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Montreal ProtocolOVERVIEW
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*a protocol submitted to the Vienna
Convention for the Protection of theOzone Layer
*is an international treaty designed to
protect the ozone layer by phasing out theproduction of numerous substancesbelieved to be responsible for ozonedepletion.
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The largest Antarctic ozone hole recorded as of September 2006
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*Opened for signature on September 16,
1987*Entered into force on January 1, 1989
*all United Nation members, as well as Niue,
the Cook Islands, the Holy See andthe European Union
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*First Meeting: Helsinki, May 1989
*it has undergone seven revisions, in 1990(London), 1991 (Nairobi), 1992
(Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok), 1995(Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), and 1999(Beijing)
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*The treaty is structured around several
groups of halogenated hydrocarbons that havebeen shown to play a role in ozone depletion.
*All of these ozone depleting substances
contain either chlorine or bromine*the treaty provides a timetable on which the
production of those substances must be
phased out and eventually eliminated
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*Many CFCs have been widely used
as refrigerants propellants (in aerosolapplications), and solvents.
* Applications exploit the low toxicity, low
reactivity, and low flammability of the CFCsand HCFCs.
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*the treaty provides a timetable on which the
production of those substances must bephased out and eventually eliminated
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Montreal Protocol
Year to be
Implemented
% Reduction in
Consumption and
Production, Using
the Cap as a
Baseline2004 35.0%
2010 75.0%
2015 90.0%
2020 99.5%
2030 100.0%
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The Montreal Protocol
on Substancesthat Deplete the Ozone Layer
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Importance of Ozone
Ozone is present in the stratosphere.
The stratosphere reaches 30 miles above the
Earth, and at the very top, it contains
ozone. The suns rays are absorbed by theozone in the stratosphere and thus, do not reach
the Earth.
Although ozone composes a small part of the
atmosphere's total mass, it absorbs more than
99% of the sun's ultraviolet radiation.
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Ozone DestructionOzone is destroyed by chlorine in the
upper atmosphere, a major contributor to
this are the CFC's
When UV light hits CFC's in the
atmosphere the molecules dissociate and
pure chlorine molecules that separate
react with ozone.
Cl + O3 ---> ClO + O2
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Effects of Ozone DepletionA 1% depletion in the ozone layer allows 2% more
ultraviolet radiation to reach the earth's surface.
Scientists predict that this would raise the incidenceof skin cancer by 4% to 5%. It can also cause
increase in cases of cataracts, suppress human
and animal immune systems, damage fish larvae,
kill off micro-organisms on the ocean floor thatserve as food for larger marine life, decrease crop
yield, and damage man made products such as
paints and plastic.
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The ProtocolThe Protocol brought together parties to phase out
their production and consumption of a group of
ODS
Whilst progressive, the system put in place by the
Protocol had the potential to be difficult to adhere
to. For this reason, the text made provision for the
possibility of trading ODS production quotas
between parties, to offer a degree of flexibility.
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Effects and ApplicationOriginally, the Protocol planned for a 50% reduction in CFCproduction and consumption, in about 10 years.
But the adjustments and amendments subsequently
adopted have increased the number of substances andtightened the schedule, with the aim of eliminatingcompletely the production of the majority of the regulatedsubstances.
It was agreed, from then on, to ban completely numerousCFCs, halons, carbon tetrachlorides, and methyl chloroform(1,1,1-trichloroethane), as well as several transitionsubstances. These included HCFCs and HBFCs,substitution products for CFCs which had the potential to
damage the ozone layer.
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Special ArrangementsDuring the implementation, specific
arrangements were made for developing
countries. These countries were
becoming significant ODS consumers,especially in developing their cold chains
(temperature controlled supply chains).
They are therefore entitled to a 10 yeardelay period, linked to the Protocols fixed
schedule.
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Innovativeness of the ProtocolThis system is essentially based oncooperation. If one party is having difficultiesfulfilling its obligations, or has reservationsregarding their fulfilment towards another
party, they can inform the Secretary, who canbegin a mediation process. This procedure isthen reviewed by the ImplementationCommittee, which is composed ofrepresentatives from parties to the Protocol.
Several outcomes are possible: the adoptionof the recommendation, a caution,proposals of technical, technological orfinancial assistance.
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Philippine Implementation
The DENR, through the Philippine Ozone
Desk (POD) of the Environmental
Management Bureau (EMB), is the
national coordinator for the
implementation of the Montreal Protocol in
the Philippines.
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NCPPs Voucher SystemOne particular system used to phase out
ODS, as implemented by the DENRsNational CFC Phaseout Plan (NCPP)
Project, was the voucher system, wherequalified refrigeration and air conditioningservice shops were given fund assistanceto acquire equipment they could use for
recovering refrigerants.In turn, the recovered refrigerants wereturned over to a Collection, Transport andStorage (CTS) facility.
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ResultsAs of August 2012, the facility has
collected more than 8,045 kilograms of
ODS, almost half of which were mixed
refrigerants.
These were re-processed and prepared
for disposition by legitimate importers,
dealers, resellers and end-users.
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Efforts madePOD continuously conducted information campaign
and other activities to drum up awareness on the
protection of the ozone layer. Among these are
the conduct of lectures in schools, publication of
information materials, and free testing of mobile
air conditioners (MAC).
In 2010, the Philippine Postal Corporation alsoreleased a series of postal stamps depicting the
Montreal Protection and the ozone layer.
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Philippines has been able to phase out 3,300
ozone depleting potential (ODP) tons in the
manufacturing and servicing sectors from 1991
to 2011.
Of these, CFCs constituted 97.8%; halons,
2%; and methyl bromide, 0.2 %.
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Philippines Next Step
To phase out the remaining group:
hydrochlorofluorocarbons or HCFCs
(used in foam sprays, fire extinguishers,
solvents, and air conditioning units)
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*
*The Kyoto Protocol to the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) sets binding obligations on
industrialized countries to reduce emissions
of greenhouse gases
*"stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrationsin the atmosphere at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interferences with the
climate."
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*The Protocol was adopted on December
11, 1997 in Kyoto, Japan, and enteredinto force on 16 February 2005
*As of September 2011, 191 states have
signed and ratified the protocol*The United States signed but did not ratify
the Protocol and Canada withdrew from it
in 2011.
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*The targets cover emissions of the six
main greenhouse gases, namely: Carbon dioxide (CO2);
Methane (CH4);
Nitrous oxide (N2
O);
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs);
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); and
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
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*A greenhouse gas (sometimesabbreviated GHG) is a gas in an atmospherethat absorbs and emits radiation withinthe thermal infrared range.
*Since the Industrial Revolution, the burningof fossil fuels have contributed to a 40%increase in the concentration of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere from 280 ppm to397 ppm
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*A greenhouse gas (sometimesabbreviated GHG) is a gas in an atmospherethat absorbs and emits radiation withinthe thermal infrared range.
*Since the Industrial Revolution, the burningof fossil fuels have contributed to a 40%increase in the concentration of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere from 280 ppm to397 ppm
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To achieve stabilization ofgreenhouse gas concentrations in
the atmosphere at a level thatwould prevent dangerous
anthropogenic interference with the
climate system.
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*a protocol to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
*Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992
*Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC (COP 3) in
1997 in Kyoto, Japan
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*COP 1 Berlin Mandate, Berlin
1995
- called upon Annex I countries to
set limits
*COP 2 Minesterial Declaration, Geneva
1996
- set legally binding measures
*COP 3 Kyoto Protocol, Japan
1997
- specified targets and timetables
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The Parties included in Annex I shall
pursue limitation or reduction ofemissions of greenhouse gases notcontrolled by the Montreal Protocol
- Aviation fuels- Marine fuels
Reduction by at least 5% below 1990levels
Commitment period 2008 to 2012
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*Energy
*Fuel combustion
* Energy industries
* Manufacturing industries
and construction* Transport
* Other sectors
* Other
*Fugitive emissions fromfuels
* Solid fuels
* Oil and natural gas
* Other
Industrial processes Mineral products
Chemical industry
Metal production
Other production Production of
halocarbons andsulphur hexafluoride
Consumption of
halocarbons andsulphur hexafluoride
Other
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*Solvent and other product use
*Agriculture
*Enteric fermentation
*Manure management
*Rice cultivation
*Agricultural soils
*Prescribed burning of savannas
*Field burning of agricultural residues
*Other
*Waste
*Solid waste disposal on land
*Wastewater handling
*Waste incineration
*Other
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Land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) sinkactivities
*can provide a relatively cost-effective way of offsetting
emissions by:
* increasing the removals of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere
* planting trees
* forest management
* reducing emissions
* stopping deforestation
Joint Implementation
*an Annex I Party may implement projects that increase removals
by sinks in another Annex I country.
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