan = NTC Thermistor, Green = Mosfet, Inductor (heating coil) and Battery pack. Arduino external power supply is not shown. A schematic hook up scheme is added in Appendix C: Supplementary information.

McGraw and O’Neill Nature 2013

Mosquito host preference

• Mosquitoes differ in host preference

Mosquitoes that prefer humans are

important vectors of diseases

Host finding

• Mosquitoes use carbondioxide and skin odors

• Skin odors are produced by skin bacteria

Why are some more attractive?

• 48 volunteers

• Odor samples

• 48 volunteers

• Odour samples

• 48 volunteers

• Odor samples

• Bacterial samples

• 48 volunteers

• Odor samples

• Bacterial samples

• Volatile identification

• Highly and poorly attractive

• Correlation with bacteria

• Volatiles identified

Attractive blend

• Identification of 5-compound blend

Mukabana et al. J. Chem. Ecol. 2012

Solarmal project

• Trap + light + phone charger

• 4500 households, 25,000 people

Solarmal project

• Stepped-wedge cluster-randomised intervention

• Social sciences/ Community involvement important

Solarmal project

• Parasite prevalence => 30 % reduction

• Malaria mosquito => up to 70% reduction

• Towards elimination

• Other settings

• Zika/Dengue mosquito

Mosquitoes: Use them!

Infectious disease detection

• Bird flu

• Q fever

• Ebola

• Rabies

Infectious disease detection

Too lateRequires expertise

ExpensiveLabour intensive, difficult in remote locationsBiased (where to look)

PassiveCase detection

ActiveScreening

Use blood fed mosquitoes

RIGHT-ID

Mosquito “syringe”

Mosquito trap

Handheld pathogen detection