Module 2 Safety Culture and Management Practices

Tags:

Post on 24-Feb-2016

48 Views

Category:

Documents

0 Downloads

Preview:

Click to see full reader

DESCRIPTION

Module 2 Safety Culture and Management Practices. List of Abbreviations and Acronyms . Module 2 Overview. Lesson 1: Introduction to safety culture and management practices - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

1

Module 2Safety Culture and

Management Practices

>

65306206

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

2

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms FMP Fatigue Management Program

CMV commercial motor vehicle

SMART goals Specific Motivational Achievable Relevant Trackable

CPAP continuous positive airway pressure

HOS hours-of-service

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

3

Module 2 Overviewbull Lesson 1 Introduction to safety culture and management

practicesbull Lesson 2 Corporate responsibility and roles in

Fatigue Management Program (FMP) implementationbull Lesson 3 Employee engagement empowerment and

commitment in the FMPbull Lesson 4 Corporate culture changebull Lesson 5 Performance measures to gauge the

efficacy of the FMPbull Lesson 6 Summary

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

4

Module Objectives (1 of 2)bull Define safety culturebull Identify the relationship between safety culture and fatiguebull Understand the importance of management commitment to

the FMPbull Realize the importance of commercial motor vehicle (CMV)

driver commitment to the FMPbull Identify the importance of empowering CMV driversbull Describe the importance of fatigue communicationbull Create top management ldquobuy-inrdquobull Build CMV driver trust

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

5

Module Objects (2 of 2)

bull Conduct FMP benchmarking bull Create an FMP Steering Committeebull Develop a safety vision within the context of the FMPbull Instill CMV driver accountabilitybull Create policies for CMV driver recognitionbull Identify the difference between process and outcome

measuresbull Identify performance measures to assess the

effectiveness of the FMP

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

6

Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

7

Introduction to Safety Culture

bull Exact definition is highly debated however most successful safety cultures contain these characteristicsndash Shared behavior pattern and beliefs related to safetyndash Safety is a valuendash Safety is a part of companyrsquos identity ndash Shared responsibility for safety ndash Commitment to helping others

perform safely

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

8

Safety Triad

Safety Cultur

eBehaviorPerson

Environment

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

9

Safety Culture

bull Safety culture and injuriescrashesbull Crashes usually the result of risky behaviorndash Driversrsquo behaviors are influenced by

environmental and personal factorsndash Positive safety cultures attempt to change factors

that occur before and after the occurrence of risky behavior

bull Positive safety culture is necessary prior to implementing an FMP

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

10

Fatigue and Safety Culture

bull FMP designed to improve your organizationrsquos bottom line

bull Fatigue management is one aspect of overall safety culture

bull Integrate into your existing health and safety program

bull Safety culture topics reviewed can be applied to all safety-related behaviors to help enhance your existing safety culture

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

11

Fatigue Risk Management Systems

bull Safety culture specifically extended to fatigue

bull Process for measuring mitigating and managing fatigue risk

bull Identify sources of fatigue and ways to reduce fatigue

ID where FRMS apply

Collect and analyze data

ID fatigue risk

Assess safety risk

Set measures and countermeasures

Effectiveness evaluation

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

12

Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems

bull Six core componentsndash Fatigue management policyndash Fatigue risk management proceduresndash Fatigue management training and educationndash Process for employees to report fatiguendash Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

to crashesndash Fatigue risk management evaluations

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

13

Lesson Quiz Lesson 11 Complete the following sentence An organizationrsquos safety culture

can best be described asA Managementrsquos feelings regarding the importance of safetyB Shared behavior patterns and beliefs that are related to safetyC The number of injuries that occur in the organizationD A vision to keep employees safe

2 Which of the following is a factor that influences an organizationrsquos safety cultureA PersonB BehaviorC EnvironmentD All the above

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

14

Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued3 Which of the following statements is true

A Crashes are usually not the result of risky behaviorB An organizationrsquos safety culture has little affect on their crashes and injuriesC Crashes are usually the result of risky behaviorD It is not important to have a positive safety culture before implementing the

FMP4 What is the correct order of steps when implementing a fatigue risk

management system (FRMS)E Identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data identify fatigue risk assess

safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationF Assess safety risk identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies set measures

and countermeasures collect and analyze data and effectiveness evaluationG Identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data assess

safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationH Collect and analyze data identify where the FRMS applies assess safety risk identify

fatigue risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluation

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

15

Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued

5 What is a core component of a fatigue risk management systemA Fatigue management policyB Process for employees to report fatigueC Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

to crashesD All the above

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

16

Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implementation

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

17

Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management

bull Fatigue management is a shared responsibilitybull Remember the Person-Environment-

Behavior Modelndash You create policies and proceduresndash Necessary knowledge skill ability motivation and

attitudendash Employees behave safely or risky

bull From top-down control to bottom-up involvementbull Interdependent teamwork rather than only

individualized responsibility

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

18

Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management

bull Employees typically obey authoritybull Fatigue management should be supported from the top but

driven by the bottombull Strategies to increase commitment

ndash Prioritization of safety over productionndash Maintaining a high profile for fatigue in meetingsndash Personal attendance of managers at fatigue meetingsndash Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicndash Job descriptions that include safetyfatigue contractsndash Fatigue management leadershipndash Emphasize continued FMP improvement and evaluation

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

19

Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production

bull Increased job performance (eg productivity) may come at the expense of CMV driver fatiguendash Risky behaviors (eg driving while fatigued)

may be rewarded (or not be punished) to increase productivity

ndash May suggest productivity is more important than driver fatigue

bull Fatigue management should be measured and rewarded like productivity

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

20

Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings

bull Safety as a value and not a priorityndash Priorities change values do not change

and are not compromisedndash Fatigue management should be linked to

all prioritiesbull Including fatigue discussions in meetings reinforces the

belief that fatigue management is a valuendash Illustrates how safety and CMV driver fatigue relate to all

aspects in the organizationbull Reminds employees of your support for reducing fatigue

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

21

Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings

bull Your attendance in fatigue meetings demonstrates a commitment to fatigue managementndash Recognize and acknowledgendash Feedbackndash Prompt safe behaviorndash Model safe behaviorndash Receive feedback directly from employeesndash Observe risky environmental conditions ndash One-to-one communication

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

22

Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

23

Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

24

Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

25

Communication About Fatigue Issues

bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

26

Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

27

Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

28

Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

responsibility of drivers

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

29

Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

>

10501249

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

30

Empowerment

bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

31

Importance of Empowerment

bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

32

Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

33

Increasing Empowerment

bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

34

Empowerment and Resistance to Change

bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

35

Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

36

Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

37

Benefits of Organizational Commitment

bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

38

Increasing Organizational Commitment

bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

employee development

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

39

Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

40

Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

FMP

4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

41

Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

42

Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

43

Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

44

Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

recognition11 Awareness education and

kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

45

Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

46

Build Trust

bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

47

Conduct Bench Marking

bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

48

Management Training and Education

bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

49

Training Managers

bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

50

Steering Committee

bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

51

Assembling the Steering Committee

bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

committee

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

52

Develop a Safety Vision

bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

53

Define Roles

bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

practicesndash Who can elicit the most

comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

and finances

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

54

Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

55

Develop Measures

bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

performance measures should be developed

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

56

Develop Policies for Recognition

bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

individualrsquos failure(s)

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

57

Awareness Education and Kick-Off

bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

58

Implement the FMP

bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

59

Measure Performance

bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

measures

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

60

Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

progress of the FMP

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

61

Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

involved in the FMPD All the above

2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

62

Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

FMPD Both management and drivers

4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

63

Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

measuresD Only outcome measures

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

64

Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

65

You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

(process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

66

Process Measures

bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

67

Following FMP Policies and Procedures

bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

68

FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

69

Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

70

Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

providedndash Their concerns were considered during

development of the FMP

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

71

Outcome Measures

bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

72

Sleep Duration

bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

bull Number of hours slept without waking

bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

sleeping meet requirements

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

73

Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

74

Alertness

bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

75

Job Satisfaction

bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

76

Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

77

Violations

bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

(if required)bull Number of hours driving

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

78

Crashes

bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

circadian lows

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

79

Sick Leave

bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

80

Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

driver

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

81

Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

82

Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

driving

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

83

Conclusion Review and Summary

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

84

Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

impacted by the FMP

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

85

Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

safely bull Accountability for selves and

others

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

86

Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

87

Continued Safety Culture Change

bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

over time with a positive safety culture

NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

88

Course Exam Module 2

  • Slide 1
  • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
  • Module 2 Overview
  • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
  • Module Objects (2 of 2)
  • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
  • Introduction to Safety Culture
  • Safety Triad
  • Safety Culture
  • Fatigue and Safety Culture
  • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
  • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
  • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
  • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
  • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
  • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
  • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
  • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
  • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
  • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
  • Fatigue Leadership
  • Communication About Fatigue Issues
  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
  • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
  • Empowerment
  • Importance of Empowerment
  • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
  • Increasing Empowerment
  • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
  • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
  • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
  • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
  • Increasing Organizational Commitment
  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
  • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
  • Corporate Culture Change
  • Corporate Culture Change (2)
  • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
  • Build Trust
  • Conduct Bench Marking
  • Management Training and Education
  • Training Managers
  • Steering Committee
  • Assembling the Steering Committee
  • Develop a Safety Vision
  • Define Roles
  • Develop Accountability
  • Develop Measures
  • Develop Policies for Recognition
  • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
  • Implement the FMP
  • Measure Performance
  • Support the FMP
  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
  • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
  • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
  • Process Measures
  • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
  • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
  • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
  • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
  • Outcome Measures
  • Sleep Duration
  • Sleep Quality
  • Alertness
  • Job Satisfaction
  • Injuries
  • Violations
  • Crashes
  • Sick Leave
  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
  • Conclusion Review and Summary
  • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
  • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
  • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
  • Continued Safety Culture Change
  • Course Exam Module 2

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    2

    List of Abbreviations and Acronyms FMP Fatigue Management Program

    CMV commercial motor vehicle

    SMART goals Specific Motivational Achievable Relevant Trackable

    CPAP continuous positive airway pressure

    HOS hours-of-service

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    3

    Module 2 Overviewbull Lesson 1 Introduction to safety culture and management

    practicesbull Lesson 2 Corporate responsibility and roles in

    Fatigue Management Program (FMP) implementationbull Lesson 3 Employee engagement empowerment and

    commitment in the FMPbull Lesson 4 Corporate culture changebull Lesson 5 Performance measures to gauge the

    efficacy of the FMPbull Lesson 6 Summary

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    4

    Module Objectives (1 of 2)bull Define safety culturebull Identify the relationship between safety culture and fatiguebull Understand the importance of management commitment to

    the FMPbull Realize the importance of commercial motor vehicle (CMV)

    driver commitment to the FMPbull Identify the importance of empowering CMV driversbull Describe the importance of fatigue communicationbull Create top management ldquobuy-inrdquobull Build CMV driver trust

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    5

    Module Objects (2 of 2)

    bull Conduct FMP benchmarking bull Create an FMP Steering Committeebull Develop a safety vision within the context of the FMPbull Instill CMV driver accountabilitybull Create policies for CMV driver recognitionbull Identify the difference between process and outcome

    measuresbull Identify performance measures to assess the

    effectiveness of the FMP

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    6

    Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    7

    Introduction to Safety Culture

    bull Exact definition is highly debated however most successful safety cultures contain these characteristicsndash Shared behavior pattern and beliefs related to safetyndash Safety is a valuendash Safety is a part of companyrsquos identity ndash Shared responsibility for safety ndash Commitment to helping others

    perform safely

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    8

    Safety Triad

    Safety Cultur

    eBehaviorPerson

    Environment

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    9

    Safety Culture

    bull Safety culture and injuriescrashesbull Crashes usually the result of risky behaviorndash Driversrsquo behaviors are influenced by

    environmental and personal factorsndash Positive safety cultures attempt to change factors

    that occur before and after the occurrence of risky behavior

    bull Positive safety culture is necessary prior to implementing an FMP

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    10

    Fatigue and Safety Culture

    bull FMP designed to improve your organizationrsquos bottom line

    bull Fatigue management is one aspect of overall safety culture

    bull Integrate into your existing health and safety program

    bull Safety culture topics reviewed can be applied to all safety-related behaviors to help enhance your existing safety culture

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    11

    Fatigue Risk Management Systems

    bull Safety culture specifically extended to fatigue

    bull Process for measuring mitigating and managing fatigue risk

    bull Identify sources of fatigue and ways to reduce fatigue

    ID where FRMS apply

    Collect and analyze data

    ID fatigue risk

    Assess safety risk

    Set measures and countermeasures

    Effectiveness evaluation

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    12

    Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems

    bull Six core componentsndash Fatigue management policyndash Fatigue risk management proceduresndash Fatigue management training and educationndash Process for employees to report fatiguendash Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

    to crashesndash Fatigue risk management evaluations

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    13

    Lesson Quiz Lesson 11 Complete the following sentence An organizationrsquos safety culture

    can best be described asA Managementrsquos feelings regarding the importance of safetyB Shared behavior patterns and beliefs that are related to safetyC The number of injuries that occur in the organizationD A vision to keep employees safe

    2 Which of the following is a factor that influences an organizationrsquos safety cultureA PersonB BehaviorC EnvironmentD All the above

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    14

    Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued3 Which of the following statements is true

    A Crashes are usually not the result of risky behaviorB An organizationrsquos safety culture has little affect on their crashes and injuriesC Crashes are usually the result of risky behaviorD It is not important to have a positive safety culture before implementing the

    FMP4 What is the correct order of steps when implementing a fatigue risk

    management system (FRMS)E Identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data identify fatigue risk assess

    safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationF Assess safety risk identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies set measures

    and countermeasures collect and analyze data and effectiveness evaluationG Identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data assess

    safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationH Collect and analyze data identify where the FRMS applies assess safety risk identify

    fatigue risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluation

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    15

    Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued

    5 What is a core component of a fatigue risk management systemA Fatigue management policyB Process for employees to report fatigueC Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

    to crashesD All the above

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    16

    Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implementation

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    17

    Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management

    bull Fatigue management is a shared responsibilitybull Remember the Person-Environment-

    Behavior Modelndash You create policies and proceduresndash Necessary knowledge skill ability motivation and

    attitudendash Employees behave safely or risky

    bull From top-down control to bottom-up involvementbull Interdependent teamwork rather than only

    individualized responsibility

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    18

    Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management

    bull Employees typically obey authoritybull Fatigue management should be supported from the top but

    driven by the bottombull Strategies to increase commitment

    ndash Prioritization of safety over productionndash Maintaining a high profile for fatigue in meetingsndash Personal attendance of managers at fatigue meetingsndash Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicndash Job descriptions that include safetyfatigue contractsndash Fatigue management leadershipndash Emphasize continued FMP improvement and evaluation

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    19

    Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production

    bull Increased job performance (eg productivity) may come at the expense of CMV driver fatiguendash Risky behaviors (eg driving while fatigued)

    may be rewarded (or not be punished) to increase productivity

    ndash May suggest productivity is more important than driver fatigue

    bull Fatigue management should be measured and rewarded like productivity

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    20

    Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings

    bull Safety as a value and not a priorityndash Priorities change values do not change

    and are not compromisedndash Fatigue management should be linked to

    all prioritiesbull Including fatigue discussions in meetings reinforces the

    belief that fatigue management is a valuendash Illustrates how safety and CMV driver fatigue relate to all

    aspects in the organizationbull Reminds employees of your support for reducing fatigue

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    21

    Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings

    bull Your attendance in fatigue meetings demonstrates a commitment to fatigue managementndash Recognize and acknowledgendash Feedbackndash Prompt safe behaviorndash Model safe behaviorndash Receive feedback directly from employeesndash Observe risky environmental conditions ndash One-to-one communication

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    22

    Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

    bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

    and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

    privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    23

    Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

    bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

    performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

    requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    24

    Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

    leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    25

    Communication About Fatigue Issues

    bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

    bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

    bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

    bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    26

    Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

    managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

    2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

    relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

    management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    27

    Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

    givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

    4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

    management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

    management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    28

    Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

    5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

    management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

    importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

    driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

    responsibility of drivers

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    29

    Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

    >

    10501249

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    30

    Empowerment

    bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

    knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    31

    Importance of Empowerment

    bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

    bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

    bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    32

    Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

    bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    33

    Increasing Empowerment

    bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

    feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

    increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    34

    Empowerment and Resistance to Change

    bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

    changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

    of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    35

    Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

    bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

    bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

    bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

    bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

    bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    36

    Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

    bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

    bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

    bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    37

    Benefits of Organizational Commitment

    bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    38

    Increasing Organizational Commitment

    bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

    bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

    bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

    the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

    employee development

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    39

    Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

    A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

    2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

    A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    40

    Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

    A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

    B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

    FMP

    4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    41

    Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

    5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

    and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    42

    Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    43

    Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

    following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    44

    Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

    recognition11 Awareness education and

    kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    45

    Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

    look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

    concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

    beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

    employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    46

    Build Trust

    bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

    bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

    development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

    management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    47

    Conduct Bench Marking

    bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

    bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

    bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    48

    Management Training and Education

    bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

    bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

    bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    49

    Training Managers

    bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

    goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    50

    Steering Committee

    bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

    bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

    bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    51

    Assembling the Steering Committee

    bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

    will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

    committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

    committee

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    52

    Develop a Safety Vision

    bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

    organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

    within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

    to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    53

    Define Roles

    bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

    practicesndash Who can elicit the most

    comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

    principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

    and finances

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    54

    Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

    accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

    Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

    outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    55

    Develop Measures

    bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

    bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

    tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

    measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

    performance measures should be developed

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    56

    Develop Policies for Recognition

    bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

    evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

    defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

    recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

    individualrsquos failure(s)

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    57

    Awareness Education and Kick-Off

    bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

    bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

    bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

    bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    58

    Implement the FMP

    bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

    bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

    bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    59

    Measure Performance

    bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

    the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

    steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

    measures

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    60

    Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

    the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

    to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

    for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

    steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

    progress of the FMP

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    61

    Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

    A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

    involved in the FMPD All the above

    2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

    A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    62

    Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

    A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

    FMPD Both management and drivers

    4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    63

    Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

    5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

    measuresD Only outcome measures

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    64

    Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    65

    You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

    bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

    to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

    to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

    they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

    (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    66

    Process Measures

    bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

    bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

    bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    67

    Following FMP Policies and Procedures

    bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

    bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

    bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

    a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

    airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    68

    FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

    bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

    bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

    bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

    bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

    bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    69

    Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

    bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

    bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

    bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

    bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    70

    Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

    bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

    bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

    are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

    providedndash Their concerns were considered during

    development of the FMP

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    71

    Outcome Measures

    bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    72

    Sleep Duration

    bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

    bull Number of hours slept without waking

    bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

    during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

    sleeping meet requirements

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    73

    Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

    questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

    bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

    ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

    bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    74

    Alertness

    bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

    bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

    vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    75

    Job Satisfaction

    bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

    bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

    bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

    activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    76

    Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

    the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

    ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

    associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

    cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

    not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    77

    Violations

    bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

    bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

    bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

    (if required)bull Number of hours driving

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    78

    Crashes

    bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

    bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

    bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

    violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

    circadian lows

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    79

    Sick Leave

    bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

    bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

    fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    80

    Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

    A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

    2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

    driver

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    81

    Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

    procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

    prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

    4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    82

    Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

    5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

    hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

    driving

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    83

    Conclusion Review and Summary

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    84

    Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

    bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

    changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

    in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

    levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

    impacted by the FMP

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    85

    Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

    priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

    related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

    safely bull Accountability for selves and

    others

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    86

    Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

    bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

    bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    87

    Continued Safety Culture Change

    bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

    implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

    ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

    over time with a positive safety culture

    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

    88

    Course Exam Module 2

    • Slide 1
    • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
    • Module 2 Overview
    • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
    • Module Objects (2 of 2)
    • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
    • Introduction to Safety Culture
    • Safety Triad
    • Safety Culture
    • Fatigue and Safety Culture
    • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
    • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
    • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
    • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
    • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
    • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
    • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
    • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
    • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
    • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
    • Fatigue Leadership
    • Communication About Fatigue Issues
    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
    • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
    • Empowerment
    • Importance of Empowerment
    • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
    • Increasing Empowerment
    • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
    • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
    • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
    • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
    • Increasing Organizational Commitment
    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
    • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
    • Corporate Culture Change
    • Corporate Culture Change (2)
    • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
    • Build Trust
    • Conduct Bench Marking
    • Management Training and Education
    • Training Managers
    • Steering Committee
    • Assembling the Steering Committee
    • Develop a Safety Vision
    • Define Roles
    • Develop Accountability
    • Develop Measures
    • Develop Policies for Recognition
    • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
    • Implement the FMP
    • Measure Performance
    • Support the FMP
    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
    • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
    • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
    • Process Measures
    • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
    • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
    • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
    • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
    • Outcome Measures
    • Sleep Duration
    • Sleep Quality
    • Alertness
    • Job Satisfaction
    • Injuries
    • Violations
    • Crashes
    • Sick Leave
    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
    • Conclusion Review and Summary
    • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
    • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
    • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
    • Continued Safety Culture Change
    • Course Exam Module 2

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      3

      Module 2 Overviewbull Lesson 1 Introduction to safety culture and management

      practicesbull Lesson 2 Corporate responsibility and roles in

      Fatigue Management Program (FMP) implementationbull Lesson 3 Employee engagement empowerment and

      commitment in the FMPbull Lesson 4 Corporate culture changebull Lesson 5 Performance measures to gauge the

      efficacy of the FMPbull Lesson 6 Summary

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      4

      Module Objectives (1 of 2)bull Define safety culturebull Identify the relationship between safety culture and fatiguebull Understand the importance of management commitment to

      the FMPbull Realize the importance of commercial motor vehicle (CMV)

      driver commitment to the FMPbull Identify the importance of empowering CMV driversbull Describe the importance of fatigue communicationbull Create top management ldquobuy-inrdquobull Build CMV driver trust

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      5

      Module Objects (2 of 2)

      bull Conduct FMP benchmarking bull Create an FMP Steering Committeebull Develop a safety vision within the context of the FMPbull Instill CMV driver accountabilitybull Create policies for CMV driver recognitionbull Identify the difference between process and outcome

      measuresbull Identify performance measures to assess the

      effectiveness of the FMP

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      6

      Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      7

      Introduction to Safety Culture

      bull Exact definition is highly debated however most successful safety cultures contain these characteristicsndash Shared behavior pattern and beliefs related to safetyndash Safety is a valuendash Safety is a part of companyrsquos identity ndash Shared responsibility for safety ndash Commitment to helping others

      perform safely

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      8

      Safety Triad

      Safety Cultur

      eBehaviorPerson

      Environment

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      9

      Safety Culture

      bull Safety culture and injuriescrashesbull Crashes usually the result of risky behaviorndash Driversrsquo behaviors are influenced by

      environmental and personal factorsndash Positive safety cultures attempt to change factors

      that occur before and after the occurrence of risky behavior

      bull Positive safety culture is necessary prior to implementing an FMP

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      10

      Fatigue and Safety Culture

      bull FMP designed to improve your organizationrsquos bottom line

      bull Fatigue management is one aspect of overall safety culture

      bull Integrate into your existing health and safety program

      bull Safety culture topics reviewed can be applied to all safety-related behaviors to help enhance your existing safety culture

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      11

      Fatigue Risk Management Systems

      bull Safety culture specifically extended to fatigue

      bull Process for measuring mitigating and managing fatigue risk

      bull Identify sources of fatigue and ways to reduce fatigue

      ID where FRMS apply

      Collect and analyze data

      ID fatigue risk

      Assess safety risk

      Set measures and countermeasures

      Effectiveness evaluation

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      12

      Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems

      bull Six core componentsndash Fatigue management policyndash Fatigue risk management proceduresndash Fatigue management training and educationndash Process for employees to report fatiguendash Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

      to crashesndash Fatigue risk management evaluations

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      13

      Lesson Quiz Lesson 11 Complete the following sentence An organizationrsquos safety culture

      can best be described asA Managementrsquos feelings regarding the importance of safetyB Shared behavior patterns and beliefs that are related to safetyC The number of injuries that occur in the organizationD A vision to keep employees safe

      2 Which of the following is a factor that influences an organizationrsquos safety cultureA PersonB BehaviorC EnvironmentD All the above

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      14

      Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued3 Which of the following statements is true

      A Crashes are usually not the result of risky behaviorB An organizationrsquos safety culture has little affect on their crashes and injuriesC Crashes are usually the result of risky behaviorD It is not important to have a positive safety culture before implementing the

      FMP4 What is the correct order of steps when implementing a fatigue risk

      management system (FRMS)E Identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data identify fatigue risk assess

      safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationF Assess safety risk identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies set measures

      and countermeasures collect and analyze data and effectiveness evaluationG Identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data assess

      safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationH Collect and analyze data identify where the FRMS applies assess safety risk identify

      fatigue risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluation

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      15

      Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued

      5 What is a core component of a fatigue risk management systemA Fatigue management policyB Process for employees to report fatigueC Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

      to crashesD All the above

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      16

      Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implementation

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      17

      Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management

      bull Fatigue management is a shared responsibilitybull Remember the Person-Environment-

      Behavior Modelndash You create policies and proceduresndash Necessary knowledge skill ability motivation and

      attitudendash Employees behave safely or risky

      bull From top-down control to bottom-up involvementbull Interdependent teamwork rather than only

      individualized responsibility

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      18

      Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management

      bull Employees typically obey authoritybull Fatigue management should be supported from the top but

      driven by the bottombull Strategies to increase commitment

      ndash Prioritization of safety over productionndash Maintaining a high profile for fatigue in meetingsndash Personal attendance of managers at fatigue meetingsndash Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicndash Job descriptions that include safetyfatigue contractsndash Fatigue management leadershipndash Emphasize continued FMP improvement and evaluation

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      19

      Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production

      bull Increased job performance (eg productivity) may come at the expense of CMV driver fatiguendash Risky behaviors (eg driving while fatigued)

      may be rewarded (or not be punished) to increase productivity

      ndash May suggest productivity is more important than driver fatigue

      bull Fatigue management should be measured and rewarded like productivity

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      20

      Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings

      bull Safety as a value and not a priorityndash Priorities change values do not change

      and are not compromisedndash Fatigue management should be linked to

      all prioritiesbull Including fatigue discussions in meetings reinforces the

      belief that fatigue management is a valuendash Illustrates how safety and CMV driver fatigue relate to all

      aspects in the organizationbull Reminds employees of your support for reducing fatigue

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      21

      Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings

      bull Your attendance in fatigue meetings demonstrates a commitment to fatigue managementndash Recognize and acknowledgendash Feedbackndash Prompt safe behaviorndash Model safe behaviorndash Receive feedback directly from employeesndash Observe risky environmental conditions ndash One-to-one communication

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      22

      Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

      bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

      and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

      privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      23

      Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

      bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

      performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

      requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      24

      Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

      leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      25

      Communication About Fatigue Issues

      bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

      bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

      bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

      bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      26

      Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

      managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

      2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

      relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

      management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      27

      Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

      givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

      4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

      management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

      management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      28

      Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

      5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

      management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

      importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

      driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

      responsibility of drivers

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      29

      Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

      >

      10501249

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      30

      Empowerment

      bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

      knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      31

      Importance of Empowerment

      bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

      bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

      bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      32

      Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

      bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      33

      Increasing Empowerment

      bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

      feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

      increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      34

      Empowerment and Resistance to Change

      bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

      changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

      of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      35

      Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

      bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

      bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

      bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

      bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

      bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      36

      Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

      bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

      bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

      bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      37

      Benefits of Organizational Commitment

      bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      38

      Increasing Organizational Commitment

      bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

      bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

      bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

      the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

      employee development

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      39

      Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

      A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

      2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

      A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      40

      Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

      A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

      B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

      FMP

      4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      41

      Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

      5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

      and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      42

      Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      43

      Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

      following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      44

      Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

      recognition11 Awareness education and

      kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      45

      Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

      look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

      concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

      beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

      employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      46

      Build Trust

      bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

      bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

      development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

      management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      47

      Conduct Bench Marking

      bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

      bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

      bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      48

      Management Training and Education

      bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

      bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

      bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      49

      Training Managers

      bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

      goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      50

      Steering Committee

      bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

      bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

      bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      51

      Assembling the Steering Committee

      bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

      will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

      committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

      committee

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      52

      Develop a Safety Vision

      bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

      organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

      within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

      to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      53

      Define Roles

      bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

      practicesndash Who can elicit the most

      comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

      principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

      and finances

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      54

      Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

      accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

      Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

      outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      55

      Develop Measures

      bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

      bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

      tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

      measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

      performance measures should be developed

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      56

      Develop Policies for Recognition

      bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

      evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

      defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

      recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

      individualrsquos failure(s)

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      57

      Awareness Education and Kick-Off

      bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

      bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

      bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

      bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      58

      Implement the FMP

      bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

      bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

      bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      59

      Measure Performance

      bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

      the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

      steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

      measures

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      60

      Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

      the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

      to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

      for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

      steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

      progress of the FMP

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      61

      Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

      A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

      involved in the FMPD All the above

      2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

      A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      62

      Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

      A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

      FMPD Both management and drivers

      4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      63

      Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

      5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

      measuresD Only outcome measures

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      64

      Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      65

      You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

      bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

      to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

      to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

      they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

      (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      66

      Process Measures

      bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

      bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

      bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      67

      Following FMP Policies and Procedures

      bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

      bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

      bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

      a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

      airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      68

      FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

      bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

      bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

      bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

      bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

      bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      69

      Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

      bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

      bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

      bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

      bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      70

      Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

      bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

      bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

      are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

      providedndash Their concerns were considered during

      development of the FMP

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      71

      Outcome Measures

      bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      72

      Sleep Duration

      bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

      bull Number of hours slept without waking

      bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

      during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

      sleeping meet requirements

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      73

      Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

      questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

      bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

      ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

      bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      74

      Alertness

      bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

      bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

      vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      75

      Job Satisfaction

      bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

      bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

      bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

      activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      76

      Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

      the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

      ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

      associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

      cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

      not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      77

      Violations

      bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

      bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

      bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

      (if required)bull Number of hours driving

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      78

      Crashes

      bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

      bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

      bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

      violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

      circadian lows

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      79

      Sick Leave

      bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

      bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

      fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      80

      Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

      A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

      2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

      driver

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      81

      Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

      procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

      prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

      4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      82

      Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

      5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

      hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

      driving

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      83

      Conclusion Review and Summary

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      84

      Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

      bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

      changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

      in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

      levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

      impacted by the FMP

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      85

      Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

      priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

      related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

      safely bull Accountability for selves and

      others

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      86

      Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

      bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

      bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      87

      Continued Safety Culture Change

      bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

      implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

      ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

      over time with a positive safety culture

      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

      88

      Course Exam Module 2

      • Slide 1
      • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
      • Module 2 Overview
      • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
      • Module Objects (2 of 2)
      • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
      • Introduction to Safety Culture
      • Safety Triad
      • Safety Culture
      • Fatigue and Safety Culture
      • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
      • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
      • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
      • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
      • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
      • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
      • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
      • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
      • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
      • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
      • Fatigue Leadership
      • Communication About Fatigue Issues
      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
      • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
      • Empowerment
      • Importance of Empowerment
      • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
      • Increasing Empowerment
      • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
      • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
      • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
      • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
      • Increasing Organizational Commitment
      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
      • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
      • Corporate Culture Change
      • Corporate Culture Change (2)
      • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
      • Build Trust
      • Conduct Bench Marking
      • Management Training and Education
      • Training Managers
      • Steering Committee
      • Assembling the Steering Committee
      • Develop a Safety Vision
      • Define Roles
      • Develop Accountability
      • Develop Measures
      • Develop Policies for Recognition
      • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
      • Implement the FMP
      • Measure Performance
      • Support the FMP
      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
      • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
      • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
      • Process Measures
      • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
      • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
      • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
      • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
      • Outcome Measures
      • Sleep Duration
      • Sleep Quality
      • Alertness
      • Job Satisfaction
      • Injuries
      • Violations
      • Crashes
      • Sick Leave
      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
      • Conclusion Review and Summary
      • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
      • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
      • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
      • Continued Safety Culture Change
      • Course Exam Module 2

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        4

        Module Objectives (1 of 2)bull Define safety culturebull Identify the relationship between safety culture and fatiguebull Understand the importance of management commitment to

        the FMPbull Realize the importance of commercial motor vehicle (CMV)

        driver commitment to the FMPbull Identify the importance of empowering CMV driversbull Describe the importance of fatigue communicationbull Create top management ldquobuy-inrdquobull Build CMV driver trust

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        5

        Module Objects (2 of 2)

        bull Conduct FMP benchmarking bull Create an FMP Steering Committeebull Develop a safety vision within the context of the FMPbull Instill CMV driver accountabilitybull Create policies for CMV driver recognitionbull Identify the difference between process and outcome

        measuresbull Identify performance measures to assess the

        effectiveness of the FMP

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        6

        Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        7

        Introduction to Safety Culture

        bull Exact definition is highly debated however most successful safety cultures contain these characteristicsndash Shared behavior pattern and beliefs related to safetyndash Safety is a valuendash Safety is a part of companyrsquos identity ndash Shared responsibility for safety ndash Commitment to helping others

        perform safely

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        8

        Safety Triad

        Safety Cultur

        eBehaviorPerson

        Environment

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        9

        Safety Culture

        bull Safety culture and injuriescrashesbull Crashes usually the result of risky behaviorndash Driversrsquo behaviors are influenced by

        environmental and personal factorsndash Positive safety cultures attempt to change factors

        that occur before and after the occurrence of risky behavior

        bull Positive safety culture is necessary prior to implementing an FMP

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        10

        Fatigue and Safety Culture

        bull FMP designed to improve your organizationrsquos bottom line

        bull Fatigue management is one aspect of overall safety culture

        bull Integrate into your existing health and safety program

        bull Safety culture topics reviewed can be applied to all safety-related behaviors to help enhance your existing safety culture

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        11

        Fatigue Risk Management Systems

        bull Safety culture specifically extended to fatigue

        bull Process for measuring mitigating and managing fatigue risk

        bull Identify sources of fatigue and ways to reduce fatigue

        ID where FRMS apply

        Collect and analyze data

        ID fatigue risk

        Assess safety risk

        Set measures and countermeasures

        Effectiveness evaluation

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        12

        Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems

        bull Six core componentsndash Fatigue management policyndash Fatigue risk management proceduresndash Fatigue management training and educationndash Process for employees to report fatiguendash Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

        to crashesndash Fatigue risk management evaluations

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        13

        Lesson Quiz Lesson 11 Complete the following sentence An organizationrsquos safety culture

        can best be described asA Managementrsquos feelings regarding the importance of safetyB Shared behavior patterns and beliefs that are related to safetyC The number of injuries that occur in the organizationD A vision to keep employees safe

        2 Which of the following is a factor that influences an organizationrsquos safety cultureA PersonB BehaviorC EnvironmentD All the above

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        14

        Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued3 Which of the following statements is true

        A Crashes are usually not the result of risky behaviorB An organizationrsquos safety culture has little affect on their crashes and injuriesC Crashes are usually the result of risky behaviorD It is not important to have a positive safety culture before implementing the

        FMP4 What is the correct order of steps when implementing a fatigue risk

        management system (FRMS)E Identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data identify fatigue risk assess

        safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationF Assess safety risk identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies set measures

        and countermeasures collect and analyze data and effectiveness evaluationG Identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data assess

        safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationH Collect and analyze data identify where the FRMS applies assess safety risk identify

        fatigue risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluation

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        15

        Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued

        5 What is a core component of a fatigue risk management systemA Fatigue management policyB Process for employees to report fatigueC Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

        to crashesD All the above

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        16

        Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implementation

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        17

        Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management

        bull Fatigue management is a shared responsibilitybull Remember the Person-Environment-

        Behavior Modelndash You create policies and proceduresndash Necessary knowledge skill ability motivation and

        attitudendash Employees behave safely or risky

        bull From top-down control to bottom-up involvementbull Interdependent teamwork rather than only

        individualized responsibility

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        18

        Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management

        bull Employees typically obey authoritybull Fatigue management should be supported from the top but

        driven by the bottombull Strategies to increase commitment

        ndash Prioritization of safety over productionndash Maintaining a high profile for fatigue in meetingsndash Personal attendance of managers at fatigue meetingsndash Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicndash Job descriptions that include safetyfatigue contractsndash Fatigue management leadershipndash Emphasize continued FMP improvement and evaluation

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        19

        Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production

        bull Increased job performance (eg productivity) may come at the expense of CMV driver fatiguendash Risky behaviors (eg driving while fatigued)

        may be rewarded (or not be punished) to increase productivity

        ndash May suggest productivity is more important than driver fatigue

        bull Fatigue management should be measured and rewarded like productivity

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        20

        Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings

        bull Safety as a value and not a priorityndash Priorities change values do not change

        and are not compromisedndash Fatigue management should be linked to

        all prioritiesbull Including fatigue discussions in meetings reinforces the

        belief that fatigue management is a valuendash Illustrates how safety and CMV driver fatigue relate to all

        aspects in the organizationbull Reminds employees of your support for reducing fatigue

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        21

        Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings

        bull Your attendance in fatigue meetings demonstrates a commitment to fatigue managementndash Recognize and acknowledgendash Feedbackndash Prompt safe behaviorndash Model safe behaviorndash Receive feedback directly from employeesndash Observe risky environmental conditions ndash One-to-one communication

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        22

        Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

        bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

        and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

        privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        23

        Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

        bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

        performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

        requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        24

        Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

        leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        25

        Communication About Fatigue Issues

        bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

        bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

        bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

        bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        26

        Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

        managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

        2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

        relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

        management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        27

        Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

        givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

        4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

        management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

        management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        28

        Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

        5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

        management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

        importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

        driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

        responsibility of drivers

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        29

        Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

        >

        10501249

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        30

        Empowerment

        bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

        knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        31

        Importance of Empowerment

        bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

        bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

        bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        32

        Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

        bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        33

        Increasing Empowerment

        bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

        feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

        increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        34

        Empowerment and Resistance to Change

        bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

        changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

        of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        35

        Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

        bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

        bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

        bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

        bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

        bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        36

        Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

        bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

        bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

        bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        37

        Benefits of Organizational Commitment

        bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        38

        Increasing Organizational Commitment

        bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

        bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

        bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

        the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

        employee development

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        39

        Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

        A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

        2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

        A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        40

        Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

        A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

        B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

        FMP

        4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        41

        Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

        5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

        and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        42

        Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        43

        Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

        following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        44

        Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

        recognition11 Awareness education and

        kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        45

        Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

        look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

        concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

        beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

        employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        46

        Build Trust

        bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

        bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

        development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

        management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        47

        Conduct Bench Marking

        bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

        bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

        bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        48

        Management Training and Education

        bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

        bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

        bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        49

        Training Managers

        bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

        goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        50

        Steering Committee

        bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

        bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

        bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        51

        Assembling the Steering Committee

        bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

        will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

        committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

        committee

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        52

        Develop a Safety Vision

        bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

        organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

        within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

        to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        53

        Define Roles

        bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

        practicesndash Who can elicit the most

        comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

        principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

        and finances

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        54

        Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

        accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

        Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

        outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        55

        Develop Measures

        bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

        bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

        tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

        measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

        performance measures should be developed

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        56

        Develop Policies for Recognition

        bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

        evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

        defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

        recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

        individualrsquos failure(s)

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        57

        Awareness Education and Kick-Off

        bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

        bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

        bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

        bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        58

        Implement the FMP

        bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

        bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

        bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        59

        Measure Performance

        bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

        the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

        steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

        measures

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        60

        Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

        the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

        to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

        for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

        steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

        progress of the FMP

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        61

        Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

        A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

        involved in the FMPD All the above

        2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

        A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        62

        Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

        A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

        FMPD Both management and drivers

        4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        63

        Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

        5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

        measuresD Only outcome measures

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        64

        Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        65

        You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

        bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

        to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

        to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

        they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

        (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        66

        Process Measures

        bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

        bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

        bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        67

        Following FMP Policies and Procedures

        bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

        bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

        bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

        a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

        airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        68

        FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

        bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

        bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

        bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

        bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

        bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        69

        Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

        bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

        bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

        bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

        bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        70

        Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

        bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

        bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

        are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

        providedndash Their concerns were considered during

        development of the FMP

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        71

        Outcome Measures

        bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        72

        Sleep Duration

        bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

        bull Number of hours slept without waking

        bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

        during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

        sleeping meet requirements

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        73

        Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

        questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

        bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

        ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

        bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        74

        Alertness

        bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

        bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

        vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        75

        Job Satisfaction

        bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

        bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

        bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

        activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        76

        Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

        the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

        ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

        associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

        cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

        not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        77

        Violations

        bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

        bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

        bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

        (if required)bull Number of hours driving

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        78

        Crashes

        bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

        bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

        bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

        violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

        circadian lows

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        79

        Sick Leave

        bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

        bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

        fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        80

        Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

        A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

        2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

        driver

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        81

        Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

        procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

        prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

        4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        82

        Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

        5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

        hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

        driving

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        83

        Conclusion Review and Summary

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        84

        Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

        bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

        changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

        in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

        levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

        impacted by the FMP

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        85

        Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

        priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

        related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

        safely bull Accountability for selves and

        others

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        86

        Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

        bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

        bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        87

        Continued Safety Culture Change

        bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

        implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

        ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

        over time with a positive safety culture

        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

        88

        Course Exam Module 2

        • Slide 1
        • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
        • Module 2 Overview
        • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
        • Module Objects (2 of 2)
        • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
        • Introduction to Safety Culture
        • Safety Triad
        • Safety Culture
        • Fatigue and Safety Culture
        • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
        • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
        • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
        • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
        • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
        • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
        • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
        • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
        • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
        • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
        • Fatigue Leadership
        • Communication About Fatigue Issues
        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
        • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
        • Empowerment
        • Importance of Empowerment
        • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
        • Increasing Empowerment
        • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
        • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
        • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
        • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
        • Increasing Organizational Commitment
        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
        • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
        • Corporate Culture Change
        • Corporate Culture Change (2)
        • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
        • Build Trust
        • Conduct Bench Marking
        • Management Training and Education
        • Training Managers
        • Steering Committee
        • Assembling the Steering Committee
        • Develop a Safety Vision
        • Define Roles
        • Develop Accountability
        • Develop Measures
        • Develop Policies for Recognition
        • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
        • Implement the FMP
        • Measure Performance
        • Support the FMP
        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
        • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
        • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
        • Process Measures
        • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
        • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
        • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
        • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
        • Outcome Measures
        • Sleep Duration
        • Sleep Quality
        • Alertness
        • Job Satisfaction
        • Injuries
        • Violations
        • Crashes
        • Sick Leave
        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
        • Conclusion Review and Summary
        • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
        • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
        • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
        • Continued Safety Culture Change
        • Course Exam Module 2

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          5

          Module Objects (2 of 2)

          bull Conduct FMP benchmarking bull Create an FMP Steering Committeebull Develop a safety vision within the context of the FMPbull Instill CMV driver accountabilitybull Create policies for CMV driver recognitionbull Identify the difference between process and outcome

          measuresbull Identify performance measures to assess the

          effectiveness of the FMP

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          6

          Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          7

          Introduction to Safety Culture

          bull Exact definition is highly debated however most successful safety cultures contain these characteristicsndash Shared behavior pattern and beliefs related to safetyndash Safety is a valuendash Safety is a part of companyrsquos identity ndash Shared responsibility for safety ndash Commitment to helping others

          perform safely

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          8

          Safety Triad

          Safety Cultur

          eBehaviorPerson

          Environment

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          9

          Safety Culture

          bull Safety culture and injuriescrashesbull Crashes usually the result of risky behaviorndash Driversrsquo behaviors are influenced by

          environmental and personal factorsndash Positive safety cultures attempt to change factors

          that occur before and after the occurrence of risky behavior

          bull Positive safety culture is necessary prior to implementing an FMP

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          10

          Fatigue and Safety Culture

          bull FMP designed to improve your organizationrsquos bottom line

          bull Fatigue management is one aspect of overall safety culture

          bull Integrate into your existing health and safety program

          bull Safety culture topics reviewed can be applied to all safety-related behaviors to help enhance your existing safety culture

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          11

          Fatigue Risk Management Systems

          bull Safety culture specifically extended to fatigue

          bull Process for measuring mitigating and managing fatigue risk

          bull Identify sources of fatigue and ways to reduce fatigue

          ID where FRMS apply

          Collect and analyze data

          ID fatigue risk

          Assess safety risk

          Set measures and countermeasures

          Effectiveness evaluation

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          12

          Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems

          bull Six core componentsndash Fatigue management policyndash Fatigue risk management proceduresndash Fatigue management training and educationndash Process for employees to report fatiguendash Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

          to crashesndash Fatigue risk management evaluations

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          13

          Lesson Quiz Lesson 11 Complete the following sentence An organizationrsquos safety culture

          can best be described asA Managementrsquos feelings regarding the importance of safetyB Shared behavior patterns and beliefs that are related to safetyC The number of injuries that occur in the organizationD A vision to keep employees safe

          2 Which of the following is a factor that influences an organizationrsquos safety cultureA PersonB BehaviorC EnvironmentD All the above

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          14

          Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued3 Which of the following statements is true

          A Crashes are usually not the result of risky behaviorB An organizationrsquos safety culture has little affect on their crashes and injuriesC Crashes are usually the result of risky behaviorD It is not important to have a positive safety culture before implementing the

          FMP4 What is the correct order of steps when implementing a fatigue risk

          management system (FRMS)E Identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data identify fatigue risk assess

          safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationF Assess safety risk identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies set measures

          and countermeasures collect and analyze data and effectiveness evaluationG Identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data assess

          safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationH Collect and analyze data identify where the FRMS applies assess safety risk identify

          fatigue risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluation

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          15

          Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued

          5 What is a core component of a fatigue risk management systemA Fatigue management policyB Process for employees to report fatigueC Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

          to crashesD All the above

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          16

          Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implementation

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          17

          Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management

          bull Fatigue management is a shared responsibilitybull Remember the Person-Environment-

          Behavior Modelndash You create policies and proceduresndash Necessary knowledge skill ability motivation and

          attitudendash Employees behave safely or risky

          bull From top-down control to bottom-up involvementbull Interdependent teamwork rather than only

          individualized responsibility

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          18

          Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management

          bull Employees typically obey authoritybull Fatigue management should be supported from the top but

          driven by the bottombull Strategies to increase commitment

          ndash Prioritization of safety over productionndash Maintaining a high profile for fatigue in meetingsndash Personal attendance of managers at fatigue meetingsndash Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicndash Job descriptions that include safetyfatigue contractsndash Fatigue management leadershipndash Emphasize continued FMP improvement and evaluation

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          19

          Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production

          bull Increased job performance (eg productivity) may come at the expense of CMV driver fatiguendash Risky behaviors (eg driving while fatigued)

          may be rewarded (or not be punished) to increase productivity

          ndash May suggest productivity is more important than driver fatigue

          bull Fatigue management should be measured and rewarded like productivity

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          20

          Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings

          bull Safety as a value and not a priorityndash Priorities change values do not change

          and are not compromisedndash Fatigue management should be linked to

          all prioritiesbull Including fatigue discussions in meetings reinforces the

          belief that fatigue management is a valuendash Illustrates how safety and CMV driver fatigue relate to all

          aspects in the organizationbull Reminds employees of your support for reducing fatigue

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          21

          Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings

          bull Your attendance in fatigue meetings demonstrates a commitment to fatigue managementndash Recognize and acknowledgendash Feedbackndash Prompt safe behaviorndash Model safe behaviorndash Receive feedback directly from employeesndash Observe risky environmental conditions ndash One-to-one communication

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          22

          Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

          bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

          and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

          privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          23

          Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

          bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

          performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

          requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          24

          Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

          leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          25

          Communication About Fatigue Issues

          bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

          bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

          bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

          bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          26

          Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

          managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

          2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

          relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

          management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          27

          Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

          givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

          4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

          management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

          management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          28

          Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

          5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

          management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

          importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

          driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

          responsibility of drivers

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          29

          Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

          >

          10501249

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          30

          Empowerment

          bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

          knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          31

          Importance of Empowerment

          bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

          bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

          bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          32

          Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

          bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          33

          Increasing Empowerment

          bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

          feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

          increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          34

          Empowerment and Resistance to Change

          bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

          changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

          of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          35

          Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

          bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

          bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

          bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

          bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

          bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          36

          Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

          bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

          bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

          bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          37

          Benefits of Organizational Commitment

          bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          38

          Increasing Organizational Commitment

          bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

          bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

          bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

          the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

          employee development

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          39

          Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

          A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

          2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

          A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          40

          Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

          A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

          B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

          FMP

          4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          41

          Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

          5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

          and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          42

          Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          43

          Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

          following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          44

          Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

          recognition11 Awareness education and

          kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          45

          Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

          look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

          concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

          beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

          employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          46

          Build Trust

          bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

          bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

          development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

          management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          47

          Conduct Bench Marking

          bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

          bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

          bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          48

          Management Training and Education

          bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

          bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

          bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          49

          Training Managers

          bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

          goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          50

          Steering Committee

          bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

          bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

          bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          51

          Assembling the Steering Committee

          bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

          will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

          committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

          committee

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          52

          Develop a Safety Vision

          bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

          organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

          within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

          to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          53

          Define Roles

          bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

          practicesndash Who can elicit the most

          comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

          principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

          and finances

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          54

          Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

          accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

          Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

          outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          55

          Develop Measures

          bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

          bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

          tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

          measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

          performance measures should be developed

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          56

          Develop Policies for Recognition

          bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

          evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

          defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

          recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

          individualrsquos failure(s)

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          57

          Awareness Education and Kick-Off

          bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

          bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

          bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

          bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          58

          Implement the FMP

          bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

          bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

          bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          59

          Measure Performance

          bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

          the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

          steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

          measures

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          60

          Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

          the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

          to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

          for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

          steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

          progress of the FMP

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          61

          Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

          A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

          involved in the FMPD All the above

          2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

          A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          62

          Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

          A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

          FMPD Both management and drivers

          4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          63

          Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

          5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

          measuresD Only outcome measures

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          64

          Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          65

          You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

          bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

          to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

          to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

          they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

          (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          66

          Process Measures

          bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

          bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

          bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          67

          Following FMP Policies and Procedures

          bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

          bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

          bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

          a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

          airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          68

          FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

          bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

          bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

          bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

          bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

          bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          69

          Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

          bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

          bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

          bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

          bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          70

          Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

          bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

          bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

          are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

          providedndash Their concerns were considered during

          development of the FMP

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          71

          Outcome Measures

          bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          72

          Sleep Duration

          bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

          bull Number of hours slept without waking

          bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

          during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

          sleeping meet requirements

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          73

          Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

          questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

          bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

          ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

          bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          74

          Alertness

          bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

          bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

          vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          75

          Job Satisfaction

          bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

          bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

          bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

          activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          76

          Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

          the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

          ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

          associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

          cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

          not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          77

          Violations

          bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

          bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

          bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

          (if required)bull Number of hours driving

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          78

          Crashes

          bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

          bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

          bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

          violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

          circadian lows

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          79

          Sick Leave

          bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

          bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

          fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          80

          Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

          A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

          2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

          driver

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          81

          Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

          procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

          prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

          4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          82

          Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

          5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

          hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

          driving

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          83

          Conclusion Review and Summary

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          84

          Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

          bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

          changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

          in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

          levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

          impacted by the FMP

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          85

          Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

          priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

          related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

          safely bull Accountability for selves and

          others

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          86

          Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

          bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

          bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          87

          Continued Safety Culture Change

          bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

          implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

          ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

          over time with a positive safety culture

          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

          88

          Course Exam Module 2

          • Slide 1
          • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
          • Module 2 Overview
          • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
          • Module Objects (2 of 2)
          • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
          • Introduction to Safety Culture
          • Safety Triad
          • Safety Culture
          • Fatigue and Safety Culture
          • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
          • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
          • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
          • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
          • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
          • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
          • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
          • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
          • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
          • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
          • Fatigue Leadership
          • Communication About Fatigue Issues
          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
          • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
          • Empowerment
          • Importance of Empowerment
          • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
          • Increasing Empowerment
          • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
          • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
          • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
          • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
          • Increasing Organizational Commitment
          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
          • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
          • Corporate Culture Change
          • Corporate Culture Change (2)
          • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
          • Build Trust
          • Conduct Bench Marking
          • Management Training and Education
          • Training Managers
          • Steering Committee
          • Assembling the Steering Committee
          • Develop a Safety Vision
          • Define Roles
          • Develop Accountability
          • Develop Measures
          • Develop Policies for Recognition
          • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
          • Implement the FMP
          • Measure Performance
          • Support the FMP
          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
          • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
          • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
          • Process Measures
          • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
          • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
          • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
          • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
          • Outcome Measures
          • Sleep Duration
          • Sleep Quality
          • Alertness
          • Job Satisfaction
          • Injuries
          • Violations
          • Crashes
          • Sick Leave
          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
          • Conclusion Review and Summary
          • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
          • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
          • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
          • Continued Safety Culture Change
          • Course Exam Module 2

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            6

            Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            7

            Introduction to Safety Culture

            bull Exact definition is highly debated however most successful safety cultures contain these characteristicsndash Shared behavior pattern and beliefs related to safetyndash Safety is a valuendash Safety is a part of companyrsquos identity ndash Shared responsibility for safety ndash Commitment to helping others

            perform safely

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            8

            Safety Triad

            Safety Cultur

            eBehaviorPerson

            Environment

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            9

            Safety Culture

            bull Safety culture and injuriescrashesbull Crashes usually the result of risky behaviorndash Driversrsquo behaviors are influenced by

            environmental and personal factorsndash Positive safety cultures attempt to change factors

            that occur before and after the occurrence of risky behavior

            bull Positive safety culture is necessary prior to implementing an FMP

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            10

            Fatigue and Safety Culture

            bull FMP designed to improve your organizationrsquos bottom line

            bull Fatigue management is one aspect of overall safety culture

            bull Integrate into your existing health and safety program

            bull Safety culture topics reviewed can be applied to all safety-related behaviors to help enhance your existing safety culture

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            11

            Fatigue Risk Management Systems

            bull Safety culture specifically extended to fatigue

            bull Process for measuring mitigating and managing fatigue risk

            bull Identify sources of fatigue and ways to reduce fatigue

            ID where FRMS apply

            Collect and analyze data

            ID fatigue risk

            Assess safety risk

            Set measures and countermeasures

            Effectiveness evaluation

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            12

            Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems

            bull Six core componentsndash Fatigue management policyndash Fatigue risk management proceduresndash Fatigue management training and educationndash Process for employees to report fatiguendash Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

            to crashesndash Fatigue risk management evaluations

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            13

            Lesson Quiz Lesson 11 Complete the following sentence An organizationrsquos safety culture

            can best be described asA Managementrsquos feelings regarding the importance of safetyB Shared behavior patterns and beliefs that are related to safetyC The number of injuries that occur in the organizationD A vision to keep employees safe

            2 Which of the following is a factor that influences an organizationrsquos safety cultureA PersonB BehaviorC EnvironmentD All the above

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            14

            Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued3 Which of the following statements is true

            A Crashes are usually not the result of risky behaviorB An organizationrsquos safety culture has little affect on their crashes and injuriesC Crashes are usually the result of risky behaviorD It is not important to have a positive safety culture before implementing the

            FMP4 What is the correct order of steps when implementing a fatigue risk

            management system (FRMS)E Identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data identify fatigue risk assess

            safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationF Assess safety risk identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies set measures

            and countermeasures collect and analyze data and effectiveness evaluationG Identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data assess

            safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationH Collect and analyze data identify where the FRMS applies assess safety risk identify

            fatigue risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluation

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            15

            Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued

            5 What is a core component of a fatigue risk management systemA Fatigue management policyB Process for employees to report fatigueC Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

            to crashesD All the above

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            16

            Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implementation

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            17

            Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management

            bull Fatigue management is a shared responsibilitybull Remember the Person-Environment-

            Behavior Modelndash You create policies and proceduresndash Necessary knowledge skill ability motivation and

            attitudendash Employees behave safely or risky

            bull From top-down control to bottom-up involvementbull Interdependent teamwork rather than only

            individualized responsibility

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            18

            Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management

            bull Employees typically obey authoritybull Fatigue management should be supported from the top but

            driven by the bottombull Strategies to increase commitment

            ndash Prioritization of safety over productionndash Maintaining a high profile for fatigue in meetingsndash Personal attendance of managers at fatigue meetingsndash Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicndash Job descriptions that include safetyfatigue contractsndash Fatigue management leadershipndash Emphasize continued FMP improvement and evaluation

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            19

            Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production

            bull Increased job performance (eg productivity) may come at the expense of CMV driver fatiguendash Risky behaviors (eg driving while fatigued)

            may be rewarded (or not be punished) to increase productivity

            ndash May suggest productivity is more important than driver fatigue

            bull Fatigue management should be measured and rewarded like productivity

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            20

            Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings

            bull Safety as a value and not a priorityndash Priorities change values do not change

            and are not compromisedndash Fatigue management should be linked to

            all prioritiesbull Including fatigue discussions in meetings reinforces the

            belief that fatigue management is a valuendash Illustrates how safety and CMV driver fatigue relate to all

            aspects in the organizationbull Reminds employees of your support for reducing fatigue

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            21

            Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings

            bull Your attendance in fatigue meetings demonstrates a commitment to fatigue managementndash Recognize and acknowledgendash Feedbackndash Prompt safe behaviorndash Model safe behaviorndash Receive feedback directly from employeesndash Observe risky environmental conditions ndash One-to-one communication

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            22

            Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

            bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

            and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

            privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            23

            Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

            bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

            performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

            requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            24

            Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

            leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            25

            Communication About Fatigue Issues

            bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

            bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

            bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

            bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            26

            Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

            managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

            2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

            relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

            management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            27

            Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

            givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

            4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

            management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

            management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            28

            Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

            5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

            management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

            importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

            driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

            responsibility of drivers

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            29

            Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

            >

            10501249

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            30

            Empowerment

            bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

            knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            31

            Importance of Empowerment

            bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

            bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

            bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            32

            Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

            bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            33

            Increasing Empowerment

            bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

            feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

            increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            34

            Empowerment and Resistance to Change

            bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

            changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

            of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            35

            Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

            bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

            bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

            bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

            bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

            bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            36

            Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

            bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

            bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

            bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            37

            Benefits of Organizational Commitment

            bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            38

            Increasing Organizational Commitment

            bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

            bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

            bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

            the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

            employee development

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            39

            Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

            A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

            2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

            A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            40

            Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

            A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

            B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

            FMP

            4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            41

            Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

            5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

            and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            42

            Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            43

            Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

            following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            44

            Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

            recognition11 Awareness education and

            kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            45

            Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

            look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

            concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

            beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

            employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            46

            Build Trust

            bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

            bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

            development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

            management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            47

            Conduct Bench Marking

            bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

            bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

            bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            48

            Management Training and Education

            bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

            bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

            bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            49

            Training Managers

            bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

            goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            50

            Steering Committee

            bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

            bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

            bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            51

            Assembling the Steering Committee

            bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

            will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

            committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

            committee

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            52

            Develop a Safety Vision

            bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

            organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

            within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

            to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            53

            Define Roles

            bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

            practicesndash Who can elicit the most

            comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

            principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

            and finances

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            54

            Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

            accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

            Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

            outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            55

            Develop Measures

            bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

            bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

            tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

            measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

            performance measures should be developed

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            56

            Develop Policies for Recognition

            bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

            evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

            defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

            recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

            individualrsquos failure(s)

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            57

            Awareness Education and Kick-Off

            bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

            bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

            bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

            bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            58

            Implement the FMP

            bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

            bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

            bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            59

            Measure Performance

            bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

            the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

            steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

            measures

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            60

            Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

            the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

            to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

            for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

            steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

            progress of the FMP

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            61

            Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

            A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

            involved in the FMPD All the above

            2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

            A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            62

            Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

            A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

            FMPD Both management and drivers

            4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            63

            Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

            5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

            measuresD Only outcome measures

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            64

            Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            65

            You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

            bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

            to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

            to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

            they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

            (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            66

            Process Measures

            bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

            bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

            bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            67

            Following FMP Policies and Procedures

            bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

            bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

            bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

            a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

            airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            68

            FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

            bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

            bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

            bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

            bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

            bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            69

            Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

            bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

            bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

            bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

            bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            70

            Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

            bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

            bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

            are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

            providedndash Their concerns were considered during

            development of the FMP

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            71

            Outcome Measures

            bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            72

            Sleep Duration

            bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

            bull Number of hours slept without waking

            bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

            during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

            sleeping meet requirements

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            73

            Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

            questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

            bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

            ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

            bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            74

            Alertness

            bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

            bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

            vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            75

            Job Satisfaction

            bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

            bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

            bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

            activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            76

            Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

            the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

            ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

            associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

            cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

            not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            77

            Violations

            bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

            bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

            bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

            (if required)bull Number of hours driving

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            78

            Crashes

            bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

            bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

            bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

            violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

            circadian lows

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            79

            Sick Leave

            bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

            bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

            fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            80

            Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

            A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

            2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

            driver

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            81

            Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

            procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

            prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

            4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            82

            Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

            5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

            hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

            driving

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            83

            Conclusion Review and Summary

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            84

            Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

            bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

            changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

            in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

            levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

            impacted by the FMP

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            85

            Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

            priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

            related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

            safely bull Accountability for selves and

            others

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            86

            Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

            bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

            bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            87

            Continued Safety Culture Change

            bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

            implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

            ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

            over time with a positive safety culture

            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

            88

            Course Exam Module 2

            • Slide 1
            • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
            • Module 2 Overview
            • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
            • Module Objects (2 of 2)
            • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
            • Introduction to Safety Culture
            • Safety Triad
            • Safety Culture
            • Fatigue and Safety Culture
            • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
            • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
            • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
            • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
            • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
            • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
            • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
            • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
            • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
            • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
            • Fatigue Leadership
            • Communication About Fatigue Issues
            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
            • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
            • Empowerment
            • Importance of Empowerment
            • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
            • Increasing Empowerment
            • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
            • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
            • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
            • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
            • Increasing Organizational Commitment
            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
            • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
            • Corporate Culture Change
            • Corporate Culture Change (2)
            • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
            • Build Trust
            • Conduct Bench Marking
            • Management Training and Education
            • Training Managers
            • Steering Committee
            • Assembling the Steering Committee
            • Develop a Safety Vision
            • Define Roles
            • Develop Accountability
            • Develop Measures
            • Develop Policies for Recognition
            • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
            • Implement the FMP
            • Measure Performance
            • Support the FMP
            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
            • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
            • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
            • Process Measures
            • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
            • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
            • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
            • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
            • Outcome Measures
            • Sleep Duration
            • Sleep Quality
            • Alertness
            • Job Satisfaction
            • Injuries
            • Violations
            • Crashes
            • Sick Leave
            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
            • Conclusion Review and Summary
            • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
            • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
            • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
            • Continued Safety Culture Change
            • Course Exam Module 2

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              7

              Introduction to Safety Culture

              bull Exact definition is highly debated however most successful safety cultures contain these characteristicsndash Shared behavior pattern and beliefs related to safetyndash Safety is a valuendash Safety is a part of companyrsquos identity ndash Shared responsibility for safety ndash Commitment to helping others

              perform safely

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              8

              Safety Triad

              Safety Cultur

              eBehaviorPerson

              Environment

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              9

              Safety Culture

              bull Safety culture and injuriescrashesbull Crashes usually the result of risky behaviorndash Driversrsquo behaviors are influenced by

              environmental and personal factorsndash Positive safety cultures attempt to change factors

              that occur before and after the occurrence of risky behavior

              bull Positive safety culture is necessary prior to implementing an FMP

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              10

              Fatigue and Safety Culture

              bull FMP designed to improve your organizationrsquos bottom line

              bull Fatigue management is one aspect of overall safety culture

              bull Integrate into your existing health and safety program

              bull Safety culture topics reviewed can be applied to all safety-related behaviors to help enhance your existing safety culture

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              11

              Fatigue Risk Management Systems

              bull Safety culture specifically extended to fatigue

              bull Process for measuring mitigating and managing fatigue risk

              bull Identify sources of fatigue and ways to reduce fatigue

              ID where FRMS apply

              Collect and analyze data

              ID fatigue risk

              Assess safety risk

              Set measures and countermeasures

              Effectiveness evaluation

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              12

              Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems

              bull Six core componentsndash Fatigue management policyndash Fatigue risk management proceduresndash Fatigue management training and educationndash Process for employees to report fatiguendash Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

              to crashesndash Fatigue risk management evaluations

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              13

              Lesson Quiz Lesson 11 Complete the following sentence An organizationrsquos safety culture

              can best be described asA Managementrsquos feelings regarding the importance of safetyB Shared behavior patterns and beliefs that are related to safetyC The number of injuries that occur in the organizationD A vision to keep employees safe

              2 Which of the following is a factor that influences an organizationrsquos safety cultureA PersonB BehaviorC EnvironmentD All the above

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              14

              Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued3 Which of the following statements is true

              A Crashes are usually not the result of risky behaviorB An organizationrsquos safety culture has little affect on their crashes and injuriesC Crashes are usually the result of risky behaviorD It is not important to have a positive safety culture before implementing the

              FMP4 What is the correct order of steps when implementing a fatigue risk

              management system (FRMS)E Identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data identify fatigue risk assess

              safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationF Assess safety risk identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies set measures

              and countermeasures collect and analyze data and effectiveness evaluationG Identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data assess

              safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationH Collect and analyze data identify where the FRMS applies assess safety risk identify

              fatigue risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluation

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              15

              Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued

              5 What is a core component of a fatigue risk management systemA Fatigue management policyB Process for employees to report fatigueC Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

              to crashesD All the above

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              16

              Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implementation

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              17

              Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management

              bull Fatigue management is a shared responsibilitybull Remember the Person-Environment-

              Behavior Modelndash You create policies and proceduresndash Necessary knowledge skill ability motivation and

              attitudendash Employees behave safely or risky

              bull From top-down control to bottom-up involvementbull Interdependent teamwork rather than only

              individualized responsibility

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              18

              Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management

              bull Employees typically obey authoritybull Fatigue management should be supported from the top but

              driven by the bottombull Strategies to increase commitment

              ndash Prioritization of safety over productionndash Maintaining a high profile for fatigue in meetingsndash Personal attendance of managers at fatigue meetingsndash Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicndash Job descriptions that include safetyfatigue contractsndash Fatigue management leadershipndash Emphasize continued FMP improvement and evaluation

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              19

              Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production

              bull Increased job performance (eg productivity) may come at the expense of CMV driver fatiguendash Risky behaviors (eg driving while fatigued)

              may be rewarded (or not be punished) to increase productivity

              ndash May suggest productivity is more important than driver fatigue

              bull Fatigue management should be measured and rewarded like productivity

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              20

              Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings

              bull Safety as a value and not a priorityndash Priorities change values do not change

              and are not compromisedndash Fatigue management should be linked to

              all prioritiesbull Including fatigue discussions in meetings reinforces the

              belief that fatigue management is a valuendash Illustrates how safety and CMV driver fatigue relate to all

              aspects in the organizationbull Reminds employees of your support for reducing fatigue

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              21

              Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings

              bull Your attendance in fatigue meetings demonstrates a commitment to fatigue managementndash Recognize and acknowledgendash Feedbackndash Prompt safe behaviorndash Model safe behaviorndash Receive feedback directly from employeesndash Observe risky environmental conditions ndash One-to-one communication

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              22

              Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

              bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

              and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

              privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              23

              Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

              bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

              performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

              requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              24

              Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

              leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              25

              Communication About Fatigue Issues

              bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

              bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

              bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

              bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              26

              Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

              managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

              2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

              relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

              management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              27

              Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

              givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

              4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

              management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

              management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              28

              Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

              5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

              management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

              importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

              driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

              responsibility of drivers

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              29

              Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

              >

              10501249

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              30

              Empowerment

              bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

              knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              31

              Importance of Empowerment

              bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

              bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

              bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              32

              Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

              bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              33

              Increasing Empowerment

              bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

              feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

              increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              34

              Empowerment and Resistance to Change

              bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

              changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

              of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              35

              Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

              bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

              bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

              bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

              bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

              bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              36

              Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

              bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

              bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

              bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              37

              Benefits of Organizational Commitment

              bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              38

              Increasing Organizational Commitment

              bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

              bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

              bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

              the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

              employee development

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              39

              Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

              A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

              2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

              A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              40

              Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

              A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

              B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

              FMP

              4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              41

              Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

              5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

              and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              42

              Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              43

              Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

              following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              44

              Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

              recognition11 Awareness education and

              kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              45

              Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

              look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

              concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

              beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

              employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              46

              Build Trust

              bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

              bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

              development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

              management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              47

              Conduct Bench Marking

              bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

              bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

              bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              48

              Management Training and Education

              bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

              bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

              bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              49

              Training Managers

              bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

              goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              50

              Steering Committee

              bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

              bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

              bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              51

              Assembling the Steering Committee

              bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

              will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

              committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

              committee

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              52

              Develop a Safety Vision

              bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

              organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

              within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

              to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              53

              Define Roles

              bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

              practicesndash Who can elicit the most

              comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

              principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

              and finances

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              54

              Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

              accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

              Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

              outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              55

              Develop Measures

              bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

              bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

              tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

              measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

              performance measures should be developed

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              56

              Develop Policies for Recognition

              bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

              evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

              defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

              recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

              individualrsquos failure(s)

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              57

              Awareness Education and Kick-Off

              bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

              bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

              bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

              bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              58

              Implement the FMP

              bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

              bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

              bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              59

              Measure Performance

              bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

              the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

              steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

              measures

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              60

              Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

              the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

              to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

              for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

              steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

              progress of the FMP

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              61

              Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

              A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

              involved in the FMPD All the above

              2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

              A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              62

              Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

              A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

              FMPD Both management and drivers

              4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              63

              Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

              5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

              measuresD Only outcome measures

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              64

              Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              65

              You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

              bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

              to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

              to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

              they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

              (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              66

              Process Measures

              bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

              bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

              bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              67

              Following FMP Policies and Procedures

              bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

              bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

              bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

              a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

              airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              68

              FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

              bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

              bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

              bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

              bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

              bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              69

              Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

              bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

              bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

              bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

              bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              70

              Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

              bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

              bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

              are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

              providedndash Their concerns were considered during

              development of the FMP

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              71

              Outcome Measures

              bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              72

              Sleep Duration

              bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

              bull Number of hours slept without waking

              bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

              during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

              sleeping meet requirements

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              73

              Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

              questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

              bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

              ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

              bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              74

              Alertness

              bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

              bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

              vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              75

              Job Satisfaction

              bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

              bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

              bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

              activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              76

              Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

              the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

              ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

              associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

              cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

              not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              77

              Violations

              bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

              bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

              bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

              (if required)bull Number of hours driving

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              78

              Crashes

              bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

              bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

              bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

              violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

              circadian lows

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              79

              Sick Leave

              bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

              bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

              fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              80

              Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

              A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

              2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

              driver

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              81

              Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

              procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

              prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

              4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              82

              Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

              5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

              hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

              driving

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              83

              Conclusion Review and Summary

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              84

              Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

              bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

              changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

              in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

              levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

              impacted by the FMP

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              85

              Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

              priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

              related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

              safely bull Accountability for selves and

              others

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              86

              Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

              bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

              bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              87

              Continued Safety Culture Change

              bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

              implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

              ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

              over time with a positive safety culture

              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

              88

              Course Exam Module 2

              • Slide 1
              • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
              • Module 2 Overview
              • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
              • Module Objects (2 of 2)
              • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
              • Introduction to Safety Culture
              • Safety Triad
              • Safety Culture
              • Fatigue and Safety Culture
              • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
              • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
              • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
              • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
              • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
              • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
              • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
              • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
              • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
              • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
              • Fatigue Leadership
              • Communication About Fatigue Issues
              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
              • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
              • Empowerment
              • Importance of Empowerment
              • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
              • Increasing Empowerment
              • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
              • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
              • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
              • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
              • Increasing Organizational Commitment
              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
              • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
              • Corporate Culture Change
              • Corporate Culture Change (2)
              • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
              • Build Trust
              • Conduct Bench Marking
              • Management Training and Education
              • Training Managers
              • Steering Committee
              • Assembling the Steering Committee
              • Develop a Safety Vision
              • Define Roles
              • Develop Accountability
              • Develop Measures
              • Develop Policies for Recognition
              • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
              • Implement the FMP
              • Measure Performance
              • Support the FMP
              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
              • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
              • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
              • Process Measures
              • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
              • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
              • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
              • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
              • Outcome Measures
              • Sleep Duration
              • Sleep Quality
              • Alertness
              • Job Satisfaction
              • Injuries
              • Violations
              • Crashes
              • Sick Leave
              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
              • Conclusion Review and Summary
              • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
              • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
              • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
              • Continued Safety Culture Change
              • Course Exam Module 2

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                8

                Safety Triad

                Safety Cultur

                eBehaviorPerson

                Environment

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                9

                Safety Culture

                bull Safety culture and injuriescrashesbull Crashes usually the result of risky behaviorndash Driversrsquo behaviors are influenced by

                environmental and personal factorsndash Positive safety cultures attempt to change factors

                that occur before and after the occurrence of risky behavior

                bull Positive safety culture is necessary prior to implementing an FMP

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                10

                Fatigue and Safety Culture

                bull FMP designed to improve your organizationrsquos bottom line

                bull Fatigue management is one aspect of overall safety culture

                bull Integrate into your existing health and safety program

                bull Safety culture topics reviewed can be applied to all safety-related behaviors to help enhance your existing safety culture

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                11

                Fatigue Risk Management Systems

                bull Safety culture specifically extended to fatigue

                bull Process for measuring mitigating and managing fatigue risk

                bull Identify sources of fatigue and ways to reduce fatigue

                ID where FRMS apply

                Collect and analyze data

                ID fatigue risk

                Assess safety risk

                Set measures and countermeasures

                Effectiveness evaluation

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                12

                Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems

                bull Six core componentsndash Fatigue management policyndash Fatigue risk management proceduresndash Fatigue management training and educationndash Process for employees to report fatiguendash Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

                to crashesndash Fatigue risk management evaluations

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                13

                Lesson Quiz Lesson 11 Complete the following sentence An organizationrsquos safety culture

                can best be described asA Managementrsquos feelings regarding the importance of safetyB Shared behavior patterns and beliefs that are related to safetyC The number of injuries that occur in the organizationD A vision to keep employees safe

                2 Which of the following is a factor that influences an organizationrsquos safety cultureA PersonB BehaviorC EnvironmentD All the above

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                14

                Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued3 Which of the following statements is true

                A Crashes are usually not the result of risky behaviorB An organizationrsquos safety culture has little affect on their crashes and injuriesC Crashes are usually the result of risky behaviorD It is not important to have a positive safety culture before implementing the

                FMP4 What is the correct order of steps when implementing a fatigue risk

                management system (FRMS)E Identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data identify fatigue risk assess

                safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationF Assess safety risk identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies set measures

                and countermeasures collect and analyze data and effectiveness evaluationG Identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data assess

                safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationH Collect and analyze data identify where the FRMS applies assess safety risk identify

                fatigue risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluation

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                15

                Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued

                5 What is a core component of a fatigue risk management systemA Fatigue management policyB Process for employees to report fatigueC Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

                to crashesD All the above

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                16

                Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implementation

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                17

                Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management

                bull Fatigue management is a shared responsibilitybull Remember the Person-Environment-

                Behavior Modelndash You create policies and proceduresndash Necessary knowledge skill ability motivation and

                attitudendash Employees behave safely or risky

                bull From top-down control to bottom-up involvementbull Interdependent teamwork rather than only

                individualized responsibility

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                18

                Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management

                bull Employees typically obey authoritybull Fatigue management should be supported from the top but

                driven by the bottombull Strategies to increase commitment

                ndash Prioritization of safety over productionndash Maintaining a high profile for fatigue in meetingsndash Personal attendance of managers at fatigue meetingsndash Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicndash Job descriptions that include safetyfatigue contractsndash Fatigue management leadershipndash Emphasize continued FMP improvement and evaluation

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                19

                Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production

                bull Increased job performance (eg productivity) may come at the expense of CMV driver fatiguendash Risky behaviors (eg driving while fatigued)

                may be rewarded (or not be punished) to increase productivity

                ndash May suggest productivity is more important than driver fatigue

                bull Fatigue management should be measured and rewarded like productivity

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                20

                Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings

                bull Safety as a value and not a priorityndash Priorities change values do not change

                and are not compromisedndash Fatigue management should be linked to

                all prioritiesbull Including fatigue discussions in meetings reinforces the

                belief that fatigue management is a valuendash Illustrates how safety and CMV driver fatigue relate to all

                aspects in the organizationbull Reminds employees of your support for reducing fatigue

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                21

                Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings

                bull Your attendance in fatigue meetings demonstrates a commitment to fatigue managementndash Recognize and acknowledgendash Feedbackndash Prompt safe behaviorndash Model safe behaviorndash Receive feedback directly from employeesndash Observe risky environmental conditions ndash One-to-one communication

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                22

                Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

                bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

                and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

                privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                23

                Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

                bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

                performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

                requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                24

                Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

                leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                25

                Communication About Fatigue Issues

                bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

                bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

                bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

                bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                26

                Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

                managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

                2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

                relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

                management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                27

                Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

                givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

                4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

                management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

                management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                28

                Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

                5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

                management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

                importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

                driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

                responsibility of drivers

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                29

                Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                >

                10501249

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                30

                Empowerment

                bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                31

                Importance of Empowerment

                bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                32

                Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                33

                Increasing Empowerment

                bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                34

                Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                35

                Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                36

                Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                37

                Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                38

                Increasing Organizational Commitment

                bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                employee development

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                39

                Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                40

                Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                FMP

                4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                41

                Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                42

                Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                43

                Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                44

                Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                recognition11 Awareness education and

                kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                45

                Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                46

                Build Trust

                bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                47

                Conduct Bench Marking

                bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                48

                Management Training and Education

                bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                49

                Training Managers

                bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                50

                Steering Committee

                bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                51

                Assembling the Steering Committee

                bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                committee

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                52

                Develop a Safety Vision

                bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                53

                Define Roles

                bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                and finances

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                54

                Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                55

                Develop Measures

                bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                performance measures should be developed

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                56

                Develop Policies for Recognition

                bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                individualrsquos failure(s)

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                57

                Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                58

                Implement the FMP

                bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                59

                Measure Performance

                bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                measures

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                60

                Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                progress of the FMP

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                61

                Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                involved in the FMPD All the above

                2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                62

                Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                FMPD Both management and drivers

                4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                63

                Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                measuresD Only outcome measures

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                64

                Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                65

                You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                66

                Process Measures

                bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                67

                Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                68

                FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                69

                Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                70

                Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                development of the FMP

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                71

                Outcome Measures

                bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                72

                Sleep Duration

                bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                bull Number of hours slept without waking

                bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                sleeping meet requirements

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                73

                Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                74

                Alertness

                bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                75

                Job Satisfaction

                bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                76

                Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                77

                Violations

                bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                78

                Crashes

                bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                circadian lows

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                79

                Sick Leave

                bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                80

                Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                driver

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                81

                Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                82

                Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                driving

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                83

                Conclusion Review and Summary

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                84

                Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                impacted by the FMP

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                85

                Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                safely bull Accountability for selves and

                others

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                86

                Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                87

                Continued Safety Culture Change

                bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                over time with a positive safety culture

                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                88

                Course Exam Module 2

                • Slide 1
                • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                • Module 2 Overview
                • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                • Introduction to Safety Culture
                • Safety Triad
                • Safety Culture
                • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                • Fatigue Leadership
                • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                • Empowerment
                • Importance of Empowerment
                • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                • Increasing Empowerment
                • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                • Corporate Culture Change
                • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                • Build Trust
                • Conduct Bench Marking
                • Management Training and Education
                • Training Managers
                • Steering Committee
                • Assembling the Steering Committee
                • Develop a Safety Vision
                • Define Roles
                • Develop Accountability
                • Develop Measures
                • Develop Policies for Recognition
                • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                • Implement the FMP
                • Measure Performance
                • Support the FMP
                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                • Process Measures
                • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                • Outcome Measures
                • Sleep Duration
                • Sleep Quality
                • Alertness
                • Job Satisfaction
                • Injuries
                • Violations
                • Crashes
                • Sick Leave
                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                • Conclusion Review and Summary
                • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                • Continued Safety Culture Change
                • Course Exam Module 2

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  9

                  Safety Culture

                  bull Safety culture and injuriescrashesbull Crashes usually the result of risky behaviorndash Driversrsquo behaviors are influenced by

                  environmental and personal factorsndash Positive safety cultures attempt to change factors

                  that occur before and after the occurrence of risky behavior

                  bull Positive safety culture is necessary prior to implementing an FMP

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  10

                  Fatigue and Safety Culture

                  bull FMP designed to improve your organizationrsquos bottom line

                  bull Fatigue management is one aspect of overall safety culture

                  bull Integrate into your existing health and safety program

                  bull Safety culture topics reviewed can be applied to all safety-related behaviors to help enhance your existing safety culture

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  11

                  Fatigue Risk Management Systems

                  bull Safety culture specifically extended to fatigue

                  bull Process for measuring mitigating and managing fatigue risk

                  bull Identify sources of fatigue and ways to reduce fatigue

                  ID where FRMS apply

                  Collect and analyze data

                  ID fatigue risk

                  Assess safety risk

                  Set measures and countermeasures

                  Effectiveness evaluation

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  12

                  Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems

                  bull Six core componentsndash Fatigue management policyndash Fatigue risk management proceduresndash Fatigue management training and educationndash Process for employees to report fatiguendash Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

                  to crashesndash Fatigue risk management evaluations

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  13

                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 11 Complete the following sentence An organizationrsquos safety culture

                  can best be described asA Managementrsquos feelings regarding the importance of safetyB Shared behavior patterns and beliefs that are related to safetyC The number of injuries that occur in the organizationD A vision to keep employees safe

                  2 Which of the following is a factor that influences an organizationrsquos safety cultureA PersonB BehaviorC EnvironmentD All the above

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  14

                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued3 Which of the following statements is true

                  A Crashes are usually not the result of risky behaviorB An organizationrsquos safety culture has little affect on their crashes and injuriesC Crashes are usually the result of risky behaviorD It is not important to have a positive safety culture before implementing the

                  FMP4 What is the correct order of steps when implementing a fatigue risk

                  management system (FRMS)E Identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data identify fatigue risk assess

                  safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationF Assess safety risk identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies set measures

                  and countermeasures collect and analyze data and effectiveness evaluationG Identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data assess

                  safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationH Collect and analyze data identify where the FRMS applies assess safety risk identify

                  fatigue risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluation

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  15

                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued

                  5 What is a core component of a fatigue risk management systemA Fatigue management policyB Process for employees to report fatigueC Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

                  to crashesD All the above

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  16

                  Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implementation

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  17

                  Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management

                  bull Fatigue management is a shared responsibilitybull Remember the Person-Environment-

                  Behavior Modelndash You create policies and proceduresndash Necessary knowledge skill ability motivation and

                  attitudendash Employees behave safely or risky

                  bull From top-down control to bottom-up involvementbull Interdependent teamwork rather than only

                  individualized responsibility

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  18

                  Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management

                  bull Employees typically obey authoritybull Fatigue management should be supported from the top but

                  driven by the bottombull Strategies to increase commitment

                  ndash Prioritization of safety over productionndash Maintaining a high profile for fatigue in meetingsndash Personal attendance of managers at fatigue meetingsndash Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicndash Job descriptions that include safetyfatigue contractsndash Fatigue management leadershipndash Emphasize continued FMP improvement and evaluation

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  19

                  Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production

                  bull Increased job performance (eg productivity) may come at the expense of CMV driver fatiguendash Risky behaviors (eg driving while fatigued)

                  may be rewarded (or not be punished) to increase productivity

                  ndash May suggest productivity is more important than driver fatigue

                  bull Fatigue management should be measured and rewarded like productivity

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  20

                  Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings

                  bull Safety as a value and not a priorityndash Priorities change values do not change

                  and are not compromisedndash Fatigue management should be linked to

                  all prioritiesbull Including fatigue discussions in meetings reinforces the

                  belief that fatigue management is a valuendash Illustrates how safety and CMV driver fatigue relate to all

                  aspects in the organizationbull Reminds employees of your support for reducing fatigue

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  21

                  Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings

                  bull Your attendance in fatigue meetings demonstrates a commitment to fatigue managementndash Recognize and acknowledgendash Feedbackndash Prompt safe behaviorndash Model safe behaviorndash Receive feedback directly from employeesndash Observe risky environmental conditions ndash One-to-one communication

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  22

                  Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

                  bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

                  and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

                  privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  23

                  Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

                  bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

                  performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

                  requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  24

                  Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

                  leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  25

                  Communication About Fatigue Issues

                  bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

                  bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

                  bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

                  bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  26

                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

                  managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

                  2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

                  relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

                  management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  27

                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

                  givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

                  4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

                  management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

                  management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  28

                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

                  5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

                  management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

                  importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

                  driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

                  responsibility of drivers

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  29

                  Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                  >

                  10501249

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  30

                  Empowerment

                  bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                  knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  31

                  Importance of Empowerment

                  bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                  bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                  bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  32

                  Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                  bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  33

                  Increasing Empowerment

                  bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                  feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                  increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  34

                  Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                  bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                  changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                  of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  35

                  Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                  bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                  bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                  bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                  bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                  bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  36

                  Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                  bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                  bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                  bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  37

                  Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                  bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  38

                  Increasing Organizational Commitment

                  bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                  bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                  bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                  the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                  employee development

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  39

                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                  A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                  2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                  A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  40

                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                  A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                  B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                  FMP

                  4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  41

                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                  5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                  and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  42

                  Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  43

                  Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                  following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  44

                  Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                  recognition11 Awareness education and

                  kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  45

                  Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                  look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                  concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                  beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                  employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  46

                  Build Trust

                  bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                  bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                  development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                  management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  47

                  Conduct Bench Marking

                  bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                  bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                  bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  48

                  Management Training and Education

                  bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                  bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                  bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  49

                  Training Managers

                  bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                  goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  50

                  Steering Committee

                  bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                  bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                  bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  51

                  Assembling the Steering Committee

                  bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                  will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                  committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                  committee

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  52

                  Develop a Safety Vision

                  bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                  organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                  within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                  to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  53

                  Define Roles

                  bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                  practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                  comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                  principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                  and finances

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  54

                  Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                  accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                  Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                  outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  55

                  Develop Measures

                  bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                  bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                  tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                  measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                  performance measures should be developed

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  56

                  Develop Policies for Recognition

                  bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                  evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                  defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                  recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                  individualrsquos failure(s)

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  57

                  Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                  bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                  bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                  bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                  bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  58

                  Implement the FMP

                  bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                  bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                  bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  59

                  Measure Performance

                  bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                  the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                  steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                  measures

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  60

                  Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                  the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                  to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                  for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                  steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                  progress of the FMP

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  61

                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                  A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                  involved in the FMPD All the above

                  2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                  A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  62

                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                  A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                  FMPD Both management and drivers

                  4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  63

                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                  5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                  measuresD Only outcome measures

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  64

                  Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  65

                  You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                  bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                  to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                  to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                  they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                  (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  66

                  Process Measures

                  bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                  bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                  bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  67

                  Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                  bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                  bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                  bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                  a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                  airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  68

                  FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                  bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                  bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                  bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                  bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                  bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  69

                  Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                  bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                  bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                  bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                  bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  70

                  Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                  bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                  bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                  are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                  providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                  development of the FMP

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  71

                  Outcome Measures

                  bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  72

                  Sleep Duration

                  bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                  bull Number of hours slept without waking

                  bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                  during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                  sleeping meet requirements

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  73

                  Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                  questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                  bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                  ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                  bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  74

                  Alertness

                  bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                  bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                  vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  75

                  Job Satisfaction

                  bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                  bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                  bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                  activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  76

                  Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                  the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                  ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                  associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                  cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                  not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  77

                  Violations

                  bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                  bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                  bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                  (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  78

                  Crashes

                  bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                  bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                  bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                  violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                  circadian lows

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  79

                  Sick Leave

                  bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                  bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                  fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  80

                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                  A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                  2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                  driver

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  81

                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                  procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                  prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                  4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  82

                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                  5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                  hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                  driving

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  83

                  Conclusion Review and Summary

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  84

                  Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                  bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                  changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                  in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                  levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                  impacted by the FMP

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  85

                  Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                  priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                  related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                  safely bull Accountability for selves and

                  others

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  86

                  Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                  bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                  bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  87

                  Continued Safety Culture Change

                  bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                  implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                  ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                  over time with a positive safety culture

                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                  88

                  Course Exam Module 2

                  • Slide 1
                  • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                  • Module 2 Overview
                  • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                  • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                  • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                  • Introduction to Safety Culture
                  • Safety Triad
                  • Safety Culture
                  • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                  • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                  • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                  • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                  • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                  • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                  • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                  • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                  • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                  • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                  • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                  • Fatigue Leadership
                  • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                  • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                  • Empowerment
                  • Importance of Empowerment
                  • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                  • Increasing Empowerment
                  • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                  • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                  • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                  • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                  • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                  • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                  • Corporate Culture Change
                  • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                  • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                  • Build Trust
                  • Conduct Bench Marking
                  • Management Training and Education
                  • Training Managers
                  • Steering Committee
                  • Assembling the Steering Committee
                  • Develop a Safety Vision
                  • Define Roles
                  • Develop Accountability
                  • Develop Measures
                  • Develop Policies for Recognition
                  • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                  • Implement the FMP
                  • Measure Performance
                  • Support the FMP
                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                  • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                  • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                  • Process Measures
                  • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                  • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                  • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                  • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                  • Outcome Measures
                  • Sleep Duration
                  • Sleep Quality
                  • Alertness
                  • Job Satisfaction
                  • Injuries
                  • Violations
                  • Crashes
                  • Sick Leave
                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                  • Conclusion Review and Summary
                  • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                  • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                  • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                  • Continued Safety Culture Change
                  • Course Exam Module 2

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    10

                    Fatigue and Safety Culture

                    bull FMP designed to improve your organizationrsquos bottom line

                    bull Fatigue management is one aspect of overall safety culture

                    bull Integrate into your existing health and safety program

                    bull Safety culture topics reviewed can be applied to all safety-related behaviors to help enhance your existing safety culture

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    11

                    Fatigue Risk Management Systems

                    bull Safety culture specifically extended to fatigue

                    bull Process for measuring mitigating and managing fatigue risk

                    bull Identify sources of fatigue and ways to reduce fatigue

                    ID where FRMS apply

                    Collect and analyze data

                    ID fatigue risk

                    Assess safety risk

                    Set measures and countermeasures

                    Effectiveness evaluation

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    12

                    Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems

                    bull Six core componentsndash Fatigue management policyndash Fatigue risk management proceduresndash Fatigue management training and educationndash Process for employees to report fatiguendash Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

                    to crashesndash Fatigue risk management evaluations

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    13

                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 11 Complete the following sentence An organizationrsquos safety culture

                    can best be described asA Managementrsquos feelings regarding the importance of safetyB Shared behavior patterns and beliefs that are related to safetyC The number of injuries that occur in the organizationD A vision to keep employees safe

                    2 Which of the following is a factor that influences an organizationrsquos safety cultureA PersonB BehaviorC EnvironmentD All the above

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    14

                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued3 Which of the following statements is true

                    A Crashes are usually not the result of risky behaviorB An organizationrsquos safety culture has little affect on their crashes and injuriesC Crashes are usually the result of risky behaviorD It is not important to have a positive safety culture before implementing the

                    FMP4 What is the correct order of steps when implementing a fatigue risk

                    management system (FRMS)E Identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data identify fatigue risk assess

                    safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationF Assess safety risk identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies set measures

                    and countermeasures collect and analyze data and effectiveness evaluationG Identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data assess

                    safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationH Collect and analyze data identify where the FRMS applies assess safety risk identify

                    fatigue risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluation

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    15

                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued

                    5 What is a core component of a fatigue risk management systemA Fatigue management policyB Process for employees to report fatigueC Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

                    to crashesD All the above

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    16

                    Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implementation

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    17

                    Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management

                    bull Fatigue management is a shared responsibilitybull Remember the Person-Environment-

                    Behavior Modelndash You create policies and proceduresndash Necessary knowledge skill ability motivation and

                    attitudendash Employees behave safely or risky

                    bull From top-down control to bottom-up involvementbull Interdependent teamwork rather than only

                    individualized responsibility

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    18

                    Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management

                    bull Employees typically obey authoritybull Fatigue management should be supported from the top but

                    driven by the bottombull Strategies to increase commitment

                    ndash Prioritization of safety over productionndash Maintaining a high profile for fatigue in meetingsndash Personal attendance of managers at fatigue meetingsndash Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicndash Job descriptions that include safetyfatigue contractsndash Fatigue management leadershipndash Emphasize continued FMP improvement and evaluation

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    19

                    Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production

                    bull Increased job performance (eg productivity) may come at the expense of CMV driver fatiguendash Risky behaviors (eg driving while fatigued)

                    may be rewarded (or not be punished) to increase productivity

                    ndash May suggest productivity is more important than driver fatigue

                    bull Fatigue management should be measured and rewarded like productivity

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    20

                    Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings

                    bull Safety as a value and not a priorityndash Priorities change values do not change

                    and are not compromisedndash Fatigue management should be linked to

                    all prioritiesbull Including fatigue discussions in meetings reinforces the

                    belief that fatigue management is a valuendash Illustrates how safety and CMV driver fatigue relate to all

                    aspects in the organizationbull Reminds employees of your support for reducing fatigue

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    21

                    Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings

                    bull Your attendance in fatigue meetings demonstrates a commitment to fatigue managementndash Recognize and acknowledgendash Feedbackndash Prompt safe behaviorndash Model safe behaviorndash Receive feedback directly from employeesndash Observe risky environmental conditions ndash One-to-one communication

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    22

                    Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

                    bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

                    and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

                    privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    23

                    Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

                    bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

                    performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

                    requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    24

                    Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

                    leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    25

                    Communication About Fatigue Issues

                    bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

                    bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

                    bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

                    bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    26

                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

                    managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

                    2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

                    relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

                    management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    27

                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

                    givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

                    4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

                    management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

                    management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    28

                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

                    5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

                    management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

                    importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

                    driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

                    responsibility of drivers

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    29

                    Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                    >

                    10501249

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    30

                    Empowerment

                    bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                    knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    31

                    Importance of Empowerment

                    bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                    bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                    bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    32

                    Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                    bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    33

                    Increasing Empowerment

                    bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                    feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                    increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    34

                    Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                    bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                    changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                    of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    35

                    Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                    bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                    bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                    bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                    bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                    bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    36

                    Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                    bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                    bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                    bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    37

                    Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                    bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    38

                    Increasing Organizational Commitment

                    bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                    bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                    bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                    the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                    employee development

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    39

                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                    A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                    2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                    A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    40

                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                    A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                    B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                    FMP

                    4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    41

                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                    5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                    and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    42

                    Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    43

                    Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                    following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    44

                    Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                    recognition11 Awareness education and

                    kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    45

                    Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                    look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                    concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                    beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                    employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    46

                    Build Trust

                    bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                    bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                    development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                    management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    47

                    Conduct Bench Marking

                    bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                    bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                    bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    48

                    Management Training and Education

                    bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                    bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                    bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    49

                    Training Managers

                    bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                    goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    50

                    Steering Committee

                    bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                    bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                    bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    51

                    Assembling the Steering Committee

                    bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                    will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                    committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                    committee

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    52

                    Develop a Safety Vision

                    bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                    organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                    within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                    to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    53

                    Define Roles

                    bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                    practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                    comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                    principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                    and finances

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    54

                    Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                    accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                    Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                    outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    55

                    Develop Measures

                    bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                    bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                    tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                    measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                    performance measures should be developed

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    56

                    Develop Policies for Recognition

                    bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                    evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                    defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                    recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                    individualrsquos failure(s)

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    57

                    Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                    bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                    bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                    bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                    bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    58

                    Implement the FMP

                    bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                    bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                    bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    59

                    Measure Performance

                    bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                    the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                    steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                    measures

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    60

                    Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                    the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                    to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                    for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                    steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                    progress of the FMP

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    61

                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                    A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                    involved in the FMPD All the above

                    2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                    A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    62

                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                    A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                    FMPD Both management and drivers

                    4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    63

                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                    5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                    measuresD Only outcome measures

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    64

                    Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    65

                    You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                    bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                    to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                    to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                    they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                    (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    66

                    Process Measures

                    bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                    bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                    bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    67

                    Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                    bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                    bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                    bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                    a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                    airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    68

                    FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                    bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                    bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                    bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                    bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                    bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    69

                    Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                    bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                    bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                    bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                    bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    70

                    Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                    bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                    bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                    are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                    providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                    development of the FMP

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    71

                    Outcome Measures

                    bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    72

                    Sleep Duration

                    bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                    bull Number of hours slept without waking

                    bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                    during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                    sleeping meet requirements

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    73

                    Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                    questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                    bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                    ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                    bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    74

                    Alertness

                    bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                    bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                    vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    75

                    Job Satisfaction

                    bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                    bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                    bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                    activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    76

                    Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                    the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                    ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                    associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                    cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                    not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    77

                    Violations

                    bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                    bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                    bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                    (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    78

                    Crashes

                    bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                    bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                    bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                    violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                    circadian lows

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    79

                    Sick Leave

                    bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                    bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                    fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    80

                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                    A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                    2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                    driver

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    81

                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                    procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                    prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                    4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    82

                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                    5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                    hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                    driving

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    83

                    Conclusion Review and Summary

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    84

                    Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                    bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                    changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                    in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                    levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                    impacted by the FMP

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    85

                    Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                    priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                    related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                    safely bull Accountability for selves and

                    others

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    86

                    Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                    bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                    bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    87

                    Continued Safety Culture Change

                    bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                    implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                    ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                    over time with a positive safety culture

                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                    88

                    Course Exam Module 2

                    • Slide 1
                    • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                    • Module 2 Overview
                    • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                    • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                    • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                    • Introduction to Safety Culture
                    • Safety Triad
                    • Safety Culture
                    • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                    • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                    • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                    • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                    • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                    • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                    • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                    • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                    • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                    • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                    • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                    • Fatigue Leadership
                    • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                    • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                    • Empowerment
                    • Importance of Empowerment
                    • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                    • Increasing Empowerment
                    • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                    • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                    • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                    • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                    • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                    • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                    • Corporate Culture Change
                    • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                    • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                    • Build Trust
                    • Conduct Bench Marking
                    • Management Training and Education
                    • Training Managers
                    • Steering Committee
                    • Assembling the Steering Committee
                    • Develop a Safety Vision
                    • Define Roles
                    • Develop Accountability
                    • Develop Measures
                    • Develop Policies for Recognition
                    • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                    • Implement the FMP
                    • Measure Performance
                    • Support the FMP
                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                    • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                    • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                    • Process Measures
                    • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                    • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                    • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                    • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                    • Outcome Measures
                    • Sleep Duration
                    • Sleep Quality
                    • Alertness
                    • Job Satisfaction
                    • Injuries
                    • Violations
                    • Crashes
                    • Sick Leave
                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                    • Conclusion Review and Summary
                    • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                    • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                    • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                    • Continued Safety Culture Change
                    • Course Exam Module 2

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      11

                      Fatigue Risk Management Systems

                      bull Safety culture specifically extended to fatigue

                      bull Process for measuring mitigating and managing fatigue risk

                      bull Identify sources of fatigue and ways to reduce fatigue

                      ID where FRMS apply

                      Collect and analyze data

                      ID fatigue risk

                      Assess safety risk

                      Set measures and countermeasures

                      Effectiveness evaluation

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      12

                      Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems

                      bull Six core componentsndash Fatigue management policyndash Fatigue risk management proceduresndash Fatigue management training and educationndash Process for employees to report fatiguendash Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

                      to crashesndash Fatigue risk management evaluations

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      13

                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 11 Complete the following sentence An organizationrsquos safety culture

                      can best be described asA Managementrsquos feelings regarding the importance of safetyB Shared behavior patterns and beliefs that are related to safetyC The number of injuries that occur in the organizationD A vision to keep employees safe

                      2 Which of the following is a factor that influences an organizationrsquos safety cultureA PersonB BehaviorC EnvironmentD All the above

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      14

                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued3 Which of the following statements is true

                      A Crashes are usually not the result of risky behaviorB An organizationrsquos safety culture has little affect on their crashes and injuriesC Crashes are usually the result of risky behaviorD It is not important to have a positive safety culture before implementing the

                      FMP4 What is the correct order of steps when implementing a fatigue risk

                      management system (FRMS)E Identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data identify fatigue risk assess

                      safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationF Assess safety risk identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies set measures

                      and countermeasures collect and analyze data and effectiveness evaluationG Identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data assess

                      safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationH Collect and analyze data identify where the FRMS applies assess safety risk identify

                      fatigue risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluation

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      15

                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued

                      5 What is a core component of a fatigue risk management systemA Fatigue management policyB Process for employees to report fatigueC Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

                      to crashesD All the above

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      16

                      Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implementation

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      17

                      Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management

                      bull Fatigue management is a shared responsibilitybull Remember the Person-Environment-

                      Behavior Modelndash You create policies and proceduresndash Necessary knowledge skill ability motivation and

                      attitudendash Employees behave safely or risky

                      bull From top-down control to bottom-up involvementbull Interdependent teamwork rather than only

                      individualized responsibility

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      18

                      Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management

                      bull Employees typically obey authoritybull Fatigue management should be supported from the top but

                      driven by the bottombull Strategies to increase commitment

                      ndash Prioritization of safety over productionndash Maintaining a high profile for fatigue in meetingsndash Personal attendance of managers at fatigue meetingsndash Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicndash Job descriptions that include safetyfatigue contractsndash Fatigue management leadershipndash Emphasize continued FMP improvement and evaluation

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      19

                      Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production

                      bull Increased job performance (eg productivity) may come at the expense of CMV driver fatiguendash Risky behaviors (eg driving while fatigued)

                      may be rewarded (or not be punished) to increase productivity

                      ndash May suggest productivity is more important than driver fatigue

                      bull Fatigue management should be measured and rewarded like productivity

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      20

                      Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings

                      bull Safety as a value and not a priorityndash Priorities change values do not change

                      and are not compromisedndash Fatigue management should be linked to

                      all prioritiesbull Including fatigue discussions in meetings reinforces the

                      belief that fatigue management is a valuendash Illustrates how safety and CMV driver fatigue relate to all

                      aspects in the organizationbull Reminds employees of your support for reducing fatigue

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      21

                      Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings

                      bull Your attendance in fatigue meetings demonstrates a commitment to fatigue managementndash Recognize and acknowledgendash Feedbackndash Prompt safe behaviorndash Model safe behaviorndash Receive feedback directly from employeesndash Observe risky environmental conditions ndash One-to-one communication

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      22

                      Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

                      bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

                      and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

                      privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      23

                      Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

                      bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

                      performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

                      requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      24

                      Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

                      leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      25

                      Communication About Fatigue Issues

                      bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

                      bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

                      bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

                      bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      26

                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

                      managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

                      2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

                      relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

                      management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      27

                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

                      givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

                      4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

                      management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

                      management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      28

                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

                      5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

                      management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

                      importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

                      driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

                      responsibility of drivers

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      29

                      Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                      >

                      10501249

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      30

                      Empowerment

                      bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                      knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      31

                      Importance of Empowerment

                      bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                      bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                      bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      32

                      Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                      bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      33

                      Increasing Empowerment

                      bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                      feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                      increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      34

                      Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                      bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                      changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                      of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      35

                      Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                      bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                      bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                      bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                      bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                      bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      36

                      Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                      bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                      bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                      bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      37

                      Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                      bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      38

                      Increasing Organizational Commitment

                      bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                      bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                      bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                      the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                      employee development

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      39

                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                      A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                      2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                      A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      40

                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                      A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                      B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                      FMP

                      4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      41

                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                      5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                      and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      42

                      Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      43

                      Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                      following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      44

                      Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                      recognition11 Awareness education and

                      kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      45

                      Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                      look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                      concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                      beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                      employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      46

                      Build Trust

                      bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                      bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                      development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                      management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      47

                      Conduct Bench Marking

                      bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                      bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                      bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      48

                      Management Training and Education

                      bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                      bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                      bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      49

                      Training Managers

                      bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                      goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      50

                      Steering Committee

                      bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                      bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                      bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      51

                      Assembling the Steering Committee

                      bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                      will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                      committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                      committee

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      52

                      Develop a Safety Vision

                      bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                      organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                      within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                      to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      53

                      Define Roles

                      bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                      practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                      comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                      principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                      and finances

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      54

                      Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                      accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                      Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                      outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      55

                      Develop Measures

                      bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                      bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                      tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                      measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                      performance measures should be developed

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      56

                      Develop Policies for Recognition

                      bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                      evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                      defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                      recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                      individualrsquos failure(s)

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      57

                      Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                      bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                      bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                      bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                      bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      58

                      Implement the FMP

                      bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                      bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                      bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      59

                      Measure Performance

                      bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                      the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                      steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                      measures

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      60

                      Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                      the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                      to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                      for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                      steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                      progress of the FMP

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      61

                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                      A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                      involved in the FMPD All the above

                      2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                      A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      62

                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                      A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                      FMPD Both management and drivers

                      4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      63

                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                      5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                      measuresD Only outcome measures

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      64

                      Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      65

                      You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                      bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                      to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                      to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                      they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                      (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      66

                      Process Measures

                      bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                      bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                      bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      67

                      Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                      bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                      bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                      bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                      a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                      airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      68

                      FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                      bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                      bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                      bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                      bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                      bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      69

                      Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                      bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                      bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                      bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                      bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      70

                      Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                      bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                      bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                      are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                      providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                      development of the FMP

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      71

                      Outcome Measures

                      bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      72

                      Sleep Duration

                      bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                      bull Number of hours slept without waking

                      bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                      during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                      sleeping meet requirements

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      73

                      Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                      questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                      bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                      ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                      bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      74

                      Alertness

                      bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                      bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                      vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      75

                      Job Satisfaction

                      bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                      bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                      bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                      activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      76

                      Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                      the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                      ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                      associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                      cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                      not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      77

                      Violations

                      bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                      bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                      bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                      (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      78

                      Crashes

                      bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                      bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                      bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                      violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                      circadian lows

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      79

                      Sick Leave

                      bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                      bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                      fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      80

                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                      A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                      2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                      driver

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      81

                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                      procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                      prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                      4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      82

                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                      5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                      hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                      driving

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      83

                      Conclusion Review and Summary

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      84

                      Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                      bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                      changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                      in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                      levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                      impacted by the FMP

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      85

                      Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                      priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                      related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                      safely bull Accountability for selves and

                      others

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      86

                      Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                      bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                      bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      87

                      Continued Safety Culture Change

                      bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                      implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                      ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                      over time with a positive safety culture

                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                      88

                      Course Exam Module 2

                      • Slide 1
                      • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                      • Module 2 Overview
                      • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                      • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                      • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                      • Introduction to Safety Culture
                      • Safety Triad
                      • Safety Culture
                      • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                      • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                      • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                      • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                      • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                      • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                      • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                      • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                      • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                      • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                      • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                      • Fatigue Leadership
                      • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                      • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                      • Empowerment
                      • Importance of Empowerment
                      • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                      • Increasing Empowerment
                      • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                      • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                      • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                      • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                      • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                      • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                      • Corporate Culture Change
                      • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                      • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                      • Build Trust
                      • Conduct Bench Marking
                      • Management Training and Education
                      • Training Managers
                      • Steering Committee
                      • Assembling the Steering Committee
                      • Develop a Safety Vision
                      • Define Roles
                      • Develop Accountability
                      • Develop Measures
                      • Develop Policies for Recognition
                      • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                      • Implement the FMP
                      • Measure Performance
                      • Support the FMP
                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                      • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                      • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                      • Process Measures
                      • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                      • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                      • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                      • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                      • Outcome Measures
                      • Sleep Duration
                      • Sleep Quality
                      • Alertness
                      • Job Satisfaction
                      • Injuries
                      • Violations
                      • Crashes
                      • Sick Leave
                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                      • Conclusion Review and Summary
                      • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                      • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                      • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                      • Continued Safety Culture Change
                      • Course Exam Module 2

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        12

                        Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems

                        bull Six core componentsndash Fatigue management policyndash Fatigue risk management proceduresndash Fatigue management training and educationndash Process for employees to report fatiguendash Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

                        to crashesndash Fatigue risk management evaluations

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        13

                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 11 Complete the following sentence An organizationrsquos safety culture

                        can best be described asA Managementrsquos feelings regarding the importance of safetyB Shared behavior patterns and beliefs that are related to safetyC The number of injuries that occur in the organizationD A vision to keep employees safe

                        2 Which of the following is a factor that influences an organizationrsquos safety cultureA PersonB BehaviorC EnvironmentD All the above

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        14

                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued3 Which of the following statements is true

                        A Crashes are usually not the result of risky behaviorB An organizationrsquos safety culture has little affect on their crashes and injuriesC Crashes are usually the result of risky behaviorD It is not important to have a positive safety culture before implementing the

                        FMP4 What is the correct order of steps when implementing a fatigue risk

                        management system (FRMS)E Identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data identify fatigue risk assess

                        safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationF Assess safety risk identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies set measures

                        and countermeasures collect and analyze data and effectiveness evaluationG Identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data assess

                        safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationH Collect and analyze data identify where the FRMS applies assess safety risk identify

                        fatigue risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluation

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        15

                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued

                        5 What is a core component of a fatigue risk management systemA Fatigue management policyB Process for employees to report fatigueC Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

                        to crashesD All the above

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        16

                        Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implementation

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        17

                        Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management

                        bull Fatigue management is a shared responsibilitybull Remember the Person-Environment-

                        Behavior Modelndash You create policies and proceduresndash Necessary knowledge skill ability motivation and

                        attitudendash Employees behave safely or risky

                        bull From top-down control to bottom-up involvementbull Interdependent teamwork rather than only

                        individualized responsibility

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        18

                        Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management

                        bull Employees typically obey authoritybull Fatigue management should be supported from the top but

                        driven by the bottombull Strategies to increase commitment

                        ndash Prioritization of safety over productionndash Maintaining a high profile for fatigue in meetingsndash Personal attendance of managers at fatigue meetingsndash Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicndash Job descriptions that include safetyfatigue contractsndash Fatigue management leadershipndash Emphasize continued FMP improvement and evaluation

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        19

                        Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production

                        bull Increased job performance (eg productivity) may come at the expense of CMV driver fatiguendash Risky behaviors (eg driving while fatigued)

                        may be rewarded (or not be punished) to increase productivity

                        ndash May suggest productivity is more important than driver fatigue

                        bull Fatigue management should be measured and rewarded like productivity

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        20

                        Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings

                        bull Safety as a value and not a priorityndash Priorities change values do not change

                        and are not compromisedndash Fatigue management should be linked to

                        all prioritiesbull Including fatigue discussions in meetings reinforces the

                        belief that fatigue management is a valuendash Illustrates how safety and CMV driver fatigue relate to all

                        aspects in the organizationbull Reminds employees of your support for reducing fatigue

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        21

                        Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings

                        bull Your attendance in fatigue meetings demonstrates a commitment to fatigue managementndash Recognize and acknowledgendash Feedbackndash Prompt safe behaviorndash Model safe behaviorndash Receive feedback directly from employeesndash Observe risky environmental conditions ndash One-to-one communication

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        22

                        Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

                        bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

                        and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

                        privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        23

                        Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

                        bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

                        performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

                        requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        24

                        Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

                        leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        25

                        Communication About Fatigue Issues

                        bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

                        bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

                        bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

                        bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        26

                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

                        managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

                        2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

                        relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

                        management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        27

                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

                        givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

                        4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

                        management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

                        management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        28

                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

                        5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

                        management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

                        importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

                        driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

                        responsibility of drivers

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        29

                        Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                        >

                        10501249

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        30

                        Empowerment

                        bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                        knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        31

                        Importance of Empowerment

                        bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                        bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                        bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        32

                        Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                        bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        33

                        Increasing Empowerment

                        bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                        feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                        increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        34

                        Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                        bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                        changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                        of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        35

                        Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                        bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                        bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                        bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                        bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                        bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        36

                        Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                        bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                        bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                        bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        37

                        Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                        bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        38

                        Increasing Organizational Commitment

                        bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                        bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                        bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                        the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                        employee development

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        39

                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                        A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                        2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                        A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        40

                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                        A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                        B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                        FMP

                        4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        41

                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                        5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                        and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        42

                        Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        43

                        Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                        following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        44

                        Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                        recognition11 Awareness education and

                        kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        45

                        Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                        look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                        concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                        beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                        employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        46

                        Build Trust

                        bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                        bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                        development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                        management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        47

                        Conduct Bench Marking

                        bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                        bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                        bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        48

                        Management Training and Education

                        bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                        bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                        bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        49

                        Training Managers

                        bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                        goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        50

                        Steering Committee

                        bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                        bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                        bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        51

                        Assembling the Steering Committee

                        bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                        will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                        committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                        committee

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        52

                        Develop a Safety Vision

                        bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                        organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                        within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                        to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        53

                        Define Roles

                        bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                        practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                        comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                        principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                        and finances

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        54

                        Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                        accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                        Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                        outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        55

                        Develop Measures

                        bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                        bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                        tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                        measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                        performance measures should be developed

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        56

                        Develop Policies for Recognition

                        bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                        evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                        defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                        recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                        individualrsquos failure(s)

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        57

                        Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                        bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                        bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                        bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                        bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        58

                        Implement the FMP

                        bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                        bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                        bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        59

                        Measure Performance

                        bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                        the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                        steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                        measures

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        60

                        Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                        the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                        to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                        for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                        steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                        progress of the FMP

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        61

                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                        A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                        involved in the FMPD All the above

                        2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                        A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        62

                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                        A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                        FMPD Both management and drivers

                        4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        63

                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                        5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                        measuresD Only outcome measures

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        64

                        Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        65

                        You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                        bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                        to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                        to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                        they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                        (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        66

                        Process Measures

                        bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                        bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                        bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        67

                        Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                        bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                        bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                        bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                        a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                        airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        68

                        FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                        bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                        bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                        bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                        bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                        bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        69

                        Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                        bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                        bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                        bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                        bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        70

                        Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                        bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                        bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                        are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                        providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                        development of the FMP

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        71

                        Outcome Measures

                        bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        72

                        Sleep Duration

                        bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                        bull Number of hours slept without waking

                        bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                        during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                        sleeping meet requirements

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        73

                        Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                        questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                        bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                        ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                        bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        74

                        Alertness

                        bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                        bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                        vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        75

                        Job Satisfaction

                        bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                        bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                        bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                        activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        76

                        Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                        the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                        ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                        associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                        cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                        not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        77

                        Violations

                        bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                        bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                        bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                        (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        78

                        Crashes

                        bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                        bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                        bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                        violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                        circadian lows

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        79

                        Sick Leave

                        bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                        bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                        fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        80

                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                        A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                        2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                        driver

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        81

                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                        procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                        prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                        4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        82

                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                        5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                        hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                        driving

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        83

                        Conclusion Review and Summary

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        84

                        Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                        bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                        changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                        in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                        levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                        impacted by the FMP

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        85

                        Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                        priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                        related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                        safely bull Accountability for selves and

                        others

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        86

                        Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                        bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                        bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        87

                        Continued Safety Culture Change

                        bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                        implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                        ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                        over time with a positive safety culture

                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                        88

                        Course Exam Module 2

                        • Slide 1
                        • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                        • Module 2 Overview
                        • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                        • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                        • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                        • Introduction to Safety Culture
                        • Safety Triad
                        • Safety Culture
                        • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                        • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                        • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                        • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                        • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                        • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                        • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                        • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                        • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                        • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                        • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                        • Fatigue Leadership
                        • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                        • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                        • Empowerment
                        • Importance of Empowerment
                        • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                        • Increasing Empowerment
                        • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                        • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                        • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                        • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                        • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                        • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                        • Corporate Culture Change
                        • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                        • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                        • Build Trust
                        • Conduct Bench Marking
                        • Management Training and Education
                        • Training Managers
                        • Steering Committee
                        • Assembling the Steering Committee
                        • Develop a Safety Vision
                        • Define Roles
                        • Develop Accountability
                        • Develop Measures
                        • Develop Policies for Recognition
                        • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                        • Implement the FMP
                        • Measure Performance
                        • Support the FMP
                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                        • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                        • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                        • Process Measures
                        • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                        • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                        • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                        • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                        • Outcome Measures
                        • Sleep Duration
                        • Sleep Quality
                        • Alertness
                        • Job Satisfaction
                        • Injuries
                        • Violations
                        • Crashes
                        • Sick Leave
                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                        • Conclusion Review and Summary
                        • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                        • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                        • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                        • Continued Safety Culture Change
                        • Course Exam Module 2

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          13

                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 11 Complete the following sentence An organizationrsquos safety culture

                          can best be described asA Managementrsquos feelings regarding the importance of safetyB Shared behavior patterns and beliefs that are related to safetyC The number of injuries that occur in the organizationD A vision to keep employees safe

                          2 Which of the following is a factor that influences an organizationrsquos safety cultureA PersonB BehaviorC EnvironmentD All the above

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          14

                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued3 Which of the following statements is true

                          A Crashes are usually not the result of risky behaviorB An organizationrsquos safety culture has little affect on their crashes and injuriesC Crashes are usually the result of risky behaviorD It is not important to have a positive safety culture before implementing the

                          FMP4 What is the correct order of steps when implementing a fatigue risk

                          management system (FRMS)E Identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data identify fatigue risk assess

                          safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationF Assess safety risk identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies set measures

                          and countermeasures collect and analyze data and effectiveness evaluationG Identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data assess

                          safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationH Collect and analyze data identify where the FRMS applies assess safety risk identify

                          fatigue risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluation

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          15

                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued

                          5 What is a core component of a fatigue risk management systemA Fatigue management policyB Process for employees to report fatigueC Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

                          to crashesD All the above

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          16

                          Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implementation

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          17

                          Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management

                          bull Fatigue management is a shared responsibilitybull Remember the Person-Environment-

                          Behavior Modelndash You create policies and proceduresndash Necessary knowledge skill ability motivation and

                          attitudendash Employees behave safely or risky

                          bull From top-down control to bottom-up involvementbull Interdependent teamwork rather than only

                          individualized responsibility

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          18

                          Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management

                          bull Employees typically obey authoritybull Fatigue management should be supported from the top but

                          driven by the bottombull Strategies to increase commitment

                          ndash Prioritization of safety over productionndash Maintaining a high profile for fatigue in meetingsndash Personal attendance of managers at fatigue meetingsndash Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicndash Job descriptions that include safetyfatigue contractsndash Fatigue management leadershipndash Emphasize continued FMP improvement and evaluation

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          19

                          Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production

                          bull Increased job performance (eg productivity) may come at the expense of CMV driver fatiguendash Risky behaviors (eg driving while fatigued)

                          may be rewarded (or not be punished) to increase productivity

                          ndash May suggest productivity is more important than driver fatigue

                          bull Fatigue management should be measured and rewarded like productivity

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          20

                          Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings

                          bull Safety as a value and not a priorityndash Priorities change values do not change

                          and are not compromisedndash Fatigue management should be linked to

                          all prioritiesbull Including fatigue discussions in meetings reinforces the

                          belief that fatigue management is a valuendash Illustrates how safety and CMV driver fatigue relate to all

                          aspects in the organizationbull Reminds employees of your support for reducing fatigue

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          21

                          Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings

                          bull Your attendance in fatigue meetings demonstrates a commitment to fatigue managementndash Recognize and acknowledgendash Feedbackndash Prompt safe behaviorndash Model safe behaviorndash Receive feedback directly from employeesndash Observe risky environmental conditions ndash One-to-one communication

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          22

                          Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

                          bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

                          and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

                          privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          23

                          Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

                          bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

                          performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

                          requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          24

                          Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

                          leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          25

                          Communication About Fatigue Issues

                          bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

                          bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

                          bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

                          bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          26

                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

                          managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

                          2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

                          relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

                          management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          27

                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

                          givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

                          4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

                          management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

                          management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          28

                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

                          5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

                          management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

                          importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

                          driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

                          responsibility of drivers

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          29

                          Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                          >

                          10501249

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          30

                          Empowerment

                          bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                          knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          31

                          Importance of Empowerment

                          bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                          bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                          bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          32

                          Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                          bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          33

                          Increasing Empowerment

                          bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                          feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                          increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          34

                          Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                          bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                          changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                          of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          35

                          Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                          bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                          bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                          bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                          bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                          bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          36

                          Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                          bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                          bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                          bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          37

                          Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                          bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          38

                          Increasing Organizational Commitment

                          bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                          bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                          bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                          the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                          employee development

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          39

                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                          A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                          2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                          A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          40

                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                          A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                          B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                          FMP

                          4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          41

                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                          5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                          and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          42

                          Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          43

                          Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                          following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          44

                          Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                          recognition11 Awareness education and

                          kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          45

                          Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                          look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                          concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                          beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                          employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          46

                          Build Trust

                          bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                          bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                          development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                          management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          47

                          Conduct Bench Marking

                          bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                          bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                          bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          48

                          Management Training and Education

                          bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                          bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                          bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          49

                          Training Managers

                          bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                          goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          50

                          Steering Committee

                          bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                          bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                          bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          51

                          Assembling the Steering Committee

                          bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                          will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                          committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                          committee

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          52

                          Develop a Safety Vision

                          bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                          organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                          within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                          to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          53

                          Define Roles

                          bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                          practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                          comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                          principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                          and finances

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          54

                          Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                          accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                          Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                          outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          55

                          Develop Measures

                          bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                          bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                          tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                          measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                          performance measures should be developed

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          56

                          Develop Policies for Recognition

                          bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                          evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                          defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                          recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                          individualrsquos failure(s)

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          57

                          Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                          bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                          bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                          bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                          bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          58

                          Implement the FMP

                          bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                          bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                          bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          59

                          Measure Performance

                          bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                          the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                          steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                          measures

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          60

                          Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                          the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                          to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                          for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                          steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                          progress of the FMP

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          61

                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                          A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                          involved in the FMPD All the above

                          2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                          A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          62

                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                          A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                          FMPD Both management and drivers

                          4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          63

                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                          5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                          measuresD Only outcome measures

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          64

                          Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          65

                          You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                          bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                          to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                          to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                          they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                          (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          66

                          Process Measures

                          bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                          bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                          bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          67

                          Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                          bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                          bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                          bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                          a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                          airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          68

                          FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                          bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                          bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                          bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                          bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                          bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          69

                          Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                          bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                          bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                          bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                          bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          70

                          Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                          bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                          bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                          are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                          providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                          development of the FMP

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          71

                          Outcome Measures

                          bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          72

                          Sleep Duration

                          bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                          bull Number of hours slept without waking

                          bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                          during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                          sleeping meet requirements

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          73

                          Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                          questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                          bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                          ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                          bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          74

                          Alertness

                          bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                          bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                          vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          75

                          Job Satisfaction

                          bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                          bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                          bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                          activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          76

                          Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                          the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                          ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                          associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                          cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                          not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          77

                          Violations

                          bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                          bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                          bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                          (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          78

                          Crashes

                          bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                          bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                          bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                          violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                          circadian lows

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          79

                          Sick Leave

                          bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                          bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                          fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          80

                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                          A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                          2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                          driver

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          81

                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                          procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                          prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                          4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          82

                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                          5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                          hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                          driving

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          83

                          Conclusion Review and Summary

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          84

                          Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                          bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                          changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                          in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                          levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                          impacted by the FMP

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          85

                          Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                          priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                          related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                          safely bull Accountability for selves and

                          others

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          86

                          Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                          bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                          bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          87

                          Continued Safety Culture Change

                          bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                          implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                          ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                          over time with a positive safety culture

                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                          88

                          Course Exam Module 2

                          • Slide 1
                          • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                          • Module 2 Overview
                          • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                          • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                          • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                          • Introduction to Safety Culture
                          • Safety Triad
                          • Safety Culture
                          • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                          • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                          • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                          • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                          • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                          • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                          • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                          • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                          • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                          • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                          • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                          • Fatigue Leadership
                          • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                          • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                          • Empowerment
                          • Importance of Empowerment
                          • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                          • Increasing Empowerment
                          • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                          • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                          • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                          • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                          • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                          • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                          • Corporate Culture Change
                          • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                          • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                          • Build Trust
                          • Conduct Bench Marking
                          • Management Training and Education
                          • Training Managers
                          • Steering Committee
                          • Assembling the Steering Committee
                          • Develop a Safety Vision
                          • Define Roles
                          • Develop Accountability
                          • Develop Measures
                          • Develop Policies for Recognition
                          • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                          • Implement the FMP
                          • Measure Performance
                          • Support the FMP
                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                          • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                          • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                          • Process Measures
                          • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                          • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                          • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                          • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                          • Outcome Measures
                          • Sleep Duration
                          • Sleep Quality
                          • Alertness
                          • Job Satisfaction
                          • Injuries
                          • Violations
                          • Crashes
                          • Sick Leave
                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                          • Conclusion Review and Summary
                          • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                          • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                          • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                          • Continued Safety Culture Change
                          • Course Exam Module 2

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            14

                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued3 Which of the following statements is true

                            A Crashes are usually not the result of risky behaviorB An organizationrsquos safety culture has little affect on their crashes and injuriesC Crashes are usually the result of risky behaviorD It is not important to have a positive safety culture before implementing the

                            FMP4 What is the correct order of steps when implementing a fatigue risk

                            management system (FRMS)E Identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data identify fatigue risk assess

                            safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationF Assess safety risk identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies set measures

                            and countermeasures collect and analyze data and effectiveness evaluationG Identify fatigue risk identify where the FRMS applies collect and analyze data assess

                            safety risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluationH Collect and analyze data identify where the FRMS applies assess safety risk identify

                            fatigue risk set measures and countermeasures and effectiveness evaluation

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            15

                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued

                            5 What is a core component of a fatigue risk management systemA Fatigue management policyB Process for employees to report fatigueC Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

                            to crashesD All the above

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            16

                            Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implementation

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            17

                            Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management

                            bull Fatigue management is a shared responsibilitybull Remember the Person-Environment-

                            Behavior Modelndash You create policies and proceduresndash Necessary knowledge skill ability motivation and

                            attitudendash Employees behave safely or risky

                            bull From top-down control to bottom-up involvementbull Interdependent teamwork rather than only

                            individualized responsibility

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            18

                            Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management

                            bull Employees typically obey authoritybull Fatigue management should be supported from the top but

                            driven by the bottombull Strategies to increase commitment

                            ndash Prioritization of safety over productionndash Maintaining a high profile for fatigue in meetingsndash Personal attendance of managers at fatigue meetingsndash Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicndash Job descriptions that include safetyfatigue contractsndash Fatigue management leadershipndash Emphasize continued FMP improvement and evaluation

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            19

                            Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production

                            bull Increased job performance (eg productivity) may come at the expense of CMV driver fatiguendash Risky behaviors (eg driving while fatigued)

                            may be rewarded (or not be punished) to increase productivity

                            ndash May suggest productivity is more important than driver fatigue

                            bull Fatigue management should be measured and rewarded like productivity

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            20

                            Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings

                            bull Safety as a value and not a priorityndash Priorities change values do not change

                            and are not compromisedndash Fatigue management should be linked to

                            all prioritiesbull Including fatigue discussions in meetings reinforces the

                            belief that fatigue management is a valuendash Illustrates how safety and CMV driver fatigue relate to all

                            aspects in the organizationbull Reminds employees of your support for reducing fatigue

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            21

                            Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings

                            bull Your attendance in fatigue meetings demonstrates a commitment to fatigue managementndash Recognize and acknowledgendash Feedbackndash Prompt safe behaviorndash Model safe behaviorndash Receive feedback directly from employeesndash Observe risky environmental conditions ndash One-to-one communication

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            22

                            Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

                            bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

                            and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

                            privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            23

                            Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

                            bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

                            performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

                            requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            24

                            Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

                            leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            25

                            Communication About Fatigue Issues

                            bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

                            bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

                            bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

                            bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            26

                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

                            managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

                            2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

                            relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

                            management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            27

                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

                            givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

                            4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

                            management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

                            management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            28

                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

                            5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

                            management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

                            importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

                            driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

                            responsibility of drivers

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            29

                            Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                            >

                            10501249

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            30

                            Empowerment

                            bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                            knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            31

                            Importance of Empowerment

                            bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                            bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                            bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            32

                            Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                            bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            33

                            Increasing Empowerment

                            bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                            feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                            increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            34

                            Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                            bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                            changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                            of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            35

                            Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                            bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                            bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                            bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                            bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                            bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            36

                            Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                            bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                            bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                            bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            37

                            Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                            bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            38

                            Increasing Organizational Commitment

                            bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                            bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                            bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                            the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                            employee development

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            39

                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                            A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                            2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                            A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            40

                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                            A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                            B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                            FMP

                            4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            41

                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                            5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                            and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            42

                            Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            43

                            Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                            following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            44

                            Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                            recognition11 Awareness education and

                            kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            45

                            Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                            look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                            concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                            beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                            employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            46

                            Build Trust

                            bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                            bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                            development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                            management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            47

                            Conduct Bench Marking

                            bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                            bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                            bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            48

                            Management Training and Education

                            bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                            bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                            bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            49

                            Training Managers

                            bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                            goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            50

                            Steering Committee

                            bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                            bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                            bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            51

                            Assembling the Steering Committee

                            bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                            will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                            committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                            committee

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            52

                            Develop a Safety Vision

                            bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                            organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                            within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                            to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            53

                            Define Roles

                            bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                            practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                            comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                            principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                            and finances

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            54

                            Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                            accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                            Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                            outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            55

                            Develop Measures

                            bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                            bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                            tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                            measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                            performance measures should be developed

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            56

                            Develop Policies for Recognition

                            bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                            evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                            defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                            recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                            individualrsquos failure(s)

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            57

                            Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                            bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                            bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                            bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                            bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            58

                            Implement the FMP

                            bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                            bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                            bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            59

                            Measure Performance

                            bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                            the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                            steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                            measures

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            60

                            Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                            the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                            to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                            for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                            steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                            progress of the FMP

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            61

                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                            A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                            involved in the FMPD All the above

                            2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                            A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            62

                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                            A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                            FMPD Both management and drivers

                            4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            63

                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                            5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                            measuresD Only outcome measures

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            64

                            Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            65

                            You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                            bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                            to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                            to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                            they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                            (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            66

                            Process Measures

                            bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                            bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                            bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            67

                            Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                            bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                            bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                            bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                            a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                            airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            68

                            FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                            bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                            bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                            bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                            bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                            bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            69

                            Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                            bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                            bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                            bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                            bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            70

                            Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                            bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                            bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                            are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                            providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                            development of the FMP

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            71

                            Outcome Measures

                            bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            72

                            Sleep Duration

                            bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                            bull Number of hours slept without waking

                            bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                            during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                            sleeping meet requirements

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            73

                            Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                            questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                            bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                            ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                            bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            74

                            Alertness

                            bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                            bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                            vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            75

                            Job Satisfaction

                            bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                            bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                            bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                            activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            76

                            Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                            the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                            ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                            associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                            cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                            not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            77

                            Violations

                            bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                            bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                            bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                            (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            78

                            Crashes

                            bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                            bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                            bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                            violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                            circadian lows

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            79

                            Sick Leave

                            bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                            bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                            fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            80

                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                            A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                            2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                            driver

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            81

                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                            procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                            prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                            4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            82

                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                            5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                            hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                            driving

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            83

                            Conclusion Review and Summary

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            84

                            Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                            bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                            changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                            in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                            levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                            impacted by the FMP

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            85

                            Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                            priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                            related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                            safely bull Accountability for selves and

                            others

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            86

                            Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                            bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                            bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            87

                            Continued Safety Culture Change

                            bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                            implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                            ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                            over time with a positive safety culture

                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                            88

                            Course Exam Module 2

                            • Slide 1
                            • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                            • Module 2 Overview
                            • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                            • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                            • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                            • Introduction to Safety Culture
                            • Safety Triad
                            • Safety Culture
                            • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                            • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                            • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                            • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                            • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                            • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                            • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                            • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                            • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                            • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                            • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                            • Fatigue Leadership
                            • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                            • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                            • Empowerment
                            • Importance of Empowerment
                            • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                            • Increasing Empowerment
                            • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                            • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                            • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                            • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                            • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                            • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                            • Corporate Culture Change
                            • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                            • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                            • Build Trust
                            • Conduct Bench Marking
                            • Management Training and Education
                            • Training Managers
                            • Steering Committee
                            • Assembling the Steering Committee
                            • Develop a Safety Vision
                            • Define Roles
                            • Develop Accountability
                            • Develop Measures
                            • Develop Policies for Recognition
                            • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                            • Implement the FMP
                            • Measure Performance
                            • Support the FMP
                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                            • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                            • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                            • Process Measures
                            • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                            • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                            • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                            • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                            • Outcome Measures
                            • Sleep Duration
                            • Sleep Quality
                            • Alertness
                            • Job Satisfaction
                            • Injuries
                            • Violations
                            • Crashes
                            • Sick Leave
                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                            • Conclusion Review and Summary
                            • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                            • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                            • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                            • Continued Safety Culture Change
                            • Course Exam Module 2

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              15

                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued

                              5 What is a core component of a fatigue risk management systemA Fatigue management policyB Process for employees to report fatigueC Process for investigating how fatigue contributes

                              to crashesD All the above

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              16

                              Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implementation

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              17

                              Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management

                              bull Fatigue management is a shared responsibilitybull Remember the Person-Environment-

                              Behavior Modelndash You create policies and proceduresndash Necessary knowledge skill ability motivation and

                              attitudendash Employees behave safely or risky

                              bull From top-down control to bottom-up involvementbull Interdependent teamwork rather than only

                              individualized responsibility

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              18

                              Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management

                              bull Employees typically obey authoritybull Fatigue management should be supported from the top but

                              driven by the bottombull Strategies to increase commitment

                              ndash Prioritization of safety over productionndash Maintaining a high profile for fatigue in meetingsndash Personal attendance of managers at fatigue meetingsndash Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicndash Job descriptions that include safetyfatigue contractsndash Fatigue management leadershipndash Emphasize continued FMP improvement and evaluation

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              19

                              Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production

                              bull Increased job performance (eg productivity) may come at the expense of CMV driver fatiguendash Risky behaviors (eg driving while fatigued)

                              may be rewarded (or not be punished) to increase productivity

                              ndash May suggest productivity is more important than driver fatigue

                              bull Fatigue management should be measured and rewarded like productivity

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              20

                              Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings

                              bull Safety as a value and not a priorityndash Priorities change values do not change

                              and are not compromisedndash Fatigue management should be linked to

                              all prioritiesbull Including fatigue discussions in meetings reinforces the

                              belief that fatigue management is a valuendash Illustrates how safety and CMV driver fatigue relate to all

                              aspects in the organizationbull Reminds employees of your support for reducing fatigue

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              21

                              Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings

                              bull Your attendance in fatigue meetings demonstrates a commitment to fatigue managementndash Recognize and acknowledgendash Feedbackndash Prompt safe behaviorndash Model safe behaviorndash Receive feedback directly from employeesndash Observe risky environmental conditions ndash One-to-one communication

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              22

                              Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

                              bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

                              and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

                              privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              23

                              Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

                              bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

                              performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

                              requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              24

                              Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

                              leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              25

                              Communication About Fatigue Issues

                              bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

                              bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

                              bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

                              bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              26

                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

                              managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

                              2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

                              relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

                              management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              27

                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

                              givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

                              4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

                              management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

                              management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              28

                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

                              5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

                              management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

                              importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

                              driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

                              responsibility of drivers

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              29

                              Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                              >

                              10501249

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              30

                              Empowerment

                              bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                              knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              31

                              Importance of Empowerment

                              bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                              bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                              bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              32

                              Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                              bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              33

                              Increasing Empowerment

                              bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                              feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                              increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              34

                              Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                              bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                              changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                              of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              35

                              Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                              bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                              bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                              bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                              bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                              bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              36

                              Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                              bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                              bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                              bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              37

                              Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                              bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              38

                              Increasing Organizational Commitment

                              bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                              bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                              bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                              the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                              employee development

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              39

                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                              A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                              2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                              A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              40

                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                              A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                              B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                              FMP

                              4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              41

                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                              5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                              and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              42

                              Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              43

                              Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                              following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              44

                              Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                              recognition11 Awareness education and

                              kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              45

                              Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                              look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                              concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                              beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                              employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              46

                              Build Trust

                              bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                              bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                              development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                              management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              47

                              Conduct Bench Marking

                              bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                              bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                              bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              48

                              Management Training and Education

                              bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                              bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                              bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              49

                              Training Managers

                              bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                              goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              50

                              Steering Committee

                              bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                              bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                              bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              51

                              Assembling the Steering Committee

                              bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                              will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                              committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                              committee

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              52

                              Develop a Safety Vision

                              bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                              organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                              within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                              to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              53

                              Define Roles

                              bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                              practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                              comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                              principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                              and finances

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              54

                              Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                              accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                              Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                              outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              55

                              Develop Measures

                              bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                              bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                              tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                              measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                              performance measures should be developed

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              56

                              Develop Policies for Recognition

                              bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                              evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                              defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                              recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                              individualrsquos failure(s)

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              57

                              Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                              bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                              bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                              bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                              bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              58

                              Implement the FMP

                              bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                              bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                              bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              59

                              Measure Performance

                              bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                              the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                              steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                              measures

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              60

                              Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                              the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                              to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                              for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                              steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                              progress of the FMP

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              61

                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                              A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                              involved in the FMPD All the above

                              2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                              A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              62

                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                              A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                              FMPD Both management and drivers

                              4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              63

                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                              5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                              measuresD Only outcome measures

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              64

                              Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              65

                              You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                              bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                              to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                              to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                              they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                              (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              66

                              Process Measures

                              bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                              bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                              bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              67

                              Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                              bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                              bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                              bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                              a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                              airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              68

                              FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                              bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                              bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                              bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                              bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                              bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              69

                              Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                              bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                              bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                              bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                              bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              70

                              Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                              bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                              bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                              are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                              providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                              development of the FMP

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              71

                              Outcome Measures

                              bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              72

                              Sleep Duration

                              bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                              bull Number of hours slept without waking

                              bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                              during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                              sleeping meet requirements

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              73

                              Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                              questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                              bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                              ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                              bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              74

                              Alertness

                              bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                              bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                              vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              75

                              Job Satisfaction

                              bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                              bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                              bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                              activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              76

                              Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                              the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                              ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                              associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                              cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                              not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              77

                              Violations

                              bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                              bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                              bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                              (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              78

                              Crashes

                              bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                              bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                              bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                              violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                              circadian lows

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              79

                              Sick Leave

                              bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                              bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                              fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              80

                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                              A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                              2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                              driver

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              81

                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                              procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                              prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                              4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              82

                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                              5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                              hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                              driving

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              83

                              Conclusion Review and Summary

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              84

                              Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                              bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                              changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                              in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                              levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                              impacted by the FMP

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              85

                              Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                              priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                              related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                              safely bull Accountability for selves and

                              others

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              86

                              Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                              bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                              bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              87

                              Continued Safety Culture Change

                              bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                              implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                              ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                              over time with a positive safety culture

                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                              88

                              Course Exam Module 2

                              • Slide 1
                              • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                              • Module 2 Overview
                              • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                              • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                              • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                              • Introduction to Safety Culture
                              • Safety Triad
                              • Safety Culture
                              • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                              • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                              • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                              • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                              • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                              • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                              • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                              • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                              • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                              • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                              • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                              • Fatigue Leadership
                              • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                              • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                              • Empowerment
                              • Importance of Empowerment
                              • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                              • Increasing Empowerment
                              • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                              • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                              • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                              • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                              • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                              • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                              • Corporate Culture Change
                              • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                              • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                              • Build Trust
                              • Conduct Bench Marking
                              • Management Training and Education
                              • Training Managers
                              • Steering Committee
                              • Assembling the Steering Committee
                              • Develop a Safety Vision
                              • Define Roles
                              • Develop Accountability
                              • Develop Measures
                              • Develop Policies for Recognition
                              • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                              • Implement the FMP
                              • Measure Performance
                              • Support the FMP
                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                              • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                              • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                              • Process Measures
                              • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                              • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                              • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                              • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                              • Outcome Measures
                              • Sleep Duration
                              • Sleep Quality
                              • Alertness
                              • Job Satisfaction
                              • Injuries
                              • Violations
                              • Crashes
                              • Sick Leave
                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                              • Conclusion Review and Summary
                              • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                              • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                              • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                              • Continued Safety Culture Change
                              • Course Exam Module 2

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                16

                                Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implementation

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                17

                                Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management

                                bull Fatigue management is a shared responsibilitybull Remember the Person-Environment-

                                Behavior Modelndash You create policies and proceduresndash Necessary knowledge skill ability motivation and

                                attitudendash Employees behave safely or risky

                                bull From top-down control to bottom-up involvementbull Interdependent teamwork rather than only

                                individualized responsibility

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                18

                                Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management

                                bull Employees typically obey authoritybull Fatigue management should be supported from the top but

                                driven by the bottombull Strategies to increase commitment

                                ndash Prioritization of safety over productionndash Maintaining a high profile for fatigue in meetingsndash Personal attendance of managers at fatigue meetingsndash Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicndash Job descriptions that include safetyfatigue contractsndash Fatigue management leadershipndash Emphasize continued FMP improvement and evaluation

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                19

                                Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production

                                bull Increased job performance (eg productivity) may come at the expense of CMV driver fatiguendash Risky behaviors (eg driving while fatigued)

                                may be rewarded (or not be punished) to increase productivity

                                ndash May suggest productivity is more important than driver fatigue

                                bull Fatigue management should be measured and rewarded like productivity

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                20

                                Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings

                                bull Safety as a value and not a priorityndash Priorities change values do not change

                                and are not compromisedndash Fatigue management should be linked to

                                all prioritiesbull Including fatigue discussions in meetings reinforces the

                                belief that fatigue management is a valuendash Illustrates how safety and CMV driver fatigue relate to all

                                aspects in the organizationbull Reminds employees of your support for reducing fatigue

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                21

                                Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings

                                bull Your attendance in fatigue meetings demonstrates a commitment to fatigue managementndash Recognize and acknowledgendash Feedbackndash Prompt safe behaviorndash Model safe behaviorndash Receive feedback directly from employeesndash Observe risky environmental conditions ndash One-to-one communication

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                22

                                Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

                                bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

                                and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

                                privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                23

                                Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

                                bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

                                performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

                                requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                24

                                Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

                                leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                25

                                Communication About Fatigue Issues

                                bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

                                bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

                                bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

                                bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                26

                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

                                managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

                                2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

                                relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

                                management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                27

                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

                                givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

                                4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

                                management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

                                management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                28

                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

                                5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

                                management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

                                importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

                                driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

                                responsibility of drivers

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                29

                                Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                                >

                                10501249

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                30

                                Empowerment

                                bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                                knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                31

                                Importance of Empowerment

                                bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                                bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                                bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                32

                                Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                                bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                33

                                Increasing Empowerment

                                bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                                feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                                increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                34

                                Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                                bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                                changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                                of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                35

                                Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                                bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                                bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                                bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                                bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                                bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                36

                                Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                                bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                                bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                                bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                37

                                Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                38

                                Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                employee development

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                39

                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                40

                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                FMP

                                4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                41

                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                42

                                Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                43

                                Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                44

                                Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                recognition11 Awareness education and

                                kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                45

                                Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                46

                                Build Trust

                                bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                47

                                Conduct Bench Marking

                                bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                48

                                Management Training and Education

                                bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                49

                                Training Managers

                                bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                50

                                Steering Committee

                                bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                51

                                Assembling the Steering Committee

                                bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                committee

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                52

                                Develop a Safety Vision

                                bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                53

                                Define Roles

                                bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                and finances

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                54

                                Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                55

                                Develop Measures

                                bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                performance measures should be developed

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                56

                                Develop Policies for Recognition

                                bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                individualrsquos failure(s)

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                57

                                Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                58

                                Implement the FMP

                                bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                59

                                Measure Performance

                                bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                measures

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                60

                                Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                progress of the FMP

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                61

                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                involved in the FMPD All the above

                                2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                62

                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                FMPD Both management and drivers

                                4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                63

                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                measuresD Only outcome measures

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                64

                                Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                65

                                You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                66

                                Process Measures

                                bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                67

                                Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                68

                                FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                69

                                Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                70

                                Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                development of the FMP

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                71

                                Outcome Measures

                                bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                72

                                Sleep Duration

                                bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                sleeping meet requirements

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                73

                                Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                74

                                Alertness

                                bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                75

                                Job Satisfaction

                                bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                76

                                Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                77

                                Violations

                                bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                78

                                Crashes

                                bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                circadian lows

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                79

                                Sick Leave

                                bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                80

                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                driver

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                81

                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                82

                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                driving

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                83

                                Conclusion Review and Summary

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                84

                                Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                impacted by the FMP

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                85

                                Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                others

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                86

                                Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                87

                                Continued Safety Culture Change

                                bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                over time with a positive safety culture

                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                88

                                Course Exam Module 2

                                • Slide 1
                                • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                • Module 2 Overview
                                • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                • Safety Triad
                                • Safety Culture
                                • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                • Fatigue Leadership
                                • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                • Empowerment
                                • Importance of Empowerment
                                • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                • Increasing Empowerment
                                • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                • Corporate Culture Change
                                • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                • Build Trust
                                • Conduct Bench Marking
                                • Management Training and Education
                                • Training Managers
                                • Steering Committee
                                • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                • Develop a Safety Vision
                                • Define Roles
                                • Develop Accountability
                                • Develop Measures
                                • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                • Implement the FMP
                                • Measure Performance
                                • Support the FMP
                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                • Process Measures
                                • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                • Outcome Measures
                                • Sleep Duration
                                • Sleep Quality
                                • Alertness
                                • Job Satisfaction
                                • Injuries
                                • Violations
                                • Crashes
                                • Sick Leave
                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                • Course Exam Module 2

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  17

                                  Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management

                                  bull Fatigue management is a shared responsibilitybull Remember the Person-Environment-

                                  Behavior Modelndash You create policies and proceduresndash Necessary knowledge skill ability motivation and

                                  attitudendash Employees behave safely or risky

                                  bull From top-down control to bottom-up involvementbull Interdependent teamwork rather than only

                                  individualized responsibility

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  18

                                  Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management

                                  bull Employees typically obey authoritybull Fatigue management should be supported from the top but

                                  driven by the bottombull Strategies to increase commitment

                                  ndash Prioritization of safety over productionndash Maintaining a high profile for fatigue in meetingsndash Personal attendance of managers at fatigue meetingsndash Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicndash Job descriptions that include safetyfatigue contractsndash Fatigue management leadershipndash Emphasize continued FMP improvement and evaluation

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  19

                                  Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production

                                  bull Increased job performance (eg productivity) may come at the expense of CMV driver fatiguendash Risky behaviors (eg driving while fatigued)

                                  may be rewarded (or not be punished) to increase productivity

                                  ndash May suggest productivity is more important than driver fatigue

                                  bull Fatigue management should be measured and rewarded like productivity

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  20

                                  Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings

                                  bull Safety as a value and not a priorityndash Priorities change values do not change

                                  and are not compromisedndash Fatigue management should be linked to

                                  all prioritiesbull Including fatigue discussions in meetings reinforces the

                                  belief that fatigue management is a valuendash Illustrates how safety and CMV driver fatigue relate to all

                                  aspects in the organizationbull Reminds employees of your support for reducing fatigue

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  21

                                  Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings

                                  bull Your attendance in fatigue meetings demonstrates a commitment to fatigue managementndash Recognize and acknowledgendash Feedbackndash Prompt safe behaviorndash Model safe behaviorndash Receive feedback directly from employeesndash Observe risky environmental conditions ndash One-to-one communication

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  22

                                  Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

                                  bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

                                  and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

                                  privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  23

                                  Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

                                  bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

                                  performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

                                  requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  24

                                  Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

                                  leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  25

                                  Communication About Fatigue Issues

                                  bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

                                  bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

                                  bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

                                  bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  26

                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

                                  managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

                                  2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

                                  relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

                                  management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  27

                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

                                  givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

                                  4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

                                  management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

                                  management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  28

                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

                                  5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

                                  management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

                                  importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

                                  driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

                                  responsibility of drivers

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  29

                                  Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                                  >

                                  10501249

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  30

                                  Empowerment

                                  bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                                  knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  31

                                  Importance of Empowerment

                                  bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                                  bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                                  bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  32

                                  Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                                  bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  33

                                  Increasing Empowerment

                                  bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                                  feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                                  increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  34

                                  Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                                  bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                                  changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                                  of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  35

                                  Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                                  bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                                  bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                                  bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                                  bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                                  bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  36

                                  Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                                  bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                                  bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                                  bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  37

                                  Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                  bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  38

                                  Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                  bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                  bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                  bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                  the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                  employee development

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  39

                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                  A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                  2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                  A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  40

                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                  A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                  B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                  FMP

                                  4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  41

                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                  5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                  and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  42

                                  Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  43

                                  Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                  following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  44

                                  Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                  recognition11 Awareness education and

                                  kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  45

                                  Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                  look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                  concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                  beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                  employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  46

                                  Build Trust

                                  bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                  bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                  development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                  management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  47

                                  Conduct Bench Marking

                                  bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                  bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                  bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  48

                                  Management Training and Education

                                  bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                  bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                  bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  49

                                  Training Managers

                                  bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                  goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  50

                                  Steering Committee

                                  bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                  bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                  bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  51

                                  Assembling the Steering Committee

                                  bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                  will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                  committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                  committee

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  52

                                  Develop a Safety Vision

                                  bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                  organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                  within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                  to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  53

                                  Define Roles

                                  bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                  practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                  comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                  principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                  and finances

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  54

                                  Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                  accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                  Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                  outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  55

                                  Develop Measures

                                  bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                  bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                  tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                  measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                  performance measures should be developed

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  56

                                  Develop Policies for Recognition

                                  bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                  evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                  defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                  recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                  individualrsquos failure(s)

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  57

                                  Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                  bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                  bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                  bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                  bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  58

                                  Implement the FMP

                                  bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                  bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                  bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  59

                                  Measure Performance

                                  bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                  the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                  steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                  measures

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  60

                                  Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                  the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                  to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                  for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                  steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                  progress of the FMP

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  61

                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                  A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                  involved in the FMPD All the above

                                  2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                  A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  62

                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                  A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                  FMPD Both management and drivers

                                  4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  63

                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                  5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                  measuresD Only outcome measures

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  64

                                  Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  65

                                  You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                  bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                  to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                  to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                  they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                  (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  66

                                  Process Measures

                                  bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                  bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                  bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  67

                                  Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                  bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                  bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                  bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                  a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                  airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  68

                                  FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                  bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                  bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                  bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                  bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                  bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  69

                                  Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                  bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                  bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                  bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                  bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  70

                                  Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                  bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                  bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                  are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                  providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                  development of the FMP

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  71

                                  Outcome Measures

                                  bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  72

                                  Sleep Duration

                                  bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                  bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                  bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                  during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                  sleeping meet requirements

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  73

                                  Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                  questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                  bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                  ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                  bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  74

                                  Alertness

                                  bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                  bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                  vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  75

                                  Job Satisfaction

                                  bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                  bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                  bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                  activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  76

                                  Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                  the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                  ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                  associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                  cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                  not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  77

                                  Violations

                                  bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                  bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                  bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                  (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  78

                                  Crashes

                                  bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                  bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                  bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                  violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                  circadian lows

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  79

                                  Sick Leave

                                  bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                  bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                  fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  80

                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                  A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                  2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                  driver

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  81

                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                  procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                  prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                  4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  82

                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                  5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                  hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                  driving

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  83

                                  Conclusion Review and Summary

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  84

                                  Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                  bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                  changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                  in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                  levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                  impacted by the FMP

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  85

                                  Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                  priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                  related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                  safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                  others

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  86

                                  Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                  bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                  bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  87

                                  Continued Safety Culture Change

                                  bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                  implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                  ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                  over time with a positive safety culture

                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                  88

                                  Course Exam Module 2

                                  • Slide 1
                                  • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                  • Module 2 Overview
                                  • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                  • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                  • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                  • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                  • Safety Triad
                                  • Safety Culture
                                  • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                  • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                  • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                  • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                  • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                  • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                  • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                  • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                  • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                  • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                  • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                  • Fatigue Leadership
                                  • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                  • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                  • Empowerment
                                  • Importance of Empowerment
                                  • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                  • Increasing Empowerment
                                  • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                  • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                  • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                  • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                  • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                  • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                  • Corporate Culture Change
                                  • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                  • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                  • Build Trust
                                  • Conduct Bench Marking
                                  • Management Training and Education
                                  • Training Managers
                                  • Steering Committee
                                  • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                  • Develop a Safety Vision
                                  • Define Roles
                                  • Develop Accountability
                                  • Develop Measures
                                  • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                  • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                  • Implement the FMP
                                  • Measure Performance
                                  • Support the FMP
                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                  • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                  • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                  • Process Measures
                                  • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                  • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                  • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                  • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                  • Outcome Measures
                                  • Sleep Duration
                                  • Sleep Quality
                                  • Alertness
                                  • Job Satisfaction
                                  • Injuries
                                  • Violations
                                  • Crashes
                                  • Sick Leave
                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                  • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                  • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                  • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                  • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                  • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                  • Course Exam Module 2

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    18

                                    Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management

                                    bull Employees typically obey authoritybull Fatigue management should be supported from the top but

                                    driven by the bottombull Strategies to increase commitment

                                    ndash Prioritization of safety over productionndash Maintaining a high profile for fatigue in meetingsndash Personal attendance of managers at fatigue meetingsndash Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicndash Job descriptions that include safetyfatigue contractsndash Fatigue management leadershipndash Emphasize continued FMP improvement and evaluation

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    19

                                    Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production

                                    bull Increased job performance (eg productivity) may come at the expense of CMV driver fatiguendash Risky behaviors (eg driving while fatigued)

                                    may be rewarded (or not be punished) to increase productivity

                                    ndash May suggest productivity is more important than driver fatigue

                                    bull Fatigue management should be measured and rewarded like productivity

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    20

                                    Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings

                                    bull Safety as a value and not a priorityndash Priorities change values do not change

                                    and are not compromisedndash Fatigue management should be linked to

                                    all prioritiesbull Including fatigue discussions in meetings reinforces the

                                    belief that fatigue management is a valuendash Illustrates how safety and CMV driver fatigue relate to all

                                    aspects in the organizationbull Reminds employees of your support for reducing fatigue

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    21

                                    Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings

                                    bull Your attendance in fatigue meetings demonstrates a commitment to fatigue managementndash Recognize and acknowledgendash Feedbackndash Prompt safe behaviorndash Model safe behaviorndash Receive feedback directly from employeesndash Observe risky environmental conditions ndash One-to-one communication

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    22

                                    Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

                                    bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

                                    and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

                                    privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    23

                                    Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

                                    bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

                                    performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

                                    requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    24

                                    Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

                                    leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    25

                                    Communication About Fatigue Issues

                                    bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

                                    bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

                                    bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

                                    bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    26

                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

                                    managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

                                    2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

                                    relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

                                    management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    27

                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

                                    givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

                                    4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

                                    management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

                                    management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    28

                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

                                    5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

                                    management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

                                    importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

                                    driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

                                    responsibility of drivers

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    29

                                    Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                                    >

                                    10501249

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    30

                                    Empowerment

                                    bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                                    knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    31

                                    Importance of Empowerment

                                    bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                                    bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                                    bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    32

                                    Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                                    bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    33

                                    Increasing Empowerment

                                    bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                                    feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                                    increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    34

                                    Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                                    bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                                    changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                                    of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    35

                                    Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                                    bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                                    bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                                    bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                                    bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                                    bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    36

                                    Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                                    bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                                    bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                                    bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    37

                                    Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                    bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    38

                                    Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                    bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                    bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                    bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                    the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                    employee development

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    39

                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                    A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                    2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                    A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    40

                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                    A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                    B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                    FMP

                                    4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    41

                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                    5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                    and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    42

                                    Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    43

                                    Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                    following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    44

                                    Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                    recognition11 Awareness education and

                                    kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    45

                                    Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                    look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                    concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                    beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                    employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    46

                                    Build Trust

                                    bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                    bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                    development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                    management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    47

                                    Conduct Bench Marking

                                    bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                    bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                    bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    48

                                    Management Training and Education

                                    bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                    bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                    bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    49

                                    Training Managers

                                    bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                    goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    50

                                    Steering Committee

                                    bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                    bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                    bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    51

                                    Assembling the Steering Committee

                                    bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                    will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                    committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                    committee

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    52

                                    Develop a Safety Vision

                                    bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                    organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                    within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                    to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    53

                                    Define Roles

                                    bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                    practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                    comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                    principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                    and finances

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    54

                                    Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                    accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                    Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                    outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    55

                                    Develop Measures

                                    bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                    bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                    tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                    measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                    performance measures should be developed

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    56

                                    Develop Policies for Recognition

                                    bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                    evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                    defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                    recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                    individualrsquos failure(s)

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    57

                                    Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                    bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                    bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                    bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                    bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    58

                                    Implement the FMP

                                    bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                    bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                    bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    59

                                    Measure Performance

                                    bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                    the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                    steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                    measures

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    60

                                    Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                    the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                    to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                    for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                    steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                    progress of the FMP

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    61

                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                    A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                    involved in the FMPD All the above

                                    2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                    A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    62

                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                    A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                    FMPD Both management and drivers

                                    4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    63

                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                    5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                    measuresD Only outcome measures

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    64

                                    Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    65

                                    You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                    bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                    to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                    to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                    they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                    (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    66

                                    Process Measures

                                    bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                    bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                    bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    67

                                    Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                    bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                    bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                    bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                    a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                    airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    68

                                    FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                    bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                    bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                    bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                    bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                    bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    69

                                    Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                    bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                    bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                    bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                    bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    70

                                    Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                    bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                    bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                    are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                    providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                    development of the FMP

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    71

                                    Outcome Measures

                                    bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    72

                                    Sleep Duration

                                    bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                    bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                    bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                    during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                    sleeping meet requirements

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    73

                                    Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                    questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                    bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                    ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                    bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    74

                                    Alertness

                                    bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                    bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                    vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    75

                                    Job Satisfaction

                                    bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                    bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                    bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                    activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    76

                                    Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                    the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                    ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                    associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                    cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                    not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    77

                                    Violations

                                    bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                    bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                    bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                    (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    78

                                    Crashes

                                    bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                    bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                    bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                    violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                    circadian lows

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    79

                                    Sick Leave

                                    bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                    bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                    fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    80

                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                    A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                    2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                    driver

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    81

                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                    procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                    prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                    4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    82

                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                    5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                    hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                    driving

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    83

                                    Conclusion Review and Summary

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    84

                                    Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                    bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                    changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                    in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                    levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                    impacted by the FMP

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    85

                                    Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                    priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                    related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                    safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                    others

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    86

                                    Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                    bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                    bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    87

                                    Continued Safety Culture Change

                                    bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                    implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                    ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                    over time with a positive safety culture

                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                    88

                                    Course Exam Module 2

                                    • Slide 1
                                    • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                    • Module 2 Overview
                                    • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                    • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                    • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                    • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                    • Safety Triad
                                    • Safety Culture
                                    • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                    • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                    • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                    • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                    • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                    • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                    • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                    • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                    • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                    • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                    • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                    • Fatigue Leadership
                                    • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                    • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                    • Empowerment
                                    • Importance of Empowerment
                                    • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                    • Increasing Empowerment
                                    • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                    • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                    • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                    • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                    • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                    • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                    • Corporate Culture Change
                                    • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                    • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                    • Build Trust
                                    • Conduct Bench Marking
                                    • Management Training and Education
                                    • Training Managers
                                    • Steering Committee
                                    • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                    • Develop a Safety Vision
                                    • Define Roles
                                    • Develop Accountability
                                    • Develop Measures
                                    • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                    • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                    • Implement the FMP
                                    • Measure Performance
                                    • Support the FMP
                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                    • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                    • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                    • Process Measures
                                    • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                    • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                    • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                    • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                    • Outcome Measures
                                    • Sleep Duration
                                    • Sleep Quality
                                    • Alertness
                                    • Job Satisfaction
                                    • Injuries
                                    • Violations
                                    • Crashes
                                    • Sick Leave
                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                    • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                    • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                    • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                    • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                    • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                    • Course Exam Module 2

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      19

                                      Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production

                                      bull Increased job performance (eg productivity) may come at the expense of CMV driver fatiguendash Risky behaviors (eg driving while fatigued)

                                      may be rewarded (or not be punished) to increase productivity

                                      ndash May suggest productivity is more important than driver fatigue

                                      bull Fatigue management should be measured and rewarded like productivity

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      20

                                      Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings

                                      bull Safety as a value and not a priorityndash Priorities change values do not change

                                      and are not compromisedndash Fatigue management should be linked to

                                      all prioritiesbull Including fatigue discussions in meetings reinforces the

                                      belief that fatigue management is a valuendash Illustrates how safety and CMV driver fatigue relate to all

                                      aspects in the organizationbull Reminds employees of your support for reducing fatigue

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      21

                                      Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings

                                      bull Your attendance in fatigue meetings demonstrates a commitment to fatigue managementndash Recognize and acknowledgendash Feedbackndash Prompt safe behaviorndash Model safe behaviorndash Receive feedback directly from employeesndash Observe risky environmental conditions ndash One-to-one communication

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      22

                                      Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

                                      bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

                                      and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

                                      privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      23

                                      Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

                                      bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

                                      performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

                                      requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      24

                                      Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

                                      leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      25

                                      Communication About Fatigue Issues

                                      bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

                                      bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

                                      bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

                                      bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      26

                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

                                      managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

                                      2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

                                      relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

                                      management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      27

                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

                                      givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

                                      4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

                                      management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

                                      management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      28

                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

                                      5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

                                      management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

                                      importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

                                      driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

                                      responsibility of drivers

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      29

                                      Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                                      >

                                      10501249

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      30

                                      Empowerment

                                      bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                                      knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      31

                                      Importance of Empowerment

                                      bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                                      bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                                      bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      32

                                      Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                                      bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      33

                                      Increasing Empowerment

                                      bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                                      feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                                      increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      34

                                      Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                                      bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                                      changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                                      of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      35

                                      Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                                      bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                                      bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                                      bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                                      bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                                      bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      36

                                      Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                                      bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                                      bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                                      bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      37

                                      Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                      bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      38

                                      Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                      bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                      bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                      bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                      the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                      employee development

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      39

                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                      A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                      2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                      A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      40

                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                      A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                      B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                      FMP

                                      4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      41

                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                      5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                      and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      42

                                      Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      43

                                      Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                      following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      44

                                      Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                      recognition11 Awareness education and

                                      kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      45

                                      Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                      look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                      concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                      beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                      employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      46

                                      Build Trust

                                      bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                      bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                      development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                      management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      47

                                      Conduct Bench Marking

                                      bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                      bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                      bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      48

                                      Management Training and Education

                                      bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                      bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                      bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      49

                                      Training Managers

                                      bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                      goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      50

                                      Steering Committee

                                      bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                      bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                      bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      51

                                      Assembling the Steering Committee

                                      bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                      will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                      committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                      committee

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      52

                                      Develop a Safety Vision

                                      bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                      organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                      within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                      to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      53

                                      Define Roles

                                      bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                      practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                      comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                      principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                      and finances

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      54

                                      Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                      accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                      Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                      outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      55

                                      Develop Measures

                                      bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                      bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                      tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                      measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                      performance measures should be developed

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      56

                                      Develop Policies for Recognition

                                      bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                      evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                      defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                      recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                      individualrsquos failure(s)

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      57

                                      Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                      bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                      bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                      bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                      bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      58

                                      Implement the FMP

                                      bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                      bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                      bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      59

                                      Measure Performance

                                      bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                      the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                      steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                      measures

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      60

                                      Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                      the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                      to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                      for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                      steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                      progress of the FMP

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      61

                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                      A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                      involved in the FMPD All the above

                                      2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                      A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      62

                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                      A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                      FMPD Both management and drivers

                                      4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      63

                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                      5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                      measuresD Only outcome measures

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      64

                                      Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      65

                                      You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                      bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                      to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                      to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                      they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                      (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      66

                                      Process Measures

                                      bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                      bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                      bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      67

                                      Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                      bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                      bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                      bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                      a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                      airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      68

                                      FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                      bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                      bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                      bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                      bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                      bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      69

                                      Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                      bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                      bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                      bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                      bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      70

                                      Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                      bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                      bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                      are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                      providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                      development of the FMP

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      71

                                      Outcome Measures

                                      bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      72

                                      Sleep Duration

                                      bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                      bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                      bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                      during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                      sleeping meet requirements

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      73

                                      Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                      questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                      bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                      ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                      bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      74

                                      Alertness

                                      bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                      bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                      vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      75

                                      Job Satisfaction

                                      bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                      bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                      bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                      activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      76

                                      Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                      the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                      ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                      associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                      cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                      not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      77

                                      Violations

                                      bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                      bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                      bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                      (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      78

                                      Crashes

                                      bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                      bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                      bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                      violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                      circadian lows

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      79

                                      Sick Leave

                                      bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                      bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                      fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      80

                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                      A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                      2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                      driver

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      81

                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                      procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                      prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                      4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      82

                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                      5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                      hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                      driving

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      83

                                      Conclusion Review and Summary

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      84

                                      Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                      bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                      changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                      in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                      levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                      impacted by the FMP

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      85

                                      Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                      priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                      related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                      safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                      others

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      86

                                      Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                      bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                      bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      87

                                      Continued Safety Culture Change

                                      bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                      implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                      ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                      over time with a positive safety culture

                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                      88

                                      Course Exam Module 2

                                      • Slide 1
                                      • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                      • Module 2 Overview
                                      • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                      • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                      • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                      • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                      • Safety Triad
                                      • Safety Culture
                                      • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                      • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                      • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                      • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                      • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                      • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                      • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                      • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                      • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                      • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                      • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                      • Fatigue Leadership
                                      • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                      • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                      • Empowerment
                                      • Importance of Empowerment
                                      • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                      • Increasing Empowerment
                                      • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                      • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                      • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                      • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                      • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                      • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                      • Corporate Culture Change
                                      • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                      • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                      • Build Trust
                                      • Conduct Bench Marking
                                      • Management Training and Education
                                      • Training Managers
                                      • Steering Committee
                                      • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                      • Develop a Safety Vision
                                      • Define Roles
                                      • Develop Accountability
                                      • Develop Measures
                                      • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                      • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                      • Implement the FMP
                                      • Measure Performance
                                      • Support the FMP
                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                      • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                      • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                      • Process Measures
                                      • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                      • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                      • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                      • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                      • Outcome Measures
                                      • Sleep Duration
                                      • Sleep Quality
                                      • Alertness
                                      • Job Satisfaction
                                      • Injuries
                                      • Violations
                                      • Crashes
                                      • Sick Leave
                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                      • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                      • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                      • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                      • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                      • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                      • Course Exam Module 2

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        20

                                        Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings

                                        bull Safety as a value and not a priorityndash Priorities change values do not change

                                        and are not compromisedndash Fatigue management should be linked to

                                        all prioritiesbull Including fatigue discussions in meetings reinforces the

                                        belief that fatigue management is a valuendash Illustrates how safety and CMV driver fatigue relate to all

                                        aspects in the organizationbull Reminds employees of your support for reducing fatigue

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        21

                                        Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings

                                        bull Your attendance in fatigue meetings demonstrates a commitment to fatigue managementndash Recognize and acknowledgendash Feedbackndash Prompt safe behaviorndash Model safe behaviorndash Receive feedback directly from employeesndash Observe risky environmental conditions ndash One-to-one communication

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        22

                                        Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

                                        bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

                                        and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

                                        privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        23

                                        Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

                                        bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

                                        performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

                                        requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        24

                                        Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

                                        leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        25

                                        Communication About Fatigue Issues

                                        bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

                                        bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

                                        bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

                                        bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        26

                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

                                        managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

                                        2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

                                        relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

                                        management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        27

                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

                                        givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

                                        4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

                                        management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

                                        management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        28

                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

                                        5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

                                        management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

                                        importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

                                        driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

                                        responsibility of drivers

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        29

                                        Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                                        >

                                        10501249

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        30

                                        Empowerment

                                        bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                                        knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        31

                                        Importance of Empowerment

                                        bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                                        bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                                        bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        32

                                        Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                                        bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        33

                                        Increasing Empowerment

                                        bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                                        feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                                        increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        34

                                        Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                                        bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                                        changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                                        of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        35

                                        Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                                        bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                                        bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                                        bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                                        bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                                        bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        36

                                        Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                                        bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                                        bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                                        bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        37

                                        Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                        bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        38

                                        Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                        bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                        bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                        bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                        the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                        employee development

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        39

                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                        A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                        2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                        A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        40

                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                        A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                        B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                        FMP

                                        4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        41

                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                        5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                        and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        42

                                        Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        43

                                        Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                        following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        44

                                        Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                        recognition11 Awareness education and

                                        kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        45

                                        Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                        look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                        concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                        beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                        employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        46

                                        Build Trust

                                        bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                        bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                        development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                        management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        47

                                        Conduct Bench Marking

                                        bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                        bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                        bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        48

                                        Management Training and Education

                                        bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                        bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                        bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        49

                                        Training Managers

                                        bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                        goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        50

                                        Steering Committee

                                        bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                        bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                        bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        51

                                        Assembling the Steering Committee

                                        bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                        will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                        committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                        committee

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        52

                                        Develop a Safety Vision

                                        bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                        organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                        within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                        to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        53

                                        Define Roles

                                        bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                        practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                        comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                        principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                        and finances

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        54

                                        Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                        accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                        Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                        outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        55

                                        Develop Measures

                                        bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                        bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                        tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                        measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                        performance measures should be developed

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        56

                                        Develop Policies for Recognition

                                        bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                        evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                        defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                        recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                        individualrsquos failure(s)

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        57

                                        Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                        bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                        bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                        bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                        bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        58

                                        Implement the FMP

                                        bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                        bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                        bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        59

                                        Measure Performance

                                        bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                        the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                        steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                        measures

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        60

                                        Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                        the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                        to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                        for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                        steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                        progress of the FMP

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        61

                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                        A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                        involved in the FMPD All the above

                                        2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                        A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        62

                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                        A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                        FMPD Both management and drivers

                                        4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        63

                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                        5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                        measuresD Only outcome measures

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        64

                                        Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        65

                                        You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                        bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                        to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                        to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                        they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                        (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        66

                                        Process Measures

                                        bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                        bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                        bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        67

                                        Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                        bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                        bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                        bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                        a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                        airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        68

                                        FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                        bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                        bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                        bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                        bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                        bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        69

                                        Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                        bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                        bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                        bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                        bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        70

                                        Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                        bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                        bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                        are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                        providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                        development of the FMP

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        71

                                        Outcome Measures

                                        bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        72

                                        Sleep Duration

                                        bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                        bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                        bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                        during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                        sleeping meet requirements

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        73

                                        Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                        questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                        bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                        ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                        bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        74

                                        Alertness

                                        bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                        bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                        vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        75

                                        Job Satisfaction

                                        bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                        bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                        bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                        activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        76

                                        Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                        the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                        ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                        associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                        cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                        not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        77

                                        Violations

                                        bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                        bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                        bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                        (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        78

                                        Crashes

                                        bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                        bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                        bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                        violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                        circadian lows

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        79

                                        Sick Leave

                                        bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                        bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                        fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        80

                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                        A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                        2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                        driver

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        81

                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                        procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                        prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                        4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        82

                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                        5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                        hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                        driving

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        83

                                        Conclusion Review and Summary

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        84

                                        Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                        bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                        changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                        in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                        levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                        impacted by the FMP

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        85

                                        Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                        priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                        related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                        safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                        others

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        86

                                        Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                        bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                        bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        87

                                        Continued Safety Culture Change

                                        bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                        implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                        ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                        over time with a positive safety culture

                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                        88

                                        Course Exam Module 2

                                        • Slide 1
                                        • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                        • Module 2 Overview
                                        • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                        • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                        • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                        • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                        • Safety Triad
                                        • Safety Culture
                                        • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                        • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                        • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                        • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                        • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                        • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                        • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                        • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                        • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                        • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                        • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                        • Fatigue Leadership
                                        • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                        • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                        • Empowerment
                                        • Importance of Empowerment
                                        • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                        • Increasing Empowerment
                                        • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                        • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                        • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                        • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                        • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                        • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                        • Corporate Culture Change
                                        • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                        • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                        • Build Trust
                                        • Conduct Bench Marking
                                        • Management Training and Education
                                        • Training Managers
                                        • Steering Committee
                                        • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                        • Develop a Safety Vision
                                        • Define Roles
                                        • Develop Accountability
                                        • Develop Measures
                                        • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                        • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                        • Implement the FMP
                                        • Measure Performance
                                        • Support the FMP
                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                        • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                        • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                        • Process Measures
                                        • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                        • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                        • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                        • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                        • Outcome Measures
                                        • Sleep Duration
                                        • Sleep Quality
                                        • Alertness
                                        • Job Satisfaction
                                        • Injuries
                                        • Violations
                                        • Crashes
                                        • Sick Leave
                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                        • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                        • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                        • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                        • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                        • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                        • Course Exam Module 2

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          21

                                          Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings

                                          bull Your attendance in fatigue meetings demonstrates a commitment to fatigue managementndash Recognize and acknowledgendash Feedbackndash Prompt safe behaviorndash Model safe behaviorndash Receive feedback directly from employeesndash Observe risky environmental conditions ndash One-to-one communication

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          22

                                          Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

                                          bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

                                          and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

                                          privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          23

                                          Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

                                          bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

                                          performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

                                          requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          24

                                          Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

                                          leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          25

                                          Communication About Fatigue Issues

                                          bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

                                          bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

                                          bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

                                          bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          26

                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

                                          managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

                                          2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

                                          relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

                                          management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          27

                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

                                          givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

                                          4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

                                          management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

                                          management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          28

                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

                                          5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

                                          management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

                                          importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

                                          driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

                                          responsibility of drivers

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          29

                                          Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                                          >

                                          10501249

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          30

                                          Empowerment

                                          bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                                          knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          31

                                          Importance of Empowerment

                                          bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                                          bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                                          bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          32

                                          Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                                          bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          33

                                          Increasing Empowerment

                                          bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                                          feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                                          increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          34

                                          Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                                          bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                                          changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                                          of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          35

                                          Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                                          bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                                          bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                                          bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                                          bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                                          bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          36

                                          Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                                          bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                                          bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                                          bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          37

                                          Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                          bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          38

                                          Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                          bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                          bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                          bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                          the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                          employee development

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          39

                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                          A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                          2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                          A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          40

                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                          A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                          B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                          FMP

                                          4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          41

                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                          5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                          and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          42

                                          Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          43

                                          Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                          following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          44

                                          Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                          recognition11 Awareness education and

                                          kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          45

                                          Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                          look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                          concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                          beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                          employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          46

                                          Build Trust

                                          bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                          bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                          development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                          management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          47

                                          Conduct Bench Marking

                                          bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                          bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                          bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          48

                                          Management Training and Education

                                          bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                          bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                          bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          49

                                          Training Managers

                                          bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                          goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          50

                                          Steering Committee

                                          bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                          bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                          bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          51

                                          Assembling the Steering Committee

                                          bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                          will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                          committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                          committee

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          52

                                          Develop a Safety Vision

                                          bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                          organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                          within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                          to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          53

                                          Define Roles

                                          bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                          practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                          comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                          principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                          and finances

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          54

                                          Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                          accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                          Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                          outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          55

                                          Develop Measures

                                          bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                          bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                          tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                          measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                          performance measures should be developed

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          56

                                          Develop Policies for Recognition

                                          bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                          evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                          defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                          recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                          individualrsquos failure(s)

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          57

                                          Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                          bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                          bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                          bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                          bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          58

                                          Implement the FMP

                                          bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                          bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                          bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          59

                                          Measure Performance

                                          bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                          the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                          steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                          measures

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          60

                                          Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                          the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                          to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                          for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                          steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                          progress of the FMP

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          61

                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                          A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                          involved in the FMPD All the above

                                          2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                          A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          62

                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                          A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                          FMPD Both management and drivers

                                          4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          63

                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                          5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                          measuresD Only outcome measures

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          64

                                          Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          65

                                          You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                          bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                          to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                          to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                          they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                          (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          66

                                          Process Measures

                                          bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                          bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                          bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          67

                                          Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                          bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                          bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                          bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                          a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                          airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          68

                                          FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                          bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                          bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                          bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                          bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                          bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          69

                                          Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                          bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                          bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                          bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                          bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          70

                                          Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                          bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                          bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                          are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                          providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                          development of the FMP

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          71

                                          Outcome Measures

                                          bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          72

                                          Sleep Duration

                                          bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                          bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                          bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                          during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                          sleeping meet requirements

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          73

                                          Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                          questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                          bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                          ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                          bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          74

                                          Alertness

                                          bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                          bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                          vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          75

                                          Job Satisfaction

                                          bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                          bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                          bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                          activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          76

                                          Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                          the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                          ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                          associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                          cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                          not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          77

                                          Violations

                                          bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                          bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                          bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                          (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          78

                                          Crashes

                                          bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                          bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                          bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                          violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                          circadian lows

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          79

                                          Sick Leave

                                          bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                          bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                          fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          80

                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                          A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                          2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                          driver

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          81

                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                          procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                          prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                          4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          82

                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                          5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                          hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                          driving

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          83

                                          Conclusion Review and Summary

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          84

                                          Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                          bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                          changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                          in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                          levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                          impacted by the FMP

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          85

                                          Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                          priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                          related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                          safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                          others

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          86

                                          Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                          bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                          bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          87

                                          Continued Safety Culture Change

                                          bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                          implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                          ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                          over time with a positive safety culture

                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                          88

                                          Course Exam Module 2

                                          • Slide 1
                                          • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                          • Module 2 Overview
                                          • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                          • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                          • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                          • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                          • Safety Triad
                                          • Safety Culture
                                          • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                          • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                          • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                          • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                          • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                          • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                          • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                          • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                          • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                          • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                          • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                          • Fatigue Leadership
                                          • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                          • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                          • Empowerment
                                          • Importance of Empowerment
                                          • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                          • Increasing Empowerment
                                          • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                          • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                          • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                          • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                          • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                          • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                          • Corporate Culture Change
                                          • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                          • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                          • Build Trust
                                          • Conduct Bench Marking
                                          • Management Training and Education
                                          • Training Managers
                                          • Steering Committee
                                          • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                          • Develop a Safety Vision
                                          • Define Roles
                                          • Develop Accountability
                                          • Develop Measures
                                          • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                          • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                          • Implement the FMP
                                          • Measure Performance
                                          • Support the FMP
                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                          • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                          • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                          • Process Measures
                                          • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                          • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                          • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                          • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                          • Outcome Measures
                                          • Sleep Duration
                                          • Sleep Quality
                                          • Alertness
                                          • Job Satisfaction
                                          • Injuries
                                          • Violations
                                          • Crashes
                                          • Sick Leave
                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                          • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                          • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                          • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                          • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                          • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                          • Course Exam Module 2

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            22

                                            Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a Topic

                                            bull Show you value CMV driver fatigue managementbull Provide praise and recognition for safe behavior

                                            and self-reports of fatiguebull Provide corrective fatigue-related feedback

                                            privately bull Receive feedback from the employeebull Develop personal fatigue- related goals

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            23

                                            Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

                                            bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

                                            performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

                                            requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            24

                                            Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

                                            leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            25

                                            Communication About Fatigue Issues

                                            bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

                                            bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

                                            bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

                                            bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            26

                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

                                            managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

                                            2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

                                            relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

                                            management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            27

                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

                                            givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

                                            4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

                                            management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

                                            management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            28

                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

                                            5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

                                            management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

                                            importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

                                            driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

                                            responsibility of drivers

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            29

                                            Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                                            >

                                            10501249

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            30

                                            Empowerment

                                            bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                                            knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            31

                                            Importance of Empowerment

                                            bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                                            bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                                            bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            32

                                            Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                                            bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            33

                                            Increasing Empowerment

                                            bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                                            feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                                            increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            34

                                            Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                                            bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                                            changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                                            of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            35

                                            Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                                            bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                                            bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                                            bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                                            bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                                            bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            36

                                            Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                                            bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                                            bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                                            bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            37

                                            Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                            bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            38

                                            Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                            bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                            bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                            bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                            the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                            employee development

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            39

                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                            A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                            2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                            A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            40

                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                            A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                            B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                            FMP

                                            4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            41

                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                            5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                            and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            42

                                            Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            43

                                            Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                            following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            44

                                            Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                            recognition11 Awareness education and

                                            kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            45

                                            Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                            look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                            concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                            beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                            employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            46

                                            Build Trust

                                            bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                            bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                            development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                            management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            47

                                            Conduct Bench Marking

                                            bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                            bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                            bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            48

                                            Management Training and Education

                                            bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                            bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                            bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            49

                                            Training Managers

                                            bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                            goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            50

                                            Steering Committee

                                            bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                            bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                            bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            51

                                            Assembling the Steering Committee

                                            bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                            will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                            committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                            committee

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            52

                                            Develop a Safety Vision

                                            bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                            organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                            within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                            to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            53

                                            Define Roles

                                            bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                            practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                            comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                            principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                            and finances

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            54

                                            Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                            accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                            Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                            outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            55

                                            Develop Measures

                                            bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                            bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                            tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                            measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                            performance measures should be developed

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            56

                                            Develop Policies for Recognition

                                            bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                            evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                            defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                            recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                            individualrsquos failure(s)

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            57

                                            Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                            bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                            bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                            bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                            bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            58

                                            Implement the FMP

                                            bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                            bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                            bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            59

                                            Measure Performance

                                            bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                            the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                            steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                            measures

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            60

                                            Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                            the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                            to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                            for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                            steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                            progress of the FMP

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            61

                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                            A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                            involved in the FMPD All the above

                                            2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                            A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            62

                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                            A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                            FMPD Both management and drivers

                                            4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            63

                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                            5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                            measuresD Only outcome measures

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            64

                                            Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            65

                                            You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                            bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                            to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                            to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                            they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                            (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            66

                                            Process Measures

                                            bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                            bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                            bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            67

                                            Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                            bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                            bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                            bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                            a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                            airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            68

                                            FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                            bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                            bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                            bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                            bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                            bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            69

                                            Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                            bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                            bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                            bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                            bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            70

                                            Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                            bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                            bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                            are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                            providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                            development of the FMP

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            71

                                            Outcome Measures

                                            bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            72

                                            Sleep Duration

                                            bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                            bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                            bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                            during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                            sleeping meet requirements

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            73

                                            Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                            questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                            bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                            ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                            bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            74

                                            Alertness

                                            bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                            bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                            vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            75

                                            Job Satisfaction

                                            bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                            bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                            bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                            activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            76

                                            Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                            the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                            ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                            associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                            cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                            not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            77

                                            Violations

                                            bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                            bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                            bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                            (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            78

                                            Crashes

                                            bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                            bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                            bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                            violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                            circadian lows

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            79

                                            Sick Leave

                                            bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                            bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                            fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            80

                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                            A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                            2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                            driver

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            81

                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                            procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                            prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                            4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            82

                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                            5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                            hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                            driving

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            83

                                            Conclusion Review and Summary

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            84

                                            Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                            bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                            changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                            in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                            levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                            impacted by the FMP

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            85

                                            Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                            priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                            related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                            safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                            others

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            86

                                            Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                            bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                            bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            87

                                            Continued Safety Culture Change

                                            bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                            implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                            ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                            over time with a positive safety culture

                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                            88

                                            Course Exam Module 2

                                            • Slide 1
                                            • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                            • Module 2 Overview
                                            • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                            • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                            • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                            • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                            • Safety Triad
                                            • Safety Culture
                                            • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                            • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                            • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                            • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                            • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                            • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                            • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                            • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                            • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                            • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                            • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                            • Fatigue Leadership
                                            • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                            • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                            • Empowerment
                                            • Importance of Empowerment
                                            • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                            • Increasing Empowerment
                                            • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                            • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                            • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                            • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                            • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                            • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                            • Corporate Culture Change
                                            • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                            • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                            • Build Trust
                                            • Conduct Bench Marking
                                            • Management Training and Education
                                            • Training Managers
                                            • Steering Committee
                                            • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                            • Develop a Safety Vision
                                            • Define Roles
                                            • Develop Accountability
                                            • Develop Measures
                                            • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                            • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                            • Implement the FMP
                                            • Measure Performance
                                            • Support the FMP
                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                            • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                            • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                            • Process Measures
                                            • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                            • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                            • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                            • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                            • Outcome Measures
                                            • Sleep Duration
                                            • Sleep Quality
                                            • Alertness
                                            • Job Satisfaction
                                            • Injuries
                                            • Violations
                                            • Crashes
                                            • Sick Leave
                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                            • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                            • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                            • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                            • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                            • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                            • Course Exam Module 2

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              23

                                              Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts

                                              bull Show fatigue management is valuedbull Demonstrate how fatigue relates to the jobbull Provide personal accountability for fatigued driving

                                              performancebull Review non-fatigued driving as an essential job

                                              requirementbull Describe fatigue-related policies and procedures

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              24

                                              Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

                                              leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              25

                                              Communication About Fatigue Issues

                                              bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

                                              bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

                                              bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

                                              bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              26

                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

                                              managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

                                              2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

                                              relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

                                              management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              27

                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

                                              givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

                                              4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

                                              management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

                                              management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              28

                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

                                              5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

                                              management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

                                              importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

                                              driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

                                              responsibility of drivers

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              29

                                              Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                                              >

                                              10501249

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              30

                                              Empowerment

                                              bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                                              knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              31

                                              Importance of Empowerment

                                              bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                                              bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                                              bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              32

                                              Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                                              bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              33

                                              Increasing Empowerment

                                              bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                                              feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                                              increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              34

                                              Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                                              bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                                              changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                                              of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              35

                                              Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                                              bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                                              bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                                              bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                                              bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                                              bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              36

                                              Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                                              bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                                              bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                                              bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              37

                                              Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                              bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              38

                                              Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                              bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                              bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                              bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                              the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                              employee development

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              39

                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                              A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                              2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                              A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              40

                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                              A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                              B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                              FMP

                                              4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              41

                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                              5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                              and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              42

                                              Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              43

                                              Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                              following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              44

                                              Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                              recognition11 Awareness education and

                                              kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              45

                                              Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                              look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                              concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                              beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                              employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              46

                                              Build Trust

                                              bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                              bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                              development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                              management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              47

                                              Conduct Bench Marking

                                              bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                              bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                              bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              48

                                              Management Training and Education

                                              bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                              bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                              bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              49

                                              Training Managers

                                              bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                              goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              50

                                              Steering Committee

                                              bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                              bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                              bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              51

                                              Assembling the Steering Committee

                                              bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                              will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                              committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                              committee

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              52

                                              Develop a Safety Vision

                                              bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                              organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                              within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                              to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              53

                                              Define Roles

                                              bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                              practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                              comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                              principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                              and finances

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              54

                                              Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                              accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                              Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                              outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              55

                                              Develop Measures

                                              bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                              bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                              tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                              measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                              performance measures should be developed

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              56

                                              Develop Policies for Recognition

                                              bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                              evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                              defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                              recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                              individualrsquos failure(s)

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              57

                                              Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                              bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                              bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                              bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                              bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              58

                                              Implement the FMP

                                              bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                              bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                              bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              59

                                              Measure Performance

                                              bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                              the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                              steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                              measures

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              60

                                              Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                              the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                              to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                              for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                              steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                              progress of the FMP

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              61

                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                              A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                              involved in the FMPD All the above

                                              2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                              A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              62

                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                              A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                              FMPD Both management and drivers

                                              4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              63

                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                              5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                              measuresD Only outcome measures

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              64

                                              Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              65

                                              You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                              bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                              to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                              to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                              they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                              (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              66

                                              Process Measures

                                              bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                              bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                              bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              67

                                              Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                              bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                              bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                              bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                              a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                              airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              68

                                              FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                              bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                              bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                              bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                              bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                              bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              69

                                              Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                              bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                              bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                              bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                              bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              70

                                              Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                              bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                              bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                              are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                              providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                              development of the FMP

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              71

                                              Outcome Measures

                                              bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              72

                                              Sleep Duration

                                              bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                              bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                              bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                              during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                              sleeping meet requirements

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              73

                                              Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                              questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                              bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                              ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                              bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              74

                                              Alertness

                                              bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                              bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                              vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              75

                                              Job Satisfaction

                                              bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                              bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                              bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                              activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              76

                                              Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                              the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                              ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                              associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                              cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                              not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              77

                                              Violations

                                              bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                              bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                              bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                              (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              78

                                              Crashes

                                              bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                              bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                              bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                              violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                              circadian lows

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              79

                                              Sick Leave

                                              bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                              bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                              fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              80

                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                              A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                              2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                              driver

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              81

                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                              procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                              prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                              4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              82

                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                              5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                              hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                              driving

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              83

                                              Conclusion Review and Summary

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              84

                                              Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                              bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                              changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                              in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                              levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                              impacted by the FMP

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              85

                                              Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                              priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                              related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                              safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                              others

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              86

                                              Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                              bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                              bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              87

                                              Continued Safety Culture Change

                                              bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                              implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                              ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                              over time with a positive safety culture

                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                              88

                                              Course Exam Module 2

                                              • Slide 1
                                              • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                              • Module 2 Overview
                                              • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                              • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                              • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                              • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                              • Safety Triad
                                              • Safety Culture
                                              • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                              • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                              • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                              • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                              • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                              • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                              • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                              • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                              • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                              • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                              • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                              • Fatigue Leadership
                                              • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                              • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                              • Empowerment
                                              • Importance of Empowerment
                                              • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                              • Increasing Empowerment
                                              • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                              • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                              • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                              • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                              • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                              • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                              • Corporate Culture Change
                                              • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                              • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                              • Build Trust
                                              • Conduct Bench Marking
                                              • Management Training and Education
                                              • Training Managers
                                              • Steering Committee
                                              • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                              • Develop a Safety Vision
                                              • Define Roles
                                              • Develop Accountability
                                              • Develop Measures
                                              • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                              • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                              • Implement the FMP
                                              • Measure Performance
                                              • Support the FMP
                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                              • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                              • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                              • Process Measures
                                              • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                              • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                              • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                              • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                              • Outcome Measures
                                              • Sleep Duration
                                              • Sleep Quality
                                              • Alertness
                                              • Job Satisfaction
                                              • Injuries
                                              • Violations
                                              • Crashes
                                              • Sick Leave
                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                              • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                              • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                              • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                              • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                              • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                              • Course Exam Module 2

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                24

                                                Fatigue Leadershipbull Leaders inspire people to act bull Fatigue leadership not only from managementbull All employees should be fatigue management

                                                leadersbull Hold themselves and others accountablebull Educate not trainbull Listen firstbull Promote ownership of fatigue improvementbull Allow others to develop methods to reduce fatiguebull Show confidence that safe behavior can be performed

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                25

                                                Communication About Fatigue Issues

                                                bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

                                                bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

                                                bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

                                                bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                26

                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

                                                managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

                                                2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

                                                relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

                                                management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                27

                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

                                                givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

                                                4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

                                                management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

                                                management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                28

                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

                                                5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

                                                management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

                                                importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

                                                driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

                                                responsibility of drivers

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                29

                                                Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                                                >

                                                10501249

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                30

                                                Empowerment

                                                bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                                                knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                31

                                                Importance of Empowerment

                                                bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                                                bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                                                bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                32

                                                Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                                                bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                33

                                                Increasing Empowerment

                                                bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                                                feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                                                increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                34

                                                Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                                                bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                                                changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                                                of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                35

                                                Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                                                bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                                                bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                                                bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                                                bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                                                bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                36

                                                Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                                                bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                                                bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                                                bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                37

                                                Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                                bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                38

                                                Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                                bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                                bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                                bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                                the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                                employee development

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                39

                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                                A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                                2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                                A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                40

                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                                A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                                B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                                FMP

                                                4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                41

                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                                5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                                and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                42

                                                Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                43

                                                Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                                following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                44

                                                Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                                recognition11 Awareness education and

                                                kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                45

                                                Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                46

                                                Build Trust

                                                bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                47

                                                Conduct Bench Marking

                                                bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                48

                                                Management Training and Education

                                                bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                49

                                                Training Managers

                                                bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                50

                                                Steering Committee

                                                bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                51

                                                Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                committee

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                52

                                                Develop a Safety Vision

                                                bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                53

                                                Define Roles

                                                bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                and finances

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                54

                                                Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                55

                                                Develop Measures

                                                bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                performance measures should be developed

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                56

                                                Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                57

                                                Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                58

                                                Implement the FMP

                                                bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                59

                                                Measure Performance

                                                bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                measures

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                60

                                                Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                progress of the FMP

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                61

                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                62

                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                63

                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                64

                                                Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                65

                                                You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                66

                                                Process Measures

                                                bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                67

                                                Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                68

                                                FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                69

                                                Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                70

                                                Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                development of the FMP

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                71

                                                Outcome Measures

                                                bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                72

                                                Sleep Duration

                                                bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                sleeping meet requirements

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                73

                                                Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                74

                                                Alertness

                                                bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                75

                                                Job Satisfaction

                                                bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                76

                                                Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                77

                                                Violations

                                                bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                78

                                                Crashes

                                                bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                circadian lows

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                79

                                                Sick Leave

                                                bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                80

                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                driver

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                81

                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                82

                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                driving

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                83

                                                Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                84

                                                Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                impacted by the FMP

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                85

                                                Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                others

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                86

                                                Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                87

                                                Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                over time with a positive safety culture

                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                88

                                                Course Exam Module 2

                                                • Slide 1
                                                • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                • Module 2 Overview
                                                • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                • Safety Triad
                                                • Safety Culture
                                                • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                • Fatigue Leadership
                                                • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                • Empowerment
                                                • Importance of Empowerment
                                                • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                • Increasing Empowerment
                                                • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                • Corporate Culture Change
                                                • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                • Build Trust
                                                • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                • Management Training and Education
                                                • Training Managers
                                                • Steering Committee
                                                • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                • Define Roles
                                                • Develop Accountability
                                                • Develop Measures
                                                • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                • Implement the FMP
                                                • Measure Performance
                                                • Support the FMP
                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                • Process Measures
                                                • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                • Outcome Measures
                                                • Sleep Duration
                                                • Sleep Quality
                                                • Alertness
                                                • Job Satisfaction
                                                • Injuries
                                                • Violations
                                                • Crashes
                                                • Sick Leave
                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                • Course Exam Module 2

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  25

                                                  Communication About Fatigue Issues

                                                  bull Open and ongoing non-punitive communication involving safety and fatigue

                                                  bull Keep formal and informal channels of fatigue communication open

                                                  bull Involve regular communication between management supervisors and the workforce

                                                  bull Involve drivers (if interested) in developing communication strategies

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  26

                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

                                                  managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

                                                  2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

                                                  relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

                                                  management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  27

                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

                                                  givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

                                                  4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

                                                  management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

                                                  management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  28

                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

                                                  5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

                                                  management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

                                                  importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

                                                  driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

                                                  responsibility of drivers

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  29

                                                  Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                                                  >

                                                  10501249

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  30

                                                  Empowerment

                                                  bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                                                  knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  31

                                                  Importance of Empowerment

                                                  bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                                                  bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                                                  bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  32

                                                  Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                                                  bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  33

                                                  Increasing Empowerment

                                                  bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                                                  feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                                                  increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  34

                                                  Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                                                  bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                                                  changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                                                  of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  35

                                                  Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                                                  bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                                                  bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                                                  bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                                                  bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                                                  bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  36

                                                  Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                                                  bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                                                  bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                                                  bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  37

                                                  Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                                  bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  38

                                                  Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                                  bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                                  bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                                  bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                                  the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                                  employee development

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  39

                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                                  A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                                  2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                                  A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  40

                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                                  A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                                  B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                                  FMP

                                                  4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  41

                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                                  5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                                  and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  42

                                                  Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  43

                                                  Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                                  following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  44

                                                  Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                                  recognition11 Awareness education and

                                                  kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  45

                                                  Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                  look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                  concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                  beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                  employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  46

                                                  Build Trust

                                                  bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                  bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                  development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                  management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  47

                                                  Conduct Bench Marking

                                                  bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                  bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                  bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  48

                                                  Management Training and Education

                                                  bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                  bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                  bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  49

                                                  Training Managers

                                                  bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                  goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  50

                                                  Steering Committee

                                                  bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                  bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                  bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  51

                                                  Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                  bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                  will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                  committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                  committee

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  52

                                                  Develop a Safety Vision

                                                  bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                  organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                  within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                  to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  53

                                                  Define Roles

                                                  bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                  practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                  comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                  principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                  and finances

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  54

                                                  Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                  accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                  Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                  outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  55

                                                  Develop Measures

                                                  bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                  bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                  tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                  measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                  performance measures should be developed

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  56

                                                  Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                  bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                  evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                  defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                  recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                  individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  57

                                                  Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                  bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                  bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                  bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                  bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  58

                                                  Implement the FMP

                                                  bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                  bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                  bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  59

                                                  Measure Performance

                                                  bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                  the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                  steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                  measures

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  60

                                                  Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                  the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                  to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                  for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                  steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                  progress of the FMP

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  61

                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                  A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                  involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                  2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                  A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  62

                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                  A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                  FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                  4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  63

                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                  5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                  measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  64

                                                  Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  65

                                                  You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                  bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                  to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                  to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                  they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                  (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  66

                                                  Process Measures

                                                  bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                  bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                  bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  67

                                                  Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                  bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                  bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                  bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                  a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                  airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  68

                                                  FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                  bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                  bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                  bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                  bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                  bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  69

                                                  Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                  bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                  bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                  bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                  bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  70

                                                  Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                  bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                  bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                  are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                  providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                  development of the FMP

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  71

                                                  Outcome Measures

                                                  bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  72

                                                  Sleep Duration

                                                  bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                  bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                  bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                  during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                  sleeping meet requirements

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  73

                                                  Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                  questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                  bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                  ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                  bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  74

                                                  Alertness

                                                  bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                  bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                  vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  75

                                                  Job Satisfaction

                                                  bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                  bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                  bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                  activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  76

                                                  Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                  the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                  ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                  associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                  cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                  not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  77

                                                  Violations

                                                  bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                  bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                  bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                  (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  78

                                                  Crashes

                                                  bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                  bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                  bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                  violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                  circadian lows

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  79

                                                  Sick Leave

                                                  bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                  bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                  fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  80

                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                  A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                  2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                  driver

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  81

                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                  procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                  prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                  4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  82

                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                  5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                  hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                  driving

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  83

                                                  Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  84

                                                  Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                  bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                  changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                  in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                  levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                  impacted by the FMP

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  85

                                                  Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                  priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                  related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                  safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                  others

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  86

                                                  Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                  bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                  bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  87

                                                  Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                  bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                  implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                  ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                  over time with a positive safety culture

                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                  88

                                                  Course Exam Module 2

                                                  • Slide 1
                                                  • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                  • Module 2 Overview
                                                  • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                  • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                  • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                  • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                  • Safety Triad
                                                  • Safety Culture
                                                  • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                  • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                  • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                  • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                  • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                  • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                  • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                  • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                  • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                  • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                  • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                  • Fatigue Leadership
                                                  • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                  • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                  • Empowerment
                                                  • Importance of Empowerment
                                                  • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                  • Increasing Empowerment
                                                  • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                  • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                  • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                  • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                  • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                  • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                  • Corporate Culture Change
                                                  • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                  • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                  • Build Trust
                                                  • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                  • Management Training and Education
                                                  • Training Managers
                                                  • Steering Committee
                                                  • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                  • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                  • Define Roles
                                                  • Develop Accountability
                                                  • Develop Measures
                                                  • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                  • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                  • Implement the FMP
                                                  • Measure Performance
                                                  • Support the FMP
                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                  • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                  • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                  • Process Measures
                                                  • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                  • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                  • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                  • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                  • Outcome Measures
                                                  • Sleep Duration
                                                  • Sleep Quality
                                                  • Alertness
                                                  • Job Satisfaction
                                                  • Injuries
                                                  • Violations
                                                  • Crashes
                                                  • Sick Leave
                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                  • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                  • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                  • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                  • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                  • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                  • Course Exam Module 2

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    26

                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 21 What is a suggestion for showing managementrsquos commitment to fatigue

                                                    managementA Create top-down controlB Face-to-face meetings with employees featuring fatigue as a topicC Avoid acknowledging drivers for their efforts in fatigue managementD Only encourage individualized responsibility

                                                    2 Why is it important to maintain a high profile for fatigue in meetingsA Including fatigue discussions in meetings illustrates how fatigue management

                                                    relates to other aspects of the organizationB Management needs to show that they are in control of the fatigue

                                                    management programC Meetings are a way to show fatigue management is a priorityD Discussing fatigue in meetings influences top-down involvement

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    27

                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

                                                    givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

                                                    4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

                                                    management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

                                                    management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    28

                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

                                                    5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

                                                    management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

                                                    importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

                                                    driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

                                                    responsibility of drivers

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    29

                                                    Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                                                    >

                                                    10501249

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    30

                                                    Empowerment

                                                    bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                                                    knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    31

                                                    Importance of Empowerment

                                                    bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                                                    bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                                                    bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    32

                                                    Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                                                    bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    33

                                                    Increasing Empowerment

                                                    bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                                                    feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                                                    increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    34

                                                    Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                                                    bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                                                    changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                                                    of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    35

                                                    Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                                                    bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                                                    bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                                                    bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                                                    bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                                                    bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    36

                                                    Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                                                    bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                                                    bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                                                    bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    37

                                                    Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                                    bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    38

                                                    Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                                    bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                                    bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                                    bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                                    the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                                    employee development

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    39

                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                                    A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                                    2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                                    A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    40

                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                                    A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                                    B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                                    FMP

                                                    4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    41

                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                                    5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                                    and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    42

                                                    Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    43

                                                    Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                                    following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    44

                                                    Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                                    recognition11 Awareness education and

                                                    kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    45

                                                    Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                    look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                    concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                    beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                    employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    46

                                                    Build Trust

                                                    bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                    bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                    development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                    management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    47

                                                    Conduct Bench Marking

                                                    bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                    bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                    bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    48

                                                    Management Training and Education

                                                    bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                    bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                    bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    49

                                                    Training Managers

                                                    bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                    goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    50

                                                    Steering Committee

                                                    bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                    bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                    bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    51

                                                    Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                    bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                    will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                    committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                    committee

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    52

                                                    Develop a Safety Vision

                                                    bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                    organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                    within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                    to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    53

                                                    Define Roles

                                                    bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                    practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                    comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                    principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                    and finances

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    54

                                                    Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                    accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                    Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                    outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    55

                                                    Develop Measures

                                                    bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                    bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                    tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                    measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                    performance measures should be developed

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    56

                                                    Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                    bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                    evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                    defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                    recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                    individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    57

                                                    Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                    bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                    bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                    bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                    bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    58

                                                    Implement the FMP

                                                    bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                    bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                    bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    59

                                                    Measure Performance

                                                    bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                    the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                    steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                    measures

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    60

                                                    Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                    the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                    to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                    for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                    steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                    progress of the FMP

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    61

                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                    A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                    involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                    2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                    A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    62

                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                    A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                    FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                    4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    63

                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                    5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                    measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    64

                                                    Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    65

                                                    You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                    bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                    to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                    to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                    they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                    (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    66

                                                    Process Measures

                                                    bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                    bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                    bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    67

                                                    Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                    bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                    bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                    bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                    a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                    airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    68

                                                    FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                    bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                    bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                    bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                    bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                    bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    69

                                                    Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                    bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                    bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                    bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                    bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    70

                                                    Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                    bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                    bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                    are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                    providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                    development of the FMP

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    71

                                                    Outcome Measures

                                                    bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    72

                                                    Sleep Duration

                                                    bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                    bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                    bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                    during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                    sleeping meet requirements

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    73

                                                    Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                    questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                    bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                    ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                    bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    74

                                                    Alertness

                                                    bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                    bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                    vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    75

                                                    Job Satisfaction

                                                    bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                    bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                    bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                    activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    76

                                                    Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                    the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                    ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                    associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                    cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                    not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    77

                                                    Violations

                                                    bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                    bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                    bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                    (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    78

                                                    Crashes

                                                    bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                    bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                    bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                    violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                    circadian lows

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    79

                                                    Sick Leave

                                                    bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                    bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                    fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    80

                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                    A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                    2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                    driver

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    81

                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                    procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                    prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                    4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    82

                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                    5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                    hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                    driving

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    83

                                                    Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    84

                                                    Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                    bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                    changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                    in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                    levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                    impacted by the FMP

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    85

                                                    Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                    priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                    related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                    safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                    others

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    86

                                                    Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                    bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                    bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    87

                                                    Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                    bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                    implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                    ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                    over time with a positive safety culture

                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                    88

                                                    Course Exam Module 2

                                                    • Slide 1
                                                    • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                    • Module 2 Overview
                                                    • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                    • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                    • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                    • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                    • Safety Triad
                                                    • Safety Culture
                                                    • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                    • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                    • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                    • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                    • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                    • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                    • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                    • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                    • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                    • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                    • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                    • Fatigue Leadership
                                                    • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                    • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                    • Empowerment
                                                    • Importance of Empowerment
                                                    • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                    • Increasing Empowerment
                                                    • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                    • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                    • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                    • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                    • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                    • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                    • Corporate Culture Change
                                                    • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                    • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                    • Build Trust
                                                    • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                    • Management Training and Education
                                                    • Training Managers
                                                    • Steering Committee
                                                    • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                    • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                    • Define Roles
                                                    • Develop Accountability
                                                    • Develop Measures
                                                    • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                    • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                    • Implement the FMP
                                                    • Measure Performance
                                                    • Support the FMP
                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                    • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                    • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                    • Process Measures
                                                    • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                    • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                    • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                    • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                    • Outcome Measures
                                                    • Sleep Duration
                                                    • Sleep Quality
                                                    • Alertness
                                                    • Job Satisfaction
                                                    • Injuries
                                                    • Violations
                                                    • Crashes
                                                    • Sick Leave
                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                    • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                    • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                    • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                    • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                    • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                    • Course Exam Module 2

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      27

                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued3 When should individual corrective fatigue management feedback be

                                                      givenA In a groupB In driver terminalsC PrivatelyD All the above

                                                      4 What statement below is accurate A Fatigue management leaders are not confident that drivers can follow fatigue

                                                      management proceduresB Fatigue management leaders train not educate drivers on fatigue

                                                      management behaviorsC All employees should be fatigue management leadersD Only management is responsible for fatigue management leadership

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      28

                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

                                                      5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

                                                      management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

                                                      importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

                                                      driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

                                                      responsibility of drivers

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      29

                                                      Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                                                      >

                                                      10501249

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      30

                                                      Empowerment

                                                      bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                                                      knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      31

                                                      Importance of Empowerment

                                                      bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                                                      bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                                                      bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      32

                                                      Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                                                      bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      33

                                                      Increasing Empowerment

                                                      bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                                                      feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                                                      increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      34

                                                      Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                                                      bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                                                      changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                                                      of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      35

                                                      Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                                                      bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                                                      bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                                                      bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                                                      bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                                                      bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      36

                                                      Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                                                      bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                                                      bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                                                      bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      37

                                                      Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                                      bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      38

                                                      Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                                      bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                                      bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                                      bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                                      the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                                      employee development

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      39

                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                                      A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                                      2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                                      A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      40

                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                                      A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                                      B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                                      FMP

                                                      4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      41

                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                                      5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                                      and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      42

                                                      Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      43

                                                      Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                                      following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      44

                                                      Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                                      recognition11 Awareness education and

                                                      kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      45

                                                      Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                      look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                      concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                      beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                      employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      46

                                                      Build Trust

                                                      bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                      bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                      development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                      management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      47

                                                      Conduct Bench Marking

                                                      bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                      bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                      bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      48

                                                      Management Training and Education

                                                      bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                      bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                      bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      49

                                                      Training Managers

                                                      bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                      goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      50

                                                      Steering Committee

                                                      bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                      bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                      bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      51

                                                      Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                      bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                      will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                      committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                      committee

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      52

                                                      Develop a Safety Vision

                                                      bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                      organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                      within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                      to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      53

                                                      Define Roles

                                                      bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                      practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                      comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                      principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                      and finances

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      54

                                                      Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                      accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                      Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                      outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      55

                                                      Develop Measures

                                                      bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                      bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                      tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                      measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                      performance measures should be developed

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      56

                                                      Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                      bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                      evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                      defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                      recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                      individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      57

                                                      Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                      bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                      bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                      bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                      bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      58

                                                      Implement the FMP

                                                      bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                      bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                      bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      59

                                                      Measure Performance

                                                      bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                      the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                      steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                      measures

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      60

                                                      Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                      the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                      to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                      for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                      steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                      progress of the FMP

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      61

                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                      A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                      involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                      2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                      A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      62

                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                      A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                      FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                      4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      63

                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                      5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                      measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      64

                                                      Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      65

                                                      You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                      bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                      to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                      to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                      they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                      (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      66

                                                      Process Measures

                                                      bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                      bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                      bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      67

                                                      Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                      bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                      bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                      bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                      a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                      airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      68

                                                      FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                      bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                      bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                      bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                      bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                      bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      69

                                                      Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                      bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                      bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                      bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                      bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      70

                                                      Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                      bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                      bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                      are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                      providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                      development of the FMP

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      71

                                                      Outcome Measures

                                                      bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      72

                                                      Sleep Duration

                                                      bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                      bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                      bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                      during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                      sleeping meet requirements

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      73

                                                      Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                      questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                      bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                      ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                      bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      74

                                                      Alertness

                                                      bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                      bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                      vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      75

                                                      Job Satisfaction

                                                      bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                      bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                      bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                      activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      76

                                                      Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                      the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                      ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                      associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                      cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                      not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      77

                                                      Violations

                                                      bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                      bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                      bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                      (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      78

                                                      Crashes

                                                      bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                      bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                      bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                      violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                      circadian lows

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      79

                                                      Sick Leave

                                                      bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                      bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                      fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      80

                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                      A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                      2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                      driver

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      81

                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                      procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                      prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                      4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      82

                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                      5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                      hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                      driving

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      83

                                                      Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      84

                                                      Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                      bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                      changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                      in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                      levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                      impacted by the FMP

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      85

                                                      Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                      priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                      related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                      safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                      others

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      86

                                                      Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                      bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                      bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      87

                                                      Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                      bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                      implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                      ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                      over time with a positive safety culture

                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                      88

                                                      Course Exam Module 2

                                                      • Slide 1
                                                      • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                      • Module 2 Overview
                                                      • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                      • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                      • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                      • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                      • Safety Triad
                                                      • Safety Culture
                                                      • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                      • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                      • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                      • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                      • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                      • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                      • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                      • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                      • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                      • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                      • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                      • Fatigue Leadership
                                                      • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                      • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                      • Empowerment
                                                      • Importance of Empowerment
                                                      • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                      • Increasing Empowerment
                                                      • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                      • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                      • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                      • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                      • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                      • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                      • Corporate Culture Change
                                                      • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                      • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                      • Build Trust
                                                      • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                      • Management Training and Education
                                                      • Training Managers
                                                      • Steering Committee
                                                      • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                      • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                      • Define Roles
                                                      • Develop Accountability
                                                      • Develop Measures
                                                      • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                      • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                      • Implement the FMP
                                                      • Measure Performance
                                                      • Support the FMP
                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                      • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                      • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                      • Process Measures
                                                      • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                      • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                      • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                      • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                      • Outcome Measures
                                                      • Sleep Duration
                                                      • Sleep Quality
                                                      • Alertness
                                                      • Job Satisfaction
                                                      • Injuries
                                                      • Violations
                                                      • Crashes
                                                      • Sick Leave
                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                      • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                      • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                      • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                      • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                      • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                      • Course Exam Module 2

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        28

                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued

                                                        5 Why is it important to have open and ongoing communication involvement fatigue managementA It ensures management is in control of the fatigue

                                                        management processB Communication will help to remind everyone of the

                                                        importance of fatigue managementC It provides an opportunity for management to criticize

                                                        driversD Reinforce the belief that fatigue management is the

                                                        responsibility of drivers

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        29

                                                        Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                                                        >

                                                        10501249

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        30

                                                        Empowerment

                                                        bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                                                        knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        31

                                                        Importance of Empowerment

                                                        bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                                                        bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                                                        bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        32

                                                        Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                                                        bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        33

                                                        Increasing Empowerment

                                                        bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                                                        feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                                                        increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        34

                                                        Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                                                        bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                                                        changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                                                        of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        35

                                                        Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                                                        bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                                                        bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                                                        bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                                                        bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                                                        bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        36

                                                        Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                                                        bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                                                        bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                                                        bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        37

                                                        Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                                        bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        38

                                                        Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                                        bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                                        bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                                        bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                                        the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                                        employee development

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        39

                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                                        A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                                        2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                                        A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        40

                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                                        A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                                        B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                                        FMP

                                                        4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        41

                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                                        5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                                        and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        42

                                                        Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        43

                                                        Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                                        following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        44

                                                        Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                                        recognition11 Awareness education and

                                                        kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        45

                                                        Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                        look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                        concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                        beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                        employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        46

                                                        Build Trust

                                                        bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                        bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                        development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                        management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        47

                                                        Conduct Bench Marking

                                                        bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                        bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                        bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        48

                                                        Management Training and Education

                                                        bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                        bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                        bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        49

                                                        Training Managers

                                                        bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                        goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        50

                                                        Steering Committee

                                                        bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                        bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                        bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        51

                                                        Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                        bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                        will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                        committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                        committee

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        52

                                                        Develop a Safety Vision

                                                        bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                        organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                        within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                        to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        53

                                                        Define Roles

                                                        bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                        practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                        comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                        principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                        and finances

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        54

                                                        Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                        accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                        Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                        outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        55

                                                        Develop Measures

                                                        bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                        bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                        tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                        measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                        performance measures should be developed

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        56

                                                        Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                        bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                        evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                        defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                        recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                        individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        57

                                                        Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                        bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                        bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                        bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                        bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        58

                                                        Implement the FMP

                                                        bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                        bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                        bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        59

                                                        Measure Performance

                                                        bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                        the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                        steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                        measures

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        60

                                                        Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                        the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                        to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                        for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                        steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                        progress of the FMP

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        61

                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                        A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                        involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                        2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                        A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        62

                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                        A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                        FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                        4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        63

                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                        5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                        measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        64

                                                        Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        65

                                                        You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                        bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                        to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                        to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                        they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                        (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        66

                                                        Process Measures

                                                        bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                        bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                        bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        67

                                                        Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                        bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                        bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                        bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                        a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                        airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        68

                                                        FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                        bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                        bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                        bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                        bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                        bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        69

                                                        Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                        bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                        bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                        bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                        bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        70

                                                        Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                        bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                        bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                        are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                        providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                        development of the FMP

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        71

                                                        Outcome Measures

                                                        bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        72

                                                        Sleep Duration

                                                        bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                        bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                        bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                        during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                        sleeping meet requirements

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        73

                                                        Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                        questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                        bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                        ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                        bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        74

                                                        Alertness

                                                        bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                        bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                        vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        75

                                                        Job Satisfaction

                                                        bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                        bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                        bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                        activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        76

                                                        Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                        the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                        ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                        associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                        cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                        not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        77

                                                        Violations

                                                        bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                        bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                        bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                        (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        78

                                                        Crashes

                                                        bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                        bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                        bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                        violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                        circadian lows

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        79

                                                        Sick Leave

                                                        bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                        bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                        fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        80

                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                        A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                        2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                        driver

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        81

                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                        procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                        prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                        4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        82

                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                        5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                        hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                        driving

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        83

                                                        Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        84

                                                        Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                        bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                        changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                        in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                        levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                        impacted by the FMP

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        85

                                                        Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                        priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                        related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                        safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                        others

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        86

                                                        Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                        bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                        bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        87

                                                        Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                        bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                        implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                        ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                        over time with a positive safety culture

                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                        88

                                                        Course Exam Module 2

                                                        • Slide 1
                                                        • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                        • Module 2 Overview
                                                        • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                        • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                        • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                        • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                        • Safety Triad
                                                        • Safety Culture
                                                        • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                        • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                        • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                        • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                        • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                        • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                        • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                        • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                        • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                        • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                        • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                        • Fatigue Leadership
                                                        • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                        • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                        • Empowerment
                                                        • Importance of Empowerment
                                                        • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                        • Increasing Empowerment
                                                        • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                        • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                        • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                        • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                        • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                        • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                        • Corporate Culture Change
                                                        • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                        • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                        • Build Trust
                                                        • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                        • Management Training and Education
                                                        • Training Managers
                                                        • Steering Committee
                                                        • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                        • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                        • Define Roles
                                                        • Develop Accountability
                                                        • Develop Measures
                                                        • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                        • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                        • Implement the FMP
                                                        • Measure Performance
                                                        • Support the FMP
                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                        • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                        • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                        • Process Measures
                                                        • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                        • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                        • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                        • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                        • Outcome Measures
                                                        • Sleep Duration
                                                        • Sleep Quality
                                                        • Alertness
                                                        • Job Satisfaction
                                                        • Injuries
                                                        • Violations
                                                        • Crashes
                                                        • Sick Leave
                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                        • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                        • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                        • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                        • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                        • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                        • Course Exam Module 2

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          29

                                                          Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Generating Commitment in the FMP

                                                          >

                                                          10501249

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          30

                                                          Empowerment

                                                          bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                                                          knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          31

                                                          Importance of Empowerment

                                                          bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                                                          bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                                                          bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          32

                                                          Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                                                          bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          33

                                                          Increasing Empowerment

                                                          bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                                                          feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                                                          increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          34

                                                          Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                                                          bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                                                          changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                                                          of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          35

                                                          Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                                                          bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                                                          bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                                                          bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                                                          bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                                                          bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          36

                                                          Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                                                          bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                                                          bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                                                          bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          37

                                                          Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                                          bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          38

                                                          Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                                          bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                                          bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                                          bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                                          the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                                          employee development

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          39

                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                                          A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                                          2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                                          A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          40

                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                                          A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                                          B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                                          FMP

                                                          4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          41

                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                                          5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                                          and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          42

                                                          Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          43

                                                          Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                                          following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          44

                                                          Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                                          recognition11 Awareness education and

                                                          kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          45

                                                          Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                          look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                          concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                          beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                          employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          46

                                                          Build Trust

                                                          bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                          bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                          development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                          management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          47

                                                          Conduct Bench Marking

                                                          bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                          bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                          bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          48

                                                          Management Training and Education

                                                          bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                          bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                          bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          49

                                                          Training Managers

                                                          bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                          goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          50

                                                          Steering Committee

                                                          bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                          bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                          bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          51

                                                          Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                          bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                          will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                          committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                          committee

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          52

                                                          Develop a Safety Vision

                                                          bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                          organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                          within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                          to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          53

                                                          Define Roles

                                                          bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                          practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                          comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                          principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                          and finances

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          54

                                                          Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                          accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                          Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                          outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          55

                                                          Develop Measures

                                                          bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                          bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                          tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                          measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                          performance measures should be developed

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          56

                                                          Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                          bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                          evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                          defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                          recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                          individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          57

                                                          Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                          bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                          bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                          bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                          bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          58

                                                          Implement the FMP

                                                          bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                          bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                          bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          59

                                                          Measure Performance

                                                          bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                          the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                          steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                          measures

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          60

                                                          Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                          the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                          to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                          for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                          steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                          progress of the FMP

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          61

                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                          A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                          involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                          2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                          A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          62

                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                          A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                          FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                          4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          63

                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                          5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                          measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          64

                                                          Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          65

                                                          You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                          bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                          to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                          to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                          they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                          (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          66

                                                          Process Measures

                                                          bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                          bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                          bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          67

                                                          Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                          bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                          bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                          bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                          a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                          airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          68

                                                          FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                          bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                          bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                          bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                          bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                          bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          69

                                                          Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                          bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                          bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                          bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                          bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          70

                                                          Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                          bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                          bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                          are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                          providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                          development of the FMP

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          71

                                                          Outcome Measures

                                                          bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          72

                                                          Sleep Duration

                                                          bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                          bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                          bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                          during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                          sleeping meet requirements

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          73

                                                          Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                          questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                          bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                          ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                          bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          74

                                                          Alertness

                                                          bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                          bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                          vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          75

                                                          Job Satisfaction

                                                          bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                          bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                          bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                          activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          76

                                                          Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                          the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                          ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                          associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                          cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                          not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          77

                                                          Violations

                                                          bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                          bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                          bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                          (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          78

                                                          Crashes

                                                          bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                          bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                          bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                          violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                          circadian lows

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          79

                                                          Sick Leave

                                                          bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                          bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                          fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          80

                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                          A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                          2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                          driver

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          81

                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                          procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                          prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                          4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          82

                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                          5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                          hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                          driving

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          83

                                                          Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          84

                                                          Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                          bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                          changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                          in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                          levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                          impacted by the FMP

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          85

                                                          Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                          priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                          related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                          safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                          others

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          86

                                                          Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                          bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                          bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          87

                                                          Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                          bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                          implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                          ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                          over time with a positive safety culture

                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                          88

                                                          Course Exam Module 2

                                                          • Slide 1
                                                          • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                          • Module 2 Overview
                                                          • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                          • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                          • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                          • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                          • Safety Triad
                                                          • Safety Culture
                                                          • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                          • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                          • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                          • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                          • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                          • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                          • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                          • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                          • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                          • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                          • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                          • Fatigue Leadership
                                                          • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                          • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                          • Empowerment
                                                          • Importance of Empowerment
                                                          • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                          • Increasing Empowerment
                                                          • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                          • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                          • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                          • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                          • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                          • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                          • Corporate Culture Change
                                                          • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                          • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                          • Build Trust
                                                          • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                          • Management Training and Education
                                                          • Training Managers
                                                          • Steering Committee
                                                          • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                          • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                          • Define Roles
                                                          • Develop Accountability
                                                          • Develop Measures
                                                          • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                          • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                          • Implement the FMP
                                                          • Measure Performance
                                                          • Support the FMP
                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                          • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                          • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                          • Process Measures
                                                          • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                          • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                          • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                          • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                          • Outcome Measures
                                                          • Sleep Duration
                                                          • Sleep Quality
                                                          • Alertness
                                                          • Job Satisfaction
                                                          • Injuries
                                                          • Violations
                                                          • Crashes
                                                          • Sick Leave
                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                          • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                          • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                          • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                          • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                          • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                          • Course Exam Module 2

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            30

                                                            Empowerment

                                                            bull Sharing of authority and responsibility bull Increased perception of controlbull Sharing organizational information and

                                                            knowledge that gives employees power to make decisions that directly influence organizational performance and direction

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            31

                                                            Importance of Empowerment

                                                            bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                                                            bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                                                            bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            32

                                                            Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                                                            bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            33

                                                            Increasing Empowerment

                                                            bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                                                            feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                                                            increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            34

                                                            Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                                                            bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                                                            changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                                                            of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            35

                                                            Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                                                            bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                                                            bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                                                            bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                                                            bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                                                            bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            36

                                                            Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                                                            bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                                                            bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                                                            bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            37

                                                            Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                                            bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            38

                                                            Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                                            bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                                            bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                                            bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                                            the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                                            employee development

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            39

                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                                            A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                                            2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                                            A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            40

                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                                            A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                                            B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                                            FMP

                                                            4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            41

                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                                            5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                                            and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            42

                                                            Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            43

                                                            Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                                            following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            44

                                                            Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                                            recognition11 Awareness education and

                                                            kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            45

                                                            Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                            look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                            concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                            beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                            employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            46

                                                            Build Trust

                                                            bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                            bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                            development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                            management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            47

                                                            Conduct Bench Marking

                                                            bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                            bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                            bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            48

                                                            Management Training and Education

                                                            bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                            bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                            bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            49

                                                            Training Managers

                                                            bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                            goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            50

                                                            Steering Committee

                                                            bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                            bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                            bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            51

                                                            Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                            bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                            will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                            committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                            committee

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            52

                                                            Develop a Safety Vision

                                                            bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                            organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                            within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                            to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            53

                                                            Define Roles

                                                            bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                            practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                            comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                            principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                            and finances

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            54

                                                            Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                            accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                            Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                            outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            55

                                                            Develop Measures

                                                            bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                            bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                            tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                            measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                            performance measures should be developed

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            56

                                                            Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                            bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                            evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                            defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                            recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                            individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            57

                                                            Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                            bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                            bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                            bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                            bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            58

                                                            Implement the FMP

                                                            bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                            bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                            bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            59

                                                            Measure Performance

                                                            bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                            the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                            steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                            measures

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            60

                                                            Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                            the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                            to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                            for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                            steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                            progress of the FMP

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            61

                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                            A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                            involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                            2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                            A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            62

                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                            A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                            FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                            4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            63

                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                            5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                            measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            64

                                                            Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            65

                                                            You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                            bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                            to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                            to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                            they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                            (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            66

                                                            Process Measures

                                                            bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                            bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                            bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            67

                                                            Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                            bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                            bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                            bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                            a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                            airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            68

                                                            FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                            bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                            bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                            bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                            bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                            bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            69

                                                            Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                            bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                            bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                            bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                            bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            70

                                                            Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                            bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                            bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                            are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                            providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                            development of the FMP

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            71

                                                            Outcome Measures

                                                            bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            72

                                                            Sleep Duration

                                                            bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                            bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                            bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                            during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                            sleeping meet requirements

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            73

                                                            Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                            questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                            bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                            ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                            bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            74

                                                            Alertness

                                                            bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                            bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                            vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            75

                                                            Job Satisfaction

                                                            bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                            bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                            bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                            activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            76

                                                            Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                            the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                            ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                            associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                            cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                            not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            77

                                                            Violations

                                                            bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                            bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                            bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                            (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            78

                                                            Crashes

                                                            bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                            bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                            bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                            violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                            circadian lows

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            79

                                                            Sick Leave

                                                            bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                            bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                            fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            80

                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                            A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                            2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                            driver

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            81

                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                            procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                            prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                            4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            82

                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                            5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                            hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                            driving

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            83

                                                            Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            84

                                                            Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                            bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                            changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                            in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                            levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                            impacted by the FMP

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            85

                                                            Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                            priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                            related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                            safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                            others

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            86

                                                            Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                            bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                            bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            87

                                                            Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                            bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                            implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                            ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                            over time with a positive safety culture

                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                            88

                                                            Course Exam Module 2

                                                            • Slide 1
                                                            • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                            • Module 2 Overview
                                                            • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                            • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                            • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                            • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                            • Safety Triad
                                                            • Safety Culture
                                                            • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                            • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                            • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                            • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                            • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                            • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                            • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                            • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                            • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                            • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                            • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                            • Fatigue Leadership
                                                            • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                            • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                            • Empowerment
                                                            • Importance of Empowerment
                                                            • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                            • Increasing Empowerment
                                                            • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                            • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                            • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                            • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                            • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                            • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                            • Corporate Culture Change
                                                            • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                            • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                            • Build Trust
                                                            • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                            • Management Training and Education
                                                            • Training Managers
                                                            • Steering Committee
                                                            • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                            • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                            • Define Roles
                                                            • Develop Accountability
                                                            • Develop Measures
                                                            • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                            • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                            • Implement the FMP
                                                            • Measure Performance
                                                            • Support the FMP
                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                            • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                            • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                            • Process Measures
                                                            • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                            • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                            • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                            • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                            • Outcome Measures
                                                            • Sleep Duration
                                                            • Sleep Quality
                                                            • Alertness
                                                            • Job Satisfaction
                                                            • Injuries
                                                            • Violations
                                                            • Crashes
                                                            • Sick Leave
                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                            • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                            • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                            • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                            • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                            • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                            • Course Exam Module 2

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              31

                                                              Importance of Empowerment

                                                              bull Cost control organizational flexibility and product quality improvements

                                                              bull Increased job satisfaction motivation and organizational citizenship behavior

                                                              bull Decreased turnover and absenteeismbull Increased individual recognition

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              32

                                                              Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                                                              bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              33

                                                              Increasing Empowerment

                                                              bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                                                              feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                                                              increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              34

                                                              Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                                                              bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                                                              changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                                                              of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              35

                                                              Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                                                              bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                                                              bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                                                              bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                                                              bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                                                              bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              36

                                                              Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                                                              bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                                                              bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                                                              bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              37

                                                              Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                                              bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              38

                                                              Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                                              bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                                              bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                                              bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                                              the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                                              employee development

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              39

                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                                              A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                                              2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                                              A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              40

                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                                              A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                                              B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                                              FMP

                                                              4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              41

                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                                              5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                                              and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              42

                                                              Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              43

                                                              Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                                              following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              44

                                                              Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                                              recognition11 Awareness education and

                                                              kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              45

                                                              Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                              look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                              concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                              beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                              employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              46

                                                              Build Trust

                                                              bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                              bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                              development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                              management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              47

                                                              Conduct Bench Marking

                                                              bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                              bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                              bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              48

                                                              Management Training and Education

                                                              bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                              bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                              bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              49

                                                              Training Managers

                                                              bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                              goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              50

                                                              Steering Committee

                                                              bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                              bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                              bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              51

                                                              Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                              bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                              will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                              committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                              committee

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              52

                                                              Develop a Safety Vision

                                                              bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                              organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                              within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                              to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              53

                                                              Define Roles

                                                              bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                              practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                              comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                              principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                              and finances

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              54

                                                              Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                              accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                              Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                              outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              55

                                                              Develop Measures

                                                              bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                              bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                              tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                              measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                              performance measures should be developed

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              56

                                                              Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                              bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                              evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                              defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                              recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                              individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              57

                                                              Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                              bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                              bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                              bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                              bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              58

                                                              Implement the FMP

                                                              bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                              bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                              bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              59

                                                              Measure Performance

                                                              bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                              the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                              steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                              measures

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              60

                                                              Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                              the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                              to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                              for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                              steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                              progress of the FMP

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              61

                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                              A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                              involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                              2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                              A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              62

                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                              A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                              FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                              4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              63

                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                              5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                              measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              64

                                                              Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              65

                                                              You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                              bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                              to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                              to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                              they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                              (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              66

                                                              Process Measures

                                                              bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                              bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                              bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              67

                                                              Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                              bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                              bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                              bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                              a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                              airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              68

                                                              FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                              bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                              bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                              bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                              bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                              bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              69

                                                              Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                              bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                              bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                              bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                              bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              70

                                                              Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                              bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                              bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                              are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                              providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                              development of the FMP

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              71

                                                              Outcome Measures

                                                              bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              72

                                                              Sleep Duration

                                                              bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                              bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                              bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                              during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                              sleeping meet requirements

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              73

                                                              Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                              questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                              bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                              ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                              bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              74

                                                              Alertness

                                                              bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                              bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                              vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              75

                                                              Job Satisfaction

                                                              bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                              bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                              bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                              activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              76

                                                              Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                              the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                              ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                              associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                              cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                              not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              77

                                                              Violations

                                                              bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                              bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                              bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                              (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              78

                                                              Crashes

                                                              bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                              bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                              bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                              violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                              circadian lows

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              79

                                                              Sick Leave

                                                              bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                              bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                              fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              80

                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                              A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                              2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                              driver

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              81

                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                              procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                              prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                              4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              82

                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                              5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                              hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                              driving

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              83

                                                              Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              84

                                                              Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                              bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                              changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                              in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                              levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                              impacted by the FMP

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              85

                                                              Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                              priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                              related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                              safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                              others

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              86

                                                              Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                              bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                              bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              87

                                                              Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                              bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                              implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                              ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                              over time with a positive safety culture

                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                              88

                                                              Course Exam Module 2

                                                              • Slide 1
                                                              • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                              • Module 2 Overview
                                                              • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                              • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                              • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                              • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                              • Safety Triad
                                                              • Safety Culture
                                                              • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                              • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                              • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                              • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                              • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                              • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                              • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                              • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                              • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                              • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                              • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                              • Fatigue Leadership
                                                              • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                              • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                              • Empowerment
                                                              • Importance of Empowerment
                                                              • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                              • Increasing Empowerment
                                                              • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                              • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                              • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                              • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                              • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                              • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                              • Corporate Culture Change
                                                              • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                              • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                              • Build Trust
                                                              • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                              • Management Training and Education
                                                              • Training Managers
                                                              • Steering Committee
                                                              • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                              • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                              • Define Roles
                                                              • Develop Accountability
                                                              • Develop Measures
                                                              • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                              • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                              • Implement the FMP
                                                              • Measure Performance
                                                              • Support the FMP
                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                              • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                              • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                              • Process Measures
                                                              • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                              • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                              • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                              • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                              • Outcome Measures
                                                              • Sleep Duration
                                                              • Sleep Quality
                                                              • Alertness
                                                              • Job Satisfaction
                                                              • Injuries
                                                              • Violations
                                                              • Crashes
                                                              • Sick Leave
                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                              • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                              • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                              • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                              • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                              • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                              • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                32

                                                                Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment

                                                                bull Three factors impact sense of empowerment

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                33

                                                                Increasing Empowerment

                                                                bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                                                                feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                                                                increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                34

                                                                Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                                                                bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                                                                changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                                                                of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                35

                                                                Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                                                                bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                                                                bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                                                                bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                                                                bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                                                                bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                36

                                                                Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                                                                bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                                                                bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                                                                bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                37

                                                                Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                                                bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                38

                                                                Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                                                bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                                                bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                                                bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                                                the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                                                employee development

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                39

                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                                                A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                                                2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                                                A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                40

                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                                                A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                                                B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                                                FMP

                                                                4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                41

                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                                                5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                                                and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                42

                                                                Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                43

                                                                Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                                                following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                44

                                                                Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                                                recognition11 Awareness education and

                                                                kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                45

                                                                Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                                look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                                concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                                beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                                employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                46

                                                                Build Trust

                                                                bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                                bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                                development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                                management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                47

                                                                Conduct Bench Marking

                                                                bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                                bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                                bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                48

                                                                Management Training and Education

                                                                bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                                bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                                bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                49

                                                                Training Managers

                                                                bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                                goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                50

                                                                Steering Committee

                                                                bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                                bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                                bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                51

                                                                Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                                bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                                will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                                committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                                committee

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                52

                                                                Develop a Safety Vision

                                                                bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                                organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                                within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                                to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                53

                                                                Define Roles

                                                                bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                and finances

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                54

                                                                Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                55

                                                                Develop Measures

                                                                bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                performance measures should be developed

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                56

                                                                Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                57

                                                                Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                58

                                                                Implement the FMP

                                                                bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                59

                                                                Measure Performance

                                                                bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                measures

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                60

                                                                Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                progress of the FMP

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                61

                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                62

                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                63

                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                64

                                                                Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                65

                                                                You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                66

                                                                Process Measures

                                                                bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                67

                                                                Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                68

                                                                FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                69

                                                                Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                70

                                                                Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                development of the FMP

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                71

                                                                Outcome Measures

                                                                bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                72

                                                                Sleep Duration

                                                                bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                sleeping meet requirements

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                73

                                                                Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                74

                                                                Alertness

                                                                bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                75

                                                                Job Satisfaction

                                                                bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                76

                                                                Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                77

                                                                Violations

                                                                bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                78

                                                                Crashes

                                                                bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                circadian lows

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                79

                                                                Sick Leave

                                                                bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                80

                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                driver

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                81

                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                82

                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                driving

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                83

                                                                Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                84

                                                                Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                impacted by the FMP

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                85

                                                                Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                others

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                86

                                                                Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                87

                                                                Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                88

                                                                Course Exam Module 2

                                                                • Slide 1
                                                                • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                • Module 2 Overview
                                                                • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                • Safety Triad
                                                                • Safety Culture
                                                                • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                • Empowerment
                                                                • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                • Build Trust
                                                                • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                • Management Training and Education
                                                                • Training Managers
                                                                • Steering Committee
                                                                • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                • Define Roles
                                                                • Develop Accountability
                                                                • Develop Measures
                                                                • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                • Implement the FMP
                                                                • Measure Performance
                                                                • Support the FMP
                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                • Process Measures
                                                                • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                • Outcome Measures
                                                                • Sleep Duration
                                                                • Sleep Quality
                                                                • Alertness
                                                                • Job Satisfaction
                                                                • Injuries
                                                                • Violations
                                                                • Crashes
                                                                • Sick Leave
                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  33

                                                                  Increasing Empowerment

                                                                  bull Strategies for increasing employee empowermentndash Provide a sense of trust that employees will do a good jobndash Provide supportive feedback concerning safe behaviorsndash Actively listen to employees before offering advice or

                                                                  feedbackndash Allow employees to develop personal goalsndash Allow employees to develop their own strategies for

                                                                  increasing safe behavior while reducing risky behavior

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  34

                                                                  Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                                                                  bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                                                                  changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                                                                  of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  35

                                                                  Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                                                                  bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                                                                  bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                                                                  bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                                                                  bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                                                                  bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  36

                                                                  Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                                                                  bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                                                                  bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                                                                  bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  37

                                                                  Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                                                  bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  38

                                                                  Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                                                  bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                                                  bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                                                  bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                                                  the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                                                  employee development

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  39

                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                                                  A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                                                  2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                                                  A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  40

                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                                                  A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                                                  B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                                                  FMP

                                                                  4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  41

                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                                                  5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                                                  and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  42

                                                                  Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  43

                                                                  Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                                                  following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  44

                                                                  Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                                                  recognition11 Awareness education and

                                                                  kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  45

                                                                  Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                                  look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                                  concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                                  beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                                  employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  46

                                                                  Build Trust

                                                                  bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                                  bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                                  development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                                  management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  47

                                                                  Conduct Bench Marking

                                                                  bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                                  bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                                  bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  48

                                                                  Management Training and Education

                                                                  bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                                  bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                                  bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  49

                                                                  Training Managers

                                                                  bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                                  goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  50

                                                                  Steering Committee

                                                                  bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                                  bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                                  bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  51

                                                                  Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                                  bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                                  will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                                  committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                                  committee

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  52

                                                                  Develop a Safety Vision

                                                                  bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                                  organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                                  within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                                  to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  53

                                                                  Define Roles

                                                                  bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                  practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                  comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                  principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                  and finances

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  54

                                                                  Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                  accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                  Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                  outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  55

                                                                  Develop Measures

                                                                  bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                  bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                  tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                  measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                  performance measures should be developed

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  56

                                                                  Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                  bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                  evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                  defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                  recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                  individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  57

                                                                  Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                  bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                  bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                  bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                  bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  58

                                                                  Implement the FMP

                                                                  bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                  bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                  bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  59

                                                                  Measure Performance

                                                                  bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                  the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                  steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                  measures

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  60

                                                                  Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                  the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                  to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                  for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                  steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                  progress of the FMP

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  61

                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                  A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                  involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                  2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                  A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  62

                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                  A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                  FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                  4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  63

                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                  5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                  measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  64

                                                                  Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  65

                                                                  You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                  bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                  to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                  to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                  they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                  (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  66

                                                                  Process Measures

                                                                  bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                  bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                  bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  67

                                                                  Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                  bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                  bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                  bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                  a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                  airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  68

                                                                  FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                  bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                  bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                  bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                  bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                  bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  69

                                                                  Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                  bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                  bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                  bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                  bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  70

                                                                  Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                  bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                  bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                  are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                  providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                  development of the FMP

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  71

                                                                  Outcome Measures

                                                                  bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  72

                                                                  Sleep Duration

                                                                  bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                  bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                  bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                  during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                  sleeping meet requirements

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  73

                                                                  Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                  questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                  bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                  ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                  bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  74

                                                                  Alertness

                                                                  bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                  bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                  vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  75

                                                                  Job Satisfaction

                                                                  bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                  bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                  bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                  activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  76

                                                                  Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                  the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                  ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                  associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                  cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                  not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  77

                                                                  Violations

                                                                  bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                  bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                  bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                  (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  78

                                                                  Crashes

                                                                  bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                  bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                  bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                  violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                  circadian lows

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  79

                                                                  Sick Leave

                                                                  bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                  bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                  fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  80

                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                  A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                  2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                  driver

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  81

                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                  procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                  prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                  4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  82

                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                  5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                  hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                  driving

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  83

                                                                  Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  84

                                                                  Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                  bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                  changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                  in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                  levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                  impacted by the FMP

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  85

                                                                  Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                  priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                  related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                  safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                  others

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  86

                                                                  Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                  bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                  bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  87

                                                                  Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                  bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                  implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                  ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                  over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                  88

                                                                  Course Exam Module 2

                                                                  • Slide 1
                                                                  • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                  • Module 2 Overview
                                                                  • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                  • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                  • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                  • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                  • Safety Triad
                                                                  • Safety Culture
                                                                  • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                  • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                  • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                  • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                  • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                  • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                  • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                  • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                  • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                  • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                  • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                  • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                  • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                  • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                  • Empowerment
                                                                  • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                  • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                  • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                  • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                  • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                  • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                  • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                  • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                  • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                  • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                  • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                  • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                  • Build Trust
                                                                  • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                  • Management Training and Education
                                                                  • Training Managers
                                                                  • Steering Committee
                                                                  • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                  • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                  • Define Roles
                                                                  • Develop Accountability
                                                                  • Develop Measures
                                                                  • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                  • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                  • Implement the FMP
                                                                  • Measure Performance
                                                                  • Support the FMP
                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                  • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                  • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                  • Process Measures
                                                                  • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                  • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                  • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                  • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                  • Outcome Measures
                                                                  • Sleep Duration
                                                                  • Sleep Quality
                                                                  • Alertness
                                                                  • Job Satisfaction
                                                                  • Injuries
                                                                  • Violations
                                                                  • Crashes
                                                                  • Sick Leave
                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                  • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                  • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                  • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                  • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                  • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                  • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    34

                                                                    Empowerment and Resistance to Change

                                                                    bull Empowerment diminishes resistance to changendash Allows employees to contribute to the process of

                                                                    changendash Builds a sense of trustndash Increases a personal sense

                                                                    of controlndash Provides bottom-up initiativendash Motivates others to accept changendash Provides more responsibility

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    35

                                                                    Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                                                                    bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                                                                    bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                                                                    bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                                                                    bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                                                                    bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    36

                                                                    Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                                                                    bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                                                                    bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                                                                    bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    37

                                                                    Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                                                    bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    38

                                                                    Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                                                    bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                                                    bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                                                    bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                                                    the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                                                    employee development

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    39

                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                                                    A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                                                    2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                                                    A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    40

                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                                                    A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                                                    B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                                                    FMP

                                                                    4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    41

                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                                                    5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                                                    and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    42

                                                                    Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    43

                                                                    Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                                                    following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    44

                                                                    Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                                                    recognition11 Awareness education and

                                                                    kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    45

                                                                    Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                                    look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                                    concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                                    beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                                    employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    46

                                                                    Build Trust

                                                                    bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                                    bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                                    development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                                    management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    47

                                                                    Conduct Bench Marking

                                                                    bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                                    bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                                    bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    48

                                                                    Management Training and Education

                                                                    bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                                    bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                                    bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    49

                                                                    Training Managers

                                                                    bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                                    goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    50

                                                                    Steering Committee

                                                                    bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                                    bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                                    bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    51

                                                                    Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                                    bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                                    will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                                    committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                                    committee

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    52

                                                                    Develop a Safety Vision

                                                                    bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                                    organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                                    within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                                    to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    53

                                                                    Define Roles

                                                                    bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                    practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                    comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                    principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                    and finances

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    54

                                                                    Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                    accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                    Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                    outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    55

                                                                    Develop Measures

                                                                    bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                    bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                    tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                    measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                    performance measures should be developed

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    56

                                                                    Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                    bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                    evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                    defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                    recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                    individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    57

                                                                    Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                    bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                    bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                    bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                    bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    58

                                                                    Implement the FMP

                                                                    bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                    bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                    bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    59

                                                                    Measure Performance

                                                                    bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                    the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                    steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                    measures

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    60

                                                                    Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                    the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                    to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                    for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                    steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                    progress of the FMP

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    61

                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                    A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                    involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                    2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                    A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    62

                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                    A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                    FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                    4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    63

                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                    5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                    measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    64

                                                                    Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    65

                                                                    You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                    bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                    to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                    to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                    they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                    (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    66

                                                                    Process Measures

                                                                    bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                    bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                    bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    67

                                                                    Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                    bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                    bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                    bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                    a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                    airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    68

                                                                    FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                    bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                    bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                    bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                    bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                    bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    69

                                                                    Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                    bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                    bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                    bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                    bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    70

                                                                    Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                    bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                    bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                    are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                    providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                    development of the FMP

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    71

                                                                    Outcome Measures

                                                                    bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    72

                                                                    Sleep Duration

                                                                    bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                    bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                    bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                    during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                    sleeping meet requirements

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    73

                                                                    Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                    questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                    bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                    ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                    bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    74

                                                                    Alertness

                                                                    bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                    bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                    vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    75

                                                                    Job Satisfaction

                                                                    bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                    bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                    bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                    activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    76

                                                                    Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                    the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                    ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                    associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                    cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                    not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    77

                                                                    Violations

                                                                    bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                    bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                    bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                    (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    78

                                                                    Crashes

                                                                    bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                    bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                    bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                    violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                    circadian lows

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    79

                                                                    Sick Leave

                                                                    bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                    bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                    fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    80

                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                    A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                    2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                    driver

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    81

                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                    procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                    prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                    4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    82

                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                    5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                    hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                    driving

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    83

                                                                    Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    84

                                                                    Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                    bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                    changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                    in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                    levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                    impacted by the FMP

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    85

                                                                    Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                    priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                    related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                    safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                    others

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    86

                                                                    Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                    bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                    bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    87

                                                                    Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                    bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                    implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                    ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                    over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                    88

                                                                    Course Exam Module 2

                                                                    • Slide 1
                                                                    • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                    • Module 2 Overview
                                                                    • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                    • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                    • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                    • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                    • Safety Triad
                                                                    • Safety Culture
                                                                    • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                    • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                    • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                    • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                    • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                    • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                    • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                    • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                    • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                    • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                    • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                    • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                    • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                    • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                    • Empowerment
                                                                    • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                    • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                    • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                    • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                    • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                    • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                    • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                    • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                    • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                    • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                    • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                    • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                    • Build Trust
                                                                    • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                    • Management Training and Education
                                                                    • Training Managers
                                                                    • Steering Committee
                                                                    • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                    • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                    • Define Roles
                                                                    • Develop Accountability
                                                                    • Develop Measures
                                                                    • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                    • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                    • Implement the FMP
                                                                    • Measure Performance
                                                                    • Support the FMP
                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                    • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                    • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                    • Process Measures
                                                                    • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                    • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                    • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                    • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                    • Outcome Measures
                                                                    • Sleep Duration
                                                                    • Sleep Quality
                                                                    • Alertness
                                                                    • Job Satisfaction
                                                                    • Injuries
                                                                    • Violations
                                                                    • Crashes
                                                                    • Sick Leave
                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                    • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                    • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                    • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                    • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                    • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                    • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      35

                                                                      Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue

                                                                      bull Each employee feels responsible for fatigue and safety in a positive safety culture

                                                                      bull Delegating responsibility holds all employees accountable

                                                                      bull Employees will feel responsible and accountable for their fatigue and help co-workers

                                                                      bull Well-defined responsibilities increases performance

                                                                      bull A sense of ownership over safety initiatives

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      36

                                                                      Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                                                                      bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                                                                      bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                                                                      bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      37

                                                                      Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                                                      bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      38

                                                                      Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                                                      bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                                                      bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                                                      bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                                                      the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                                                      employee development

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      39

                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                                                      A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                                                      2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                                                      A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      40

                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                                                      A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                                                      B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                                                      FMP

                                                                      4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      41

                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                                                      5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                                                      and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      42

                                                                      Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      43

                                                                      Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                                                      following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      44

                                                                      Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                                                      recognition11 Awareness education and

                                                                      kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      45

                                                                      Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                                      look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                                      concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                                      beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                                      employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      46

                                                                      Build Trust

                                                                      bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                                      bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                                      development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                                      management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      47

                                                                      Conduct Bench Marking

                                                                      bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                                      bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                                      bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      48

                                                                      Management Training and Education

                                                                      bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                                      bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                                      bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      49

                                                                      Training Managers

                                                                      bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                                      goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      50

                                                                      Steering Committee

                                                                      bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                                      bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                                      bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      51

                                                                      Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                                      bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                                      will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                                      committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                                      committee

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      52

                                                                      Develop a Safety Vision

                                                                      bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                                      organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                                      within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                                      to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      53

                                                                      Define Roles

                                                                      bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                      practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                      comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                      principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                      and finances

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      54

                                                                      Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                      accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                      Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                      outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      55

                                                                      Develop Measures

                                                                      bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                      bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                      tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                      measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                      performance measures should be developed

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      56

                                                                      Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                      bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                      evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                      defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                      recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                      individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      57

                                                                      Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                      bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                      bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                      bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                      bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      58

                                                                      Implement the FMP

                                                                      bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                      bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                      bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      59

                                                                      Measure Performance

                                                                      bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                      the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                      steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                      measures

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      60

                                                                      Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                      the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                      to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                      for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                      steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                      progress of the FMP

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      61

                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                      A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                      involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                      2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                      A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      62

                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                      A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                      FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                      4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      63

                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                      5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                      measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      64

                                                                      Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      65

                                                                      You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                      bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                      to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                      to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                      they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                      (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      66

                                                                      Process Measures

                                                                      bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                      bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                      bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      67

                                                                      Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                      bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                      bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                      bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                      a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                      airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      68

                                                                      FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                      bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                      bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                      bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                      bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                      bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      69

                                                                      Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                      bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                      bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                      bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                      bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      70

                                                                      Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                      bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                      bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                      are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                      providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                      development of the FMP

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      71

                                                                      Outcome Measures

                                                                      bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      72

                                                                      Sleep Duration

                                                                      bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                      bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                      bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                      during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                      sleeping meet requirements

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      73

                                                                      Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                      questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                      bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                      ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                      bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      74

                                                                      Alertness

                                                                      bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                      bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                      vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      75

                                                                      Job Satisfaction

                                                                      bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                      bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                      bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                      activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      76

                                                                      Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                      the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                      ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                      associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                      cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                      not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      77

                                                                      Violations

                                                                      bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                      bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                      bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                      (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      78

                                                                      Crashes

                                                                      bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                      bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                      bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                      violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                      circadian lows

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      79

                                                                      Sick Leave

                                                                      bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                      bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                      fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      80

                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                      A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                      2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                      driver

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      81

                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                      procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                      prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                      4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      82

                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                      5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                      hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                      driving

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      83

                                                                      Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      84

                                                                      Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                      bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                      changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                      in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                      levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                      impacted by the FMP

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      85

                                                                      Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                      priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                      related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                      safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                      others

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      86

                                                                      Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                      bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                      bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      87

                                                                      Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                      bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                      implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                      ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                      over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                      88

                                                                      Course Exam Module 2

                                                                      • Slide 1
                                                                      • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                      • Module 2 Overview
                                                                      • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                      • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                      • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                      • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                      • Safety Triad
                                                                      • Safety Culture
                                                                      • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                      • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                      • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                      • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                      • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                      • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                      • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                      • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                      • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                      • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                      • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                      • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                      • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                      • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                      • Empowerment
                                                                      • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                      • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                      • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                      • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                      • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                      • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                      • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                      • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                      • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                      • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                      • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                      • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                      • Build Trust
                                                                      • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                      • Management Training and Education
                                                                      • Training Managers
                                                                      • Steering Committee
                                                                      • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                      • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                      • Define Roles
                                                                      • Develop Accountability
                                                                      • Develop Measures
                                                                      • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                      • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                      • Implement the FMP
                                                                      • Measure Performance
                                                                      • Support the FMP
                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                      • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                      • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                      • Process Measures
                                                                      • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                      • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                      • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                      • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                      • Outcome Measures
                                                                      • Sleep Duration
                                                                      • Sleep Quality
                                                                      • Alertness
                                                                      • Job Satisfaction
                                                                      • Injuries
                                                                      • Violations
                                                                      • Crashes
                                                                      • Sick Leave
                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                      • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                      • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                      • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                      • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                      • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                      • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        36

                                                                        Encouraging Commitment to the Organization

                                                                        bull Dedication to the organization and willing to work on its behalf

                                                                        bull 3 factors that contribute to organizational commitmentndash Identity and loyalty to the organizationndash Amount of personal investment made to the organizationndash Personal feelings of obligation to the organization

                                                                        bull Commitment can be at different levels in the organization

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        37

                                                                        Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                                                        bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        38

                                                                        Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                                                        bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                                                        bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                                                        bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                                                        the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                                                        employee development

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        39

                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                                                        A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                                                        2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                                                        A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        40

                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                                                        A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                                                        B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                                                        FMP

                                                                        4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        41

                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                                                        5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                                                        and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        42

                                                                        Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        43

                                                                        Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                                                        following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        44

                                                                        Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                                                        recognition11 Awareness education and

                                                                        kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        45

                                                                        Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                                        look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                                        concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                                        beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                                        employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        46

                                                                        Build Trust

                                                                        bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                                        bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                                        development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                                        management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        47

                                                                        Conduct Bench Marking

                                                                        bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                                        bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                                        bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        48

                                                                        Management Training and Education

                                                                        bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                                        bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                                        bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        49

                                                                        Training Managers

                                                                        bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                                        goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        50

                                                                        Steering Committee

                                                                        bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                                        bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                                        bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        51

                                                                        Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                                        bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                                        will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                                        committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                                        committee

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        52

                                                                        Develop a Safety Vision

                                                                        bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                                        organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                                        within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                                        to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        53

                                                                        Define Roles

                                                                        bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                        practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                        comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                        principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                        and finances

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        54

                                                                        Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                        accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                        Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                        outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        55

                                                                        Develop Measures

                                                                        bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                        bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                        tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                        measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                        performance measures should be developed

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        56

                                                                        Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                        bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                        evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                        defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                        recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                        individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        57

                                                                        Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                        bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                        bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                        bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                        bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        58

                                                                        Implement the FMP

                                                                        bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                        bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                        bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        59

                                                                        Measure Performance

                                                                        bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                        the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                        steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                        measures

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        60

                                                                        Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                        the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                        to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                        for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                        steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                        progress of the FMP

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        61

                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                        A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                        involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                        2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                        A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        62

                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                        A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                        FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                        4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        63

                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                        5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                        measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        64

                                                                        Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        65

                                                                        You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                        bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                        to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                        to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                        they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                        (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        66

                                                                        Process Measures

                                                                        bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                        bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                        bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        67

                                                                        Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                        bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                        bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                        bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                        a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                        airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        68

                                                                        FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                        bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                        bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                        bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                        bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                        bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        69

                                                                        Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                        bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                        bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                        bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                        bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        70

                                                                        Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                        bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                        bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                        are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                        providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                        development of the FMP

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        71

                                                                        Outcome Measures

                                                                        bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        72

                                                                        Sleep Duration

                                                                        bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                        bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                        bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                        during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                        sleeping meet requirements

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        73

                                                                        Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                        questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                        bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                        ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                        bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        74

                                                                        Alertness

                                                                        bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                        bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                        vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        75

                                                                        Job Satisfaction

                                                                        bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                        bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                        bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                        activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        76

                                                                        Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                        the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                        ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                        associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                        cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                        not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        77

                                                                        Violations

                                                                        bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                        bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                        bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                        (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        78

                                                                        Crashes

                                                                        bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                        bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                        bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                        violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                        circadian lows

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        79

                                                                        Sick Leave

                                                                        bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                        bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                        fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        80

                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                        A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                        2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                        driver

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        81

                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                        procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                        prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                        4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        82

                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                        5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                        hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                        driving

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        83

                                                                        Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        84

                                                                        Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                        bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                        changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                        in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                        levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                        impacted by the FMP

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        85

                                                                        Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                        priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                        related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                        safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                        others

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        86

                                                                        Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                        bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                        bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        87

                                                                        Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                        bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                        implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                        ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                        over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                        88

                                                                        Course Exam Module 2

                                                                        • Slide 1
                                                                        • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                        • Module 2 Overview
                                                                        • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                        • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                        • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                        • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                        • Safety Triad
                                                                        • Safety Culture
                                                                        • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                        • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                        • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                        • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                        • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                        • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                        • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                        • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                        • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                        • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                        • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                        • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                        • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                        • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                        • Empowerment
                                                                        • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                        • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                        • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                        • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                        • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                        • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                        • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                        • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                        • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                        • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                        • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                        • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                        • Build Trust
                                                                        • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                        • Management Training and Education
                                                                        • Training Managers
                                                                        • Steering Committee
                                                                        • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                        • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                        • Define Roles
                                                                        • Develop Accountability
                                                                        • Develop Measures
                                                                        • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                        • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                        • Implement the FMP
                                                                        • Measure Performance
                                                                        • Support the FMP
                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                        • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                        • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                        • Process Measures
                                                                        • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                        • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                        • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                        • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                        • Outcome Measures
                                                                        • Sleep Duration
                                                                        • Sleep Quality
                                                                        • Alertness
                                                                        • Job Satisfaction
                                                                        • Injuries
                                                                        • Violations
                                                                        • Crashes
                                                                        • Sick Leave
                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                        • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                        • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                        • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                        • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                        • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                        • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          37

                                                                          Benefits of Organizational Commitment

                                                                          bull Increased job satisfactionbull Increased performancebull Increased involvementbull Decreased job stressbull Decreased resistance to changebull Decreased turnover and absenteeism

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          38

                                                                          Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                                                          bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                                                          bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                                                          bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                                                          the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                                                          employee development

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          39

                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                                                          A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                                                          2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                                                          A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          40

                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                                                          A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                                                          B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                                                          FMP

                                                                          4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          41

                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                                                          5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                                                          and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          42

                                                                          Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          43

                                                                          Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                                                          following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          44

                                                                          Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                                                          recognition11 Awareness education and

                                                                          kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          45

                                                                          Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                                          look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                                          concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                                          beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                                          employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          46

                                                                          Build Trust

                                                                          bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                                          bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                                          development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                                          management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          47

                                                                          Conduct Bench Marking

                                                                          bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                                          bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                                          bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          48

                                                                          Management Training and Education

                                                                          bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                                          bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                                          bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          49

                                                                          Training Managers

                                                                          bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                                          goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          50

                                                                          Steering Committee

                                                                          bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                                          bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                                          bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          51

                                                                          Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                                          bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                                          will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                                          committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                                          committee

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          52

                                                                          Develop a Safety Vision

                                                                          bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                                          organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                                          within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                                          to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          53

                                                                          Define Roles

                                                                          bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                          practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                          comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                          principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                          and finances

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          54

                                                                          Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                          accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                          Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                          outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          55

                                                                          Develop Measures

                                                                          bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                          bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                          tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                          measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                          performance measures should be developed

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          56

                                                                          Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                          bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                          evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                          defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                          recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                          individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          57

                                                                          Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                          bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                          bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                          bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                          bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          58

                                                                          Implement the FMP

                                                                          bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                          bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                          bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          59

                                                                          Measure Performance

                                                                          bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                          the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                          steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                          measures

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          60

                                                                          Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                          the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                          to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                          for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                          steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                          progress of the FMP

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          61

                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                          A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                          involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                          2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                          A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          62

                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                          A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                          FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                          4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          63

                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                          5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                          measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          64

                                                                          Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          65

                                                                          You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                          bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                          to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                          to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                          they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                          (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          66

                                                                          Process Measures

                                                                          bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                          bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                          bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          67

                                                                          Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                          bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                          bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                          bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                          a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                          airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          68

                                                                          FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                          bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                          bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                          bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                          bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                          bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          69

                                                                          Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                          bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                          bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                          bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                          bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          70

                                                                          Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                          bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                          bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                          are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                          providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                          development of the FMP

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          71

                                                                          Outcome Measures

                                                                          bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          72

                                                                          Sleep Duration

                                                                          bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                          bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                          bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                          during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                          sleeping meet requirements

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          73

                                                                          Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                          questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                          bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                          ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                          bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          74

                                                                          Alertness

                                                                          bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                          bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                          vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          75

                                                                          Job Satisfaction

                                                                          bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                          bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                          bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                          activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          76

                                                                          Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                          the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                          ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                          associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                          cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                          not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          77

                                                                          Violations

                                                                          bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                          bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                          bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                          (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          78

                                                                          Crashes

                                                                          bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                          bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                          bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                          violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                          circadian lows

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          79

                                                                          Sick Leave

                                                                          bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                          bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                          fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          80

                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                          A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                          2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                          driver

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          81

                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                          procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                          prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                          4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          82

                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                          5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                          hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                          driving

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          83

                                                                          Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          84

                                                                          Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                          bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                          changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                          in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                          levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                          impacted by the FMP

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          85

                                                                          Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                          priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                          related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                          safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                          others

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          86

                                                                          Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                          bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                          bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          87

                                                                          Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                          bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                          implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                          ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                          over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                          88

                                                                          Course Exam Module 2

                                                                          • Slide 1
                                                                          • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                          • Module 2 Overview
                                                                          • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                          • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                          • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                          • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                          • Safety Triad
                                                                          • Safety Culture
                                                                          • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                          • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                          • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                          • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                          • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                          • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                          • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                          • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                          • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                          • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                          • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                          • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                          • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                          • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                          • Empowerment
                                                                          • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                          • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                          • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                          • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                          • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                          • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                          • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                          • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                          • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                          • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                          • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                          • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                          • Build Trust
                                                                          • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                          • Management Training and Education
                                                                          • Training Managers
                                                                          • Steering Committee
                                                                          • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                          • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                          • Define Roles
                                                                          • Develop Accountability
                                                                          • Develop Measures
                                                                          • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                          • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                          • Implement the FMP
                                                                          • Measure Performance
                                                                          • Support the FMP
                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                          • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                          • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                          • Process Measures
                                                                          • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                          • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                          • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                          • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                          • Outcome Measures
                                                                          • Sleep Duration
                                                                          • Sleep Quality
                                                                          • Alertness
                                                                          • Job Satisfaction
                                                                          • Injuries
                                                                          • Violations
                                                                          • Crashes
                                                                          • Sick Leave
                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                          • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                          • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                          • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                          • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                          • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                          • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            38

                                                                            Increasing Organizational Commitment

                                                                            bull Support from you and supervisorsndash ldquoMy organization and supervisor are on my siderdquo

                                                                            bull Rewards for goal achievement and other accomplishments

                                                                            bull Participation in organizational decision makingbull Perceptions of belonging in

                                                                            the organizationbull Training and commitment from the organization in

                                                                            employee development

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            39

                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                                                            A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                                                            2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                                                            A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            40

                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                                                            A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                                                            B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                                                            FMP

                                                                            4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            41

                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                                                            5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                                                            and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            42

                                                                            Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            43

                                                                            Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                                                            following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            44

                                                                            Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                                                            recognition11 Awareness education and

                                                                            kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            45

                                                                            Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                                            look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                                            concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                                            beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                                            employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            46

                                                                            Build Trust

                                                                            bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                                            bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                                            development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                                            management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            47

                                                                            Conduct Bench Marking

                                                                            bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                                            bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                                            bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            48

                                                                            Management Training and Education

                                                                            bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                                            bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                                            bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            49

                                                                            Training Managers

                                                                            bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                                            goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            50

                                                                            Steering Committee

                                                                            bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                                            bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                                            bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            51

                                                                            Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                                            bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                                            will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                                            committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                                            committee

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            52

                                                                            Develop a Safety Vision

                                                                            bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                                            organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                                            within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                                            to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            53

                                                                            Define Roles

                                                                            bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                            practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                            comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                            principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                            and finances

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            54

                                                                            Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                            accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                            Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                            outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            55

                                                                            Develop Measures

                                                                            bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                            bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                            tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                            measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                            performance measures should be developed

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            56

                                                                            Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                            bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                            evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                            defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                            recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                            individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            57

                                                                            Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                            bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                            bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                            bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                            bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            58

                                                                            Implement the FMP

                                                                            bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                            bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                            bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            59

                                                                            Measure Performance

                                                                            bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                            the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                            steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                            measures

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            60

                                                                            Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                            the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                            to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                            for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                            steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                            progress of the FMP

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            61

                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                            A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                            involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                            2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                            A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            62

                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                            A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                            FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                            4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            63

                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                            5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                            measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            64

                                                                            Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            65

                                                                            You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                            bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                            to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                            to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                            they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                            (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            66

                                                                            Process Measures

                                                                            bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                            bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                            bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            67

                                                                            Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                            bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                            bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                            bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                            a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                            airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            68

                                                                            FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                            bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                            bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                            bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                            bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                            bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            69

                                                                            Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                            bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                            bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                            bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                            bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            70

                                                                            Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                            bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                            bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                            are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                            providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                            development of the FMP

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            71

                                                                            Outcome Measures

                                                                            bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            72

                                                                            Sleep Duration

                                                                            bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                            bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                            bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                            during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                            sleeping meet requirements

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            73

                                                                            Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                            questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                            bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                            ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                            bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            74

                                                                            Alertness

                                                                            bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                            bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                            vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            75

                                                                            Job Satisfaction

                                                                            bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                            bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                            bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                            activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            76

                                                                            Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                            the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                            ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                            associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                            cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                            not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            77

                                                                            Violations

                                                                            bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                            bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                            bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                            (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            78

                                                                            Crashes

                                                                            bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                            bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                            bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                            violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                            circadian lows

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            79

                                                                            Sick Leave

                                                                            bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                            bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                            fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            80

                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                            A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                            2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                            driver

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            81

                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                            procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                            prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                            4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            82

                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                            5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                            hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                            driving

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            83

                                                                            Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            84

                                                                            Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                            bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                            changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                            in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                            levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                            impacted by the FMP

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            85

                                                                            Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                            priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                            related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                            safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                            others

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            86

                                                                            Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                            bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                            bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            87

                                                                            Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                            bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                            implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                            ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                            over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                            88

                                                                            Course Exam Module 2

                                                                            • Slide 1
                                                                            • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                            • Module 2 Overview
                                                                            • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                            • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                            • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                            • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                            • Safety Triad
                                                                            • Safety Culture
                                                                            • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                            • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                            • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                            • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                            • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                            • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                            • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                            • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                            • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                            • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                            • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                            • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                            • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                            • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                            • Empowerment
                                                                            • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                            • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                            • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                            • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                            • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                            • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                            • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                            • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                            • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                            • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                            • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                            • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                            • Build Trust
                                                                            • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                            • Management Training and Education
                                                                            • Training Managers
                                                                            • Steering Committee
                                                                            • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                            • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                            • Define Roles
                                                                            • Develop Accountability
                                                                            • Develop Measures
                                                                            • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                            • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                            • Implement the FMP
                                                                            • Measure Performance
                                                                            • Support the FMP
                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                            • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                            • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                            • Process Measures
                                                                            • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                            • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                            • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                            • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                            • Outcome Measures
                                                                            • Sleep Duration
                                                                            • Sleep Quality
                                                                            • Alertness
                                                                            • Job Satisfaction
                                                                            • Injuries
                                                                            • Violations
                                                                            • Crashes
                                                                            • Sick Leave
                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                            • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                            • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                            • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                            • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                            • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                            • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              39

                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 31 What is empowerment

                                                                              A Empowerment means letting your employees do whatever they wantB Giving employees sole responsibility C Sharing information and knowledge so employees can make decisionsD Decrease in managementrsquos responsibility

                                                                              2 What is a factor that influences employeesrsquo perceptions of empowerment

                                                                              A Self-efficacyB Personal controlC OptimismD All the above

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              40

                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                                                              A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                                                              B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                                                              FMP

                                                                              4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              41

                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                                                              5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                                                              and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              42

                                                                              Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              43

                                                                              Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                                                              following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              44

                                                                              Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                                                              recognition11 Awareness education and

                                                                              kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              45

                                                                              Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                                              look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                                              concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                                              beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                                              employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              46

                                                                              Build Trust

                                                                              bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                                              bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                                              development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                                              management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              47

                                                                              Conduct Bench Marking

                                                                              bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                                              bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                                              bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              48

                                                                              Management Training and Education

                                                                              bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                                              bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                                              bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              49

                                                                              Training Managers

                                                                              bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                                              goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              50

                                                                              Steering Committee

                                                                              bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                                              bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                                              bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              51

                                                                              Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                                              bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                                              will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                                              committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                                              committee

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              52

                                                                              Develop a Safety Vision

                                                                              bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                                              organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                                              within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                                              to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              53

                                                                              Define Roles

                                                                              bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                              practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                              comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                              principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                              and finances

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              54

                                                                              Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                              accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                              Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                              outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              55

                                                                              Develop Measures

                                                                              bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                              bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                              tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                              measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                              performance measures should be developed

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              56

                                                                              Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                              bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                              evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                              defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                              recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                              individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              57

                                                                              Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                              bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                              bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                              bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                              bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              58

                                                                              Implement the FMP

                                                                              bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                              bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                              bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              59

                                                                              Measure Performance

                                                                              bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                              the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                              steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                              measures

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              60

                                                                              Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                              the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                              to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                              for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                              steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                              progress of the FMP

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              61

                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                              A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                              involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                              2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                              A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              62

                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                              A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                              FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                              4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              63

                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                              5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                              measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              64

                                                                              Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              65

                                                                              You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                              bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                              to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                              to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                              they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                              (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              66

                                                                              Process Measures

                                                                              bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                              bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                              bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              67

                                                                              Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                              bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                              bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                              bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                              a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                              airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              68

                                                                              FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                              bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                              bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                              bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                              bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                              bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              69

                                                                              Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                              bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                              bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                              bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                              bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              70

                                                                              Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                              bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                              bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                              are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                              providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                              development of the FMP

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              71

                                                                              Outcome Measures

                                                                              bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              72

                                                                              Sleep Duration

                                                                              bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                              bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                              bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                              during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                              sleeping meet requirements

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              73

                                                                              Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                              questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                              bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                              ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                              bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              74

                                                                              Alertness

                                                                              bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                              bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                              vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              75

                                                                              Job Satisfaction

                                                                              bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                              bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                              bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                              activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              76

                                                                              Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                              the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                              ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                              associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                              cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                              not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              77

                                                                              Violations

                                                                              bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                              bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                              bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                              (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              78

                                                                              Crashes

                                                                              bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                              bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                              bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                              violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                              circadian lows

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              79

                                                                              Sick Leave

                                                                              bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                              bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                              fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              80

                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                              A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                              2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                              driver

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              81

                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                              procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                              prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                              4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              82

                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                              5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                              hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                              driving

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              83

                                                                              Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              84

                                                                              Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                              bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                              changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                              in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                              levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                              impacted by the FMP

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              85

                                                                              Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                              priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                              related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                              safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                              others

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              86

                                                                              Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                              bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                              bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              87

                                                                              Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                              bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                              implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                              ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                              over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                              88

                                                                              Course Exam Module 2

                                                                              • Slide 1
                                                                              • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                              • Module 2 Overview
                                                                              • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                              • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                              • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                              • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                              • Safety Triad
                                                                              • Safety Culture
                                                                              • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                              • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                              • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                              • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                              • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                              • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                              • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                              • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                              • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                              • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                              • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                              • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                              • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                              • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                              • Empowerment
                                                                              • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                              • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                              • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                              • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                              • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                              • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                              • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                              • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                              • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                              • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                              • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                              • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                              • Build Trust
                                                                              • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                              • Management Training and Education
                                                                              • Training Managers
                                                                              • Steering Committee
                                                                              • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                              • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                              • Define Roles
                                                                              • Develop Accountability
                                                                              • Develop Measures
                                                                              • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                              • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                              • Implement the FMP
                                                                              • Measure Performance
                                                                              • Support the FMP
                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                              • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                              • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                              • Process Measures
                                                                              • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                              • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                              • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                              • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                              • Outcome Measures
                                                                              • Sleep Duration
                                                                              • Sleep Quality
                                                                              • Alertness
                                                                              • Job Satisfaction
                                                                              • Injuries
                                                                              • Violations
                                                                              • Crashes
                                                                              • Sick Leave
                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                              • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                              • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                              • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                              • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                              • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                              • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                40

                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued3 Why is employee empowerment important

                                                                                A Empowerment can diminish resistance to the FMP because it creates bottom-up involvement

                                                                                B Empowerment decreases managementrsquos responsibility in the FMPC Empowerment tricks employees in believing they are in controlD Empowerment increases managementrsquos control in the development of the

                                                                                FMP

                                                                                4 Why is it important to delegate responsibility for fatigue managementA It reduces responsibility of managementB It increases managementrsquos controlC Decreases employeesrsquo sense of self-efficacyD Accountability increases

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                41

                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                                                                5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                                                                and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                42

                                                                                Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                43

                                                                                Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                                                                following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                44

                                                                                Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                                                                recognition11 Awareness education and

                                                                                kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                45

                                                                                Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                                                look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                                                concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                                                beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                                                employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                46

                                                                                Build Trust

                                                                                bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                                                bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                                                development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                                                management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                47

                                                                                Conduct Bench Marking

                                                                                bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                                                bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                                                bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                48

                                                                                Management Training and Education

                                                                                bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                                                bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                                                bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                49

                                                                                Training Managers

                                                                                bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                                                goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                50

                                                                                Steering Committee

                                                                                bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                                                bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                                                bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                51

                                                                                Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                                                bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                                                will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                                                committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                                                committee

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                52

                                                                                Develop a Safety Vision

                                                                                bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                                                organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                                                within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                                                to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                53

                                                                                Define Roles

                                                                                bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                                practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                                comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                                principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                                and finances

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                54

                                                                                Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                                accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                                Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                                outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                55

                                                                                Develop Measures

                                                                                bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                                bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                                tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                                measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                                performance measures should be developed

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                56

                                                                                Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                                bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                                evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                                defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                                recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                                individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                57

                                                                                Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                                bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                                bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                                bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                                bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                58

                                                                                Implement the FMP

                                                                                bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                                bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                                bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                59

                                                                                Measure Performance

                                                                                bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                                the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                                steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                                measures

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                60

                                                                                Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                                the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                                to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                                for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                                steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                                progress of the FMP

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                61

                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                62

                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                63

                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                64

                                                                                Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                65

                                                                                You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                66

                                                                                Process Measures

                                                                                bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                67

                                                                                Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                68

                                                                                FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                69

                                                                                Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                70

                                                                                Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                development of the FMP

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                71

                                                                                Outcome Measures

                                                                                bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                72

                                                                                Sleep Duration

                                                                                bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                73

                                                                                Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                74

                                                                                Alertness

                                                                                bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                75

                                                                                Job Satisfaction

                                                                                bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                76

                                                                                Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                77

                                                                                Violations

                                                                                bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                78

                                                                                Crashes

                                                                                bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                circadian lows

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                79

                                                                                Sick Leave

                                                                                bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                80

                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                driver

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                81

                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                82

                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                driving

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                83

                                                                                Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                84

                                                                                Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                impacted by the FMP

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                85

                                                                                Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                others

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                86

                                                                                Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                87

                                                                                Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                88

                                                                                Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                • Slide 1
                                                                                • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                • Safety Triad
                                                                                • Safety Culture
                                                                                • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                • Empowerment
                                                                                • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                • Build Trust
                                                                                • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                • Management Training and Education
                                                                                • Training Managers
                                                                                • Steering Committee
                                                                                • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                • Define Roles
                                                                                • Develop Accountability
                                                                                • Develop Measures
                                                                                • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                • Implement the FMP
                                                                                • Measure Performance
                                                                                • Support the FMP
                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                • Process Measures
                                                                                • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                • Outcome Measures
                                                                                • Sleep Duration
                                                                                • Sleep Quality
                                                                                • Alertness
                                                                                • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                • Injuries
                                                                                • Violations
                                                                                • Crashes
                                                                                • Sick Leave
                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  41

                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued

                                                                                  5 What is a strategy to increase organizational commitmentA Encourage participation in FMP development

                                                                                  and decision-makingB Reduce empowermentC Develop and assign goals to employeesD All the above

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  42

                                                                                  Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  43

                                                                                  Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                                                                  following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  44

                                                                                  Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                                                                  recognition11 Awareness education and

                                                                                  kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  45

                                                                                  Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                                                  look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                                                  concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                                                  beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                                                  employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  46

                                                                                  Build Trust

                                                                                  bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                                                  bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                                                  development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                                                  management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  47

                                                                                  Conduct Bench Marking

                                                                                  bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                                                  bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                                                  bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  48

                                                                                  Management Training and Education

                                                                                  bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                                                  bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                                                  bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  49

                                                                                  Training Managers

                                                                                  bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                                                  goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  50

                                                                                  Steering Committee

                                                                                  bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                                                  bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                                                  bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  51

                                                                                  Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                                                  bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                                                  will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                                                  committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                                                  committee

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  52

                                                                                  Develop a Safety Vision

                                                                                  bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                                                  organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                                                  within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                                                  to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  53

                                                                                  Define Roles

                                                                                  bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                                  practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                                  comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                                  principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                                  and finances

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  54

                                                                                  Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                                  accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                                  Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                                  outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  55

                                                                                  Develop Measures

                                                                                  bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                                  bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                                  tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                                  measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                                  performance measures should be developed

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  56

                                                                                  Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                                  bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                                  evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                                  defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                                  recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                                  individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  57

                                                                                  Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                                  bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                                  bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                                  bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                                  bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  58

                                                                                  Implement the FMP

                                                                                  bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                                  bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                                  bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  59

                                                                                  Measure Performance

                                                                                  bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                                  the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                                  steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                                  measures

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  60

                                                                                  Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                                  the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                                  to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                                  for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                                  steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                                  progress of the FMP

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  61

                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                  A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                  involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                  2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                  A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  62

                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                  A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                  FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                  4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  63

                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                  5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                  measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  64

                                                                                  Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  65

                                                                                  You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                  bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                  to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                  to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                  they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                  (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  66

                                                                                  Process Measures

                                                                                  bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                  bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                  bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  67

                                                                                  Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                  bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                  bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                  bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                  a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                  airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  68

                                                                                  FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                  bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                  bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                  bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                  bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                  bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  69

                                                                                  Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                  bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                  bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                  bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                  bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  70

                                                                                  Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                  bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                  bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                  are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                  providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                  development of the FMP

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  71

                                                                                  Outcome Measures

                                                                                  bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  72

                                                                                  Sleep Duration

                                                                                  bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                  bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                  bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                  during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                  sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  73

                                                                                  Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                  questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                  bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                  ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                  bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  74

                                                                                  Alertness

                                                                                  bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                  bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                  vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  75

                                                                                  Job Satisfaction

                                                                                  bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                  bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                  bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                  activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  76

                                                                                  Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                  the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                  ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                  associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                  cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                  not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  77

                                                                                  Violations

                                                                                  bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                  bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                  bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                  (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  78

                                                                                  Crashes

                                                                                  bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                  bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                  bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                  violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                  circadian lows

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  79

                                                                                  Sick Leave

                                                                                  bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                  bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                  fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  80

                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                  A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                  2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                  driver

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  81

                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                  procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                  prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                  4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  82

                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                  5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                  hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                  driving

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  83

                                                                                  Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  84

                                                                                  Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                  bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                  changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                  in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                  levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                  impacted by the FMP

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  85

                                                                                  Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                  priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                  related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                  safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                  others

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  86

                                                                                  Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                  bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                  bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  87

                                                                                  Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                  bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                  implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                  ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                  over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                  88

                                                                                  Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                  • Slide 1
                                                                                  • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                  • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                  • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                  • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                  • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                  • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                  • Safety Triad
                                                                                  • Safety Culture
                                                                                  • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                  • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                  • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                  • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                  • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                  • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                  • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                  • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                  • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                  • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                  • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                  • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                  • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                  • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                  • Empowerment
                                                                                  • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                  • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                  • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                  • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                  • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                  • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                  • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                  • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                  • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                  • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                  • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                  • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                  • Build Trust
                                                                                  • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                  • Management Training and Education
                                                                                  • Training Managers
                                                                                  • Steering Committee
                                                                                  • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                  • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                  • Define Roles
                                                                                  • Develop Accountability
                                                                                  • Develop Measures
                                                                                  • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                  • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                  • Implement the FMP
                                                                                  • Measure Performance
                                                                                  • Support the FMP
                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                  • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                  • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                  • Process Measures
                                                                                  • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                  • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                  • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                  • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                  • Outcome Measures
                                                                                  • Sleep Duration
                                                                                  • Sleep Quality
                                                                                  • Alertness
                                                                                  • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                  • Injuries
                                                                                  • Violations
                                                                                  • Crashes
                                                                                  • Sick Leave
                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                  • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                  • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                  • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                  • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                  • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                  • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    42

                                                                                    Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    43

                                                                                    Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                                                                    following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    44

                                                                                    Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                                                                    recognition11 Awareness education and

                                                                                    kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    45

                                                                                    Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                                                    look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                                                    concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                                                    beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                                                    employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    46

                                                                                    Build Trust

                                                                                    bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                                                    bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                                                    development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                                                    management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    47

                                                                                    Conduct Bench Marking

                                                                                    bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                                                    bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                                                    bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    48

                                                                                    Management Training and Education

                                                                                    bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                                                    bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                                                    bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    49

                                                                                    Training Managers

                                                                                    bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                                                    goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    50

                                                                                    Steering Committee

                                                                                    bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                                                    bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                                                    bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    51

                                                                                    Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                                                    bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                                                    will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                                                    committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                                                    committee

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    52

                                                                                    Develop a Safety Vision

                                                                                    bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                                                    organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                                                    within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                                                    to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    53

                                                                                    Define Roles

                                                                                    bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                                    practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                                    comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                                    principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                                    and finances

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    54

                                                                                    Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                                    accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                                    Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                                    outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    55

                                                                                    Develop Measures

                                                                                    bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                                    bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                                    tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                                    measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                                    performance measures should be developed

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    56

                                                                                    Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                                    bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                                    evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                                    defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                                    recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                                    individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    57

                                                                                    Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                                    bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                                    bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                                    bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                                    bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    58

                                                                                    Implement the FMP

                                                                                    bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                                    bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                                    bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    59

                                                                                    Measure Performance

                                                                                    bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                                    the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                                    steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                                    measures

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    60

                                                                                    Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                                    the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                                    to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                                    for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                                    steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                                    progress of the FMP

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    61

                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                    A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                    involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                    2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                    A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    62

                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                    A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                    FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                    4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    63

                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                    5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                    measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    64

                                                                                    Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    65

                                                                                    You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                    bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                    to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                    to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                    they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                    (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    66

                                                                                    Process Measures

                                                                                    bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                    bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                    bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    67

                                                                                    Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                    bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                    bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                    bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                    a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                    airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    68

                                                                                    FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                    bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                    bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                    bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                    bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                    bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    69

                                                                                    Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                    bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                    bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                    bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                    bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    70

                                                                                    Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                    bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                    bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                    are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                    providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                    development of the FMP

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    71

                                                                                    Outcome Measures

                                                                                    bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    72

                                                                                    Sleep Duration

                                                                                    bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                    bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                    bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                    during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                    sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    73

                                                                                    Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                    questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                    bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                    ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                    bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    74

                                                                                    Alertness

                                                                                    bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                    bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                    vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    75

                                                                                    Job Satisfaction

                                                                                    bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                    bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                    bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                    activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    76

                                                                                    Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                    the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                    ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                    associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                    cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                    not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    77

                                                                                    Violations

                                                                                    bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                    bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                    bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                    (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    78

                                                                                    Crashes

                                                                                    bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                    bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                    bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                    violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                    circadian lows

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    79

                                                                                    Sick Leave

                                                                                    bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                    bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                    fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    80

                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                    A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                    2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                    driver

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    81

                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                    procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                    prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                    4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    82

                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                    5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                    hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                    driving

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    83

                                                                                    Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    84

                                                                                    Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                    bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                    changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                    in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                    levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                    impacted by the FMP

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    85

                                                                                    Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                    priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                    related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                    safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                    others

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    86

                                                                                    Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                    bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                    bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    87

                                                                                    Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                    bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                    implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                    ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                    over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                    88

                                                                                    Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                    • Slide 1
                                                                                    • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                    • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                    • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                    • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                    • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                    • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                    • Safety Triad
                                                                                    • Safety Culture
                                                                                    • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                    • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                    • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                    • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                    • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                    • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                    • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                    • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                    • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                    • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                    • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                    • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                    • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                    • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                    • Empowerment
                                                                                    • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                    • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                    • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                    • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                    • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                    • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                    • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                    • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                    • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                    • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                    • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                    • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                    • Build Trust
                                                                                    • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                    • Management Training and Education
                                                                                    • Training Managers
                                                                                    • Steering Committee
                                                                                    • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                    • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                    • Define Roles
                                                                                    • Develop Accountability
                                                                                    • Develop Measures
                                                                                    • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                    • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                    • Implement the FMP
                                                                                    • Measure Performance
                                                                                    • Support the FMP
                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                    • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                    • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                    • Process Measures
                                                                                    • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                    • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                    • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                    • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                    • Outcome Measures
                                                                                    • Sleep Duration
                                                                                    • Sleep Quality
                                                                                    • Alertness
                                                                                    • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                    • Injuries
                                                                                    • Violations
                                                                                    • Crashes
                                                                                    • Sick Leave
                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                    • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                    • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                    • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                    • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                    • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                    • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      43

                                                                                      Corporate Culture Changebull Culture change can be accomplished through the

                                                                                      following steps or techniques1 Top management ldquobuy inrdquo2 Building trust3 Conducting bench marking4 Management training5 Creating a steering committee6 Development of a safety vision7 Defining roles

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      44

                                                                                      Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                                                                      recognition11 Awareness education and

                                                                                      kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      45

                                                                                      Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                                                      look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                                                      concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                                                      beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                                                      employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      46

                                                                                      Build Trust

                                                                                      bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                                                      bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                                                      development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                                                      management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      47

                                                                                      Conduct Bench Marking

                                                                                      bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                                                      bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                                                      bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      48

                                                                                      Management Training and Education

                                                                                      bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                                                      bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                                                      bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      49

                                                                                      Training Managers

                                                                                      bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                                                      goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      50

                                                                                      Steering Committee

                                                                                      bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                                                      bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                                                      bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      51

                                                                                      Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                                                      bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                                                      will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                                                      committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                                                      committee

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      52

                                                                                      Develop a Safety Vision

                                                                                      bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                                                      organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                                                      within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                                                      to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      53

                                                                                      Define Roles

                                                                                      bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                                      practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                                      comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                                      principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                                      and finances

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      54

                                                                                      Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                                      accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                                      Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                                      outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      55

                                                                                      Develop Measures

                                                                                      bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                                      bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                                      tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                                      measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                                      performance measures should be developed

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      56

                                                                                      Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                                      bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                                      evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                                      defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                                      recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                                      individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      57

                                                                                      Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                                      bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                                      bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                                      bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                                      bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      58

                                                                                      Implement the FMP

                                                                                      bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                                      bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                                      bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      59

                                                                                      Measure Performance

                                                                                      bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                                      the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                                      steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                                      measures

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      60

                                                                                      Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                                      the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                                      to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                                      for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                                      steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                                      progress of the FMP

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      61

                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                      A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                      involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                      2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                      A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      62

                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                      A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                      FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                      4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      63

                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                      5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                      measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      64

                                                                                      Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      65

                                                                                      You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                      bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                      to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                      to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                      they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                      (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      66

                                                                                      Process Measures

                                                                                      bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                      bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                      bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      67

                                                                                      Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                      bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                      bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                      bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                      a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                      airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      68

                                                                                      FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                      bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                      bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                      bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                      bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                      bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      69

                                                                                      Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                      bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                      bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                      bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                      bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      70

                                                                                      Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                      bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                      bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                      are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                      providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                      development of the FMP

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      71

                                                                                      Outcome Measures

                                                                                      bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      72

                                                                                      Sleep Duration

                                                                                      bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                      bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                      bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                      during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                      sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      73

                                                                                      Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                      questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                      bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                      ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                      bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      74

                                                                                      Alertness

                                                                                      bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                      bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                      vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      75

                                                                                      Job Satisfaction

                                                                                      bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                      bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                      bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                      activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      76

                                                                                      Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                      the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                      ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                      associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                      cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                      not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      77

                                                                                      Violations

                                                                                      bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                      bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                      bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                      (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      78

                                                                                      Crashes

                                                                                      bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                      bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                      bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                      violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                      circadian lows

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      79

                                                                                      Sick Leave

                                                                                      bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                      bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                      fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      80

                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                      A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                      2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                      driver

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      81

                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                      procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                      prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                      4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      82

                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                      5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                      hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                      driving

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      83

                                                                                      Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      84

                                                                                      Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                      bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                      changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                      in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                      levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                      impacted by the FMP

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      85

                                                                                      Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                      priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                      related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                      safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                      others

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      86

                                                                                      Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                      bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                      bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      87

                                                                                      Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                      bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                      implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                      ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                      over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                      88

                                                                                      Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                      • Slide 1
                                                                                      • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                      • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                      • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                      • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                      • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                      • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                      • Safety Triad
                                                                                      • Safety Culture
                                                                                      • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                      • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                      • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                      • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                      • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                      • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                      • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                      • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                      • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                      • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                      • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                      • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                      • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                      • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                      • Empowerment
                                                                                      • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                      • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                      • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                      • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                      • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                      • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                      • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                      • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                      • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                      • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                      • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                      • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                      • Build Trust
                                                                                      • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                      • Management Training and Education
                                                                                      • Training Managers
                                                                                      • Steering Committee
                                                                                      • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                      • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                      • Define Roles
                                                                                      • Develop Accountability
                                                                                      • Develop Measures
                                                                                      • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                      • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                      • Implement the FMP
                                                                                      • Measure Performance
                                                                                      • Support the FMP
                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                      • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                      • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                      • Process Measures
                                                                                      • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                      • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                      • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                      • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                      • Outcome Measures
                                                                                      • Sleep Duration
                                                                                      • Sleep Quality
                                                                                      • Alertness
                                                                                      • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                      • Injuries
                                                                                      • Violations
                                                                                      • Crashes
                                                                                      • Sick Leave
                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                      • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                      • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                      • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                      • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                      • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                      • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        44

                                                                                        Corporate Culture Change8 Developing accountability9 Developing measures10 Developing policies for

                                                                                        recognition11 Awareness education and

                                                                                        kick-off12 Implementing the FMP13 Measuring performance14 Supporting the FMP

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        45

                                                                                        Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                                                        look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                                                        concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                                                        beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                                                        employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        46

                                                                                        Build Trust

                                                                                        bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                                                        bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                                                        development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                                                        management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        47

                                                                                        Conduct Bench Marking

                                                                                        bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                                                        bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                                                        bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        48

                                                                                        Management Training and Education

                                                                                        bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                                                        bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                                                        bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        49

                                                                                        Training Managers

                                                                                        bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                                                        goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        50

                                                                                        Steering Committee

                                                                                        bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                                                        bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                                                        bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        51

                                                                                        Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                                                        bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                                                        will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                                                        committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                                                        committee

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        52

                                                                                        Develop a Safety Vision

                                                                                        bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                                                        organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                                                        within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                                                        to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        53

                                                                                        Define Roles

                                                                                        bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                                        practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                                        comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                                        principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                                        and finances

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        54

                                                                                        Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                                        accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                                        Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                                        outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        55

                                                                                        Develop Measures

                                                                                        bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                                        bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                                        tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                                        measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                                        performance measures should be developed

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        56

                                                                                        Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                                        bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                                        evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                                        defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                                        recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                                        individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        57

                                                                                        Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                                        bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                                        bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                                        bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                                        bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        58

                                                                                        Implement the FMP

                                                                                        bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                                        bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                                        bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        59

                                                                                        Measure Performance

                                                                                        bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                                        the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                                        steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                                        measures

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        60

                                                                                        Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                                        the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                                        to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                                        for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                                        steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                                        progress of the FMP

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        61

                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                        A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                        involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                        2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                        A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        62

                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                        A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                        FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                        4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        63

                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                        5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                        measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        64

                                                                                        Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        65

                                                                                        You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                        bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                        to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                        to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                        they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                        (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        66

                                                                                        Process Measures

                                                                                        bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                        bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                        bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        67

                                                                                        Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                        bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                        bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                        bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                        a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                        airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        68

                                                                                        FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                        bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                        bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                        bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                        bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                        bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        69

                                                                                        Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                        bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                        bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                        bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                        bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        70

                                                                                        Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                        bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                        bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                        are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                        providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                        development of the FMP

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        71

                                                                                        Outcome Measures

                                                                                        bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        72

                                                                                        Sleep Duration

                                                                                        bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                        bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                        bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                        during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                        sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        73

                                                                                        Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                        questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                        bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                        ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                        bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        74

                                                                                        Alertness

                                                                                        bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                        bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                        vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        75

                                                                                        Job Satisfaction

                                                                                        bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                        bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                        bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                        activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        76

                                                                                        Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                        the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                        ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                        associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                        cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                        not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        77

                                                                                        Violations

                                                                                        bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                        bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                        bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                        (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        78

                                                                                        Crashes

                                                                                        bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                        bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                        bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                        violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                        circadian lows

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        79

                                                                                        Sick Leave

                                                                                        bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                        bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                        fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        80

                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                        A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                        2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                        driver

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        81

                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                        procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                        prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                        4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        82

                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                        5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                        hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                        driving

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        83

                                                                                        Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        84

                                                                                        Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                        bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                        changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                        in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                        levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                        impacted by the FMP

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        85

                                                                                        Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                        priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                        related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                        safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                        others

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        86

                                                                                        Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                        bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                        bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        87

                                                                                        Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                        bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                        implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                        ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                        over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                        88

                                                                                        Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                        • Slide 1
                                                                                        • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                        • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                        • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                        • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                        • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                        • Safety Triad
                                                                                        • Safety Culture
                                                                                        • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                        • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                        • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                        • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                        • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                        • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                        • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                        • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                        • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                        • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                        • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                        • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                        • Empowerment
                                                                                        • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                        • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                        • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                        • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                        • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                        • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                        • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                        • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                        • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                        • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                        • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                        • Build Trust
                                                                                        • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                        • Management Training and Education
                                                                                        • Training Managers
                                                                                        • Steering Committee
                                                                                        • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                        • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                        • Define Roles
                                                                                        • Develop Accountability
                                                                                        • Develop Measures
                                                                                        • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                        • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                        • Implement the FMP
                                                                                        • Measure Performance
                                                                                        • Support the FMP
                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                        • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                        • Process Measures
                                                                                        • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                        • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                        • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                        • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                        • Outcome Measures
                                                                                        • Sleep Duration
                                                                                        • Sleep Quality
                                                                                        • Alertness
                                                                                        • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                        • Injuries
                                                                                        • Violations
                                                                                        • Crashes
                                                                                        • Sick Leave
                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                        • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                        • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                        • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                        • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                        • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                        • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          45

                                                                                          Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquobull Employees often follow authority or top management and

                                                                                          look to them for guidance in times of changebull Champion the FMP through face-to-face interactionsbull Avoid lip service bull Attend and participate in all meetings

                                                                                          concerning the FMPbull Emphasize the benefits of the FMP and

                                                                                          beliefs in its successbull Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all

                                                                                          employees involved in the FMPbull Be actively involved in the development of the FMP

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          46

                                                                                          Build Trust

                                                                                          bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                                                          bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                                                          development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                                                          management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          47

                                                                                          Conduct Bench Marking

                                                                                          bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                                                          bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                                                          bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          48

                                                                                          Management Training and Education

                                                                                          bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                                                          bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                                                          bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          49

                                                                                          Training Managers

                                                                                          bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                                                          goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          50

                                                                                          Steering Committee

                                                                                          bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                                                          bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                                                          bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          51

                                                                                          Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                                                          bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                                                          will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                                                          committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                                                          committee

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          52

                                                                                          Develop a Safety Vision

                                                                                          bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                                                          organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                                                          within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                                                          to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          53

                                                                                          Define Roles

                                                                                          bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                                          practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                                          comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                                          principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                                          and finances

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          54

                                                                                          Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                                          accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                                          Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                                          outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          55

                                                                                          Develop Measures

                                                                                          bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                                          bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                                          tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                                          measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                                          performance measures should be developed

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          56

                                                                                          Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                                          bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                                          evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                                          defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                                          recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                                          individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          57

                                                                                          Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                                          bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                                          bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                                          bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                                          bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          58

                                                                                          Implement the FMP

                                                                                          bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                                          bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                                          bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          59

                                                                                          Measure Performance

                                                                                          bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                                          the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                                          steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                                          measures

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          60

                                                                                          Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                                          the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                                          to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                                          for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                                          steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                                          progress of the FMP

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          61

                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                          A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                          involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                          2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                          A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          62

                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                          A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                          FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                          4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          63

                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                          5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                          measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          64

                                                                                          Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          65

                                                                                          You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                          bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                          to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                          to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                          they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                          (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          66

                                                                                          Process Measures

                                                                                          bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                          bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                          bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          67

                                                                                          Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                          bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                          bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                          bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                          a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                          airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          68

                                                                                          FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                          bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                          bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                          bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                          bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                          bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          69

                                                                                          Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                          bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                          bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                          bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                          bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          70

                                                                                          Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                          bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                          bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                          are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                          providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                          development of the FMP

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          71

                                                                                          Outcome Measures

                                                                                          bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          72

                                                                                          Sleep Duration

                                                                                          bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                          bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                          bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                          during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                          sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          73

                                                                                          Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                          questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                          bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                          ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                          bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          74

                                                                                          Alertness

                                                                                          bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                          bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                          vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          75

                                                                                          Job Satisfaction

                                                                                          bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                          bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                          bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                          activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          76

                                                                                          Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                          the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                          ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                          associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                          cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                          not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          77

                                                                                          Violations

                                                                                          bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                          bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                          bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                          (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          78

                                                                                          Crashes

                                                                                          bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                          bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                          bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                          violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                          circadian lows

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          79

                                                                                          Sick Leave

                                                                                          bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                          bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                          fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          80

                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                          A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                          2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                          driver

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          81

                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                          procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                          prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                          4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          82

                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                          5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                          hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                          driving

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          83

                                                                                          Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          84

                                                                                          Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                          bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                          changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                          in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                          levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                          impacted by the FMP

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          85

                                                                                          Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                          priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                          related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                          safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                          others

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          86

                                                                                          Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                          bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                          bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          87

                                                                                          Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                          bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                          implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                          ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                          over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                          88

                                                                                          Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                          • Slide 1
                                                                                          • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                          • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                          • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                          • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                          • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                          • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                          • Safety Triad
                                                                                          • Safety Culture
                                                                                          • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                          • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                          • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                          • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                          • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                          • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                          • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                          • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                          • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                          • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                          • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                          • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                          • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                          • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                          • Empowerment
                                                                                          • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                          • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                          • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                          • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                          • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                          • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                          • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                          • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                          • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                          • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                          • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                          • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                          • Build Trust
                                                                                          • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                          • Management Training and Education
                                                                                          • Training Managers
                                                                                          • Steering Committee
                                                                                          • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                          • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                          • Define Roles
                                                                                          • Develop Accountability
                                                                                          • Develop Measures
                                                                                          • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                          • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                          • Implement the FMP
                                                                                          • Measure Performance
                                                                                          • Support the FMP
                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                          • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                          • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                          • Process Measures
                                                                                          • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                          • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                          • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                          • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                          • Outcome Measures
                                                                                          • Sleep Duration
                                                                                          • Sleep Quality
                                                                                          • Alertness
                                                                                          • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                          • Injuries
                                                                                          • Violations
                                                                                          • Crashes
                                                                                          • Sick Leave
                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                          • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                          • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                          • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                          • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                          • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                          • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            46

                                                                                            Build Trust

                                                                                            bull Involve employees from all levels of the organization in the development of the FMP

                                                                                            bull Seek specific feedback about the FMPbull Actively listen to all concernsbull Provide opportunities for choice in the FMP

                                                                                            development process among employeesbull Consider CMV driver fatigue

                                                                                            management a value and not a prioritybull You should be expected to follow the FMP

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            47

                                                                                            Conduct Bench Marking

                                                                                            bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                                                            bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                                                            bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            48

                                                                                            Management Training and Education

                                                                                            bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                                                            bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                                                            bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            49

                                                                                            Training Managers

                                                                                            bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                                                            goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            50

                                                                                            Steering Committee

                                                                                            bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                                                            bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                                                            bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            51

                                                                                            Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                                                            bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                                                            will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                                                            committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                                                            committee

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            52

                                                                                            Develop a Safety Vision

                                                                                            bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                                                            organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                                                            within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                                                            to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            53

                                                                                            Define Roles

                                                                                            bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                                            practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                                            comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                                            principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                                            and finances

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            54

                                                                                            Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                                            accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                                            Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                                            outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            55

                                                                                            Develop Measures

                                                                                            bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                                            bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                                            tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                                            measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                                            performance measures should be developed

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            56

                                                                                            Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                                            bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                                            evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                                            defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                                            recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                                            individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            57

                                                                                            Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                                            bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                                            bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                                            bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                                            bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            58

                                                                                            Implement the FMP

                                                                                            bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                                            bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                                            bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            59

                                                                                            Measure Performance

                                                                                            bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                                            the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                                            steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                                            measures

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            60

                                                                                            Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                                            the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                                            to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                                            for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                                            steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                                            progress of the FMP

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            61

                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                            A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                            involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                            2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                            A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            62

                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                            A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                            FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                            4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            63

                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                            5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                            measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            64

                                                                                            Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            65

                                                                                            You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                            bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                            to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                            to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                            they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                            (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            66

                                                                                            Process Measures

                                                                                            bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                            bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                            bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            67

                                                                                            Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                            bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                            bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                            bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                            a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                            airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            68

                                                                                            FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                            bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                            bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                            bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                            bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                            bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            69

                                                                                            Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                            bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                            bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                            bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                            bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            70

                                                                                            Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                            bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                            bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                            are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                            providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                            development of the FMP

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            71

                                                                                            Outcome Measures

                                                                                            bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            72

                                                                                            Sleep Duration

                                                                                            bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                            bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                            bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                            during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                            sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            73

                                                                                            Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                            questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                            bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                            ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                            bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            74

                                                                                            Alertness

                                                                                            bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                            bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                            vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            75

                                                                                            Job Satisfaction

                                                                                            bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                            bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                            bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                            activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            76

                                                                                            Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                            the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                            ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                            associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                            cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                            not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            77

                                                                                            Violations

                                                                                            bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                            bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                            bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                            (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            78

                                                                                            Crashes

                                                                                            bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                            bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                            bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                            violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                            circadian lows

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            79

                                                                                            Sick Leave

                                                                                            bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                            bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                            fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            80

                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                            A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                            2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                            driver

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            81

                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                            procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                            prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                            4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            82

                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                            5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                            hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                            driving

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            83

                                                                                            Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            84

                                                                                            Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                            bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                            changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                            in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                            levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                            impacted by the FMP

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            85

                                                                                            Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                            priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                            related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                            safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                            others

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            86

                                                                                            Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                            bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                            bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            87

                                                                                            Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                            bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                            implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                            ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                            over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                            88

                                                                                            Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                            • Slide 1
                                                                                            • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                            • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                            • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                            • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                            • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                            • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                            • Safety Triad
                                                                                            • Safety Culture
                                                                                            • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                            • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                            • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                            • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                            • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                            • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                            • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                            • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                            • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                            • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                            • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                            • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                            • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                            • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                            • Empowerment
                                                                                            • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                            • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                            • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                            • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                            • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                            • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                            • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                            • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                            • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                            • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                            • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                            • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                            • Build Trust
                                                                                            • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                            • Management Training and Education
                                                                                            • Training Managers
                                                                                            • Steering Committee
                                                                                            • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                            • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                            • Define Roles
                                                                                            • Develop Accountability
                                                                                            • Develop Measures
                                                                                            • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                            • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                            • Implement the FMP
                                                                                            • Measure Performance
                                                                                            • Support the FMP
                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                            • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                            • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                            • Process Measures
                                                                                            • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                            • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                            • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                            • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                            • Outcome Measures
                                                                                            • Sleep Duration
                                                                                            • Sleep Quality
                                                                                            • Alertness
                                                                                            • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                            • Injuries
                                                                                            • Violations
                                                                                            • Crashes
                                                                                            • Sick Leave
                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                            • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                            • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                            • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                            • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                            • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                            • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              47

                                                                                              Conduct Bench Marking

                                                                                              bull Observation of current fatigue management and fatigue-related characteristics will determine areas in need of improvement

                                                                                              bull Evaluate current best practices to identify proven fatigue management techniques

                                                                                              bull Identify best practices related to your organizationrsquos need for improvement

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              48

                                                                                              Management Training and Education

                                                                                              bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                                                              bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                                                              bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              49

                                                                                              Training Managers

                                                                                              bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                                                              goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              50

                                                                                              Steering Committee

                                                                                              bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                                                              bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                                                              bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              51

                                                                                              Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                                                              bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                                                              will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                                                              committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                                                              committee

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              52

                                                                                              Develop a Safety Vision

                                                                                              bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                                                              organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                                                              within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                                                              to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              53

                                                                                              Define Roles

                                                                                              bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                                              practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                                              comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                                              principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                                              and finances

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              54

                                                                                              Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                                              accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                                              Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                                              outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              55

                                                                                              Develop Measures

                                                                                              bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                                              bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                                              tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                                              measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                                              performance measures should be developed

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              56

                                                                                              Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                                              bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                                              evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                                              defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                                              recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                                              individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              57

                                                                                              Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                                              bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                                              bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                                              bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                                              bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              58

                                                                                              Implement the FMP

                                                                                              bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                                              bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                                              bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              59

                                                                                              Measure Performance

                                                                                              bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                                              the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                                              steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                                              measures

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              60

                                                                                              Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                                              the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                                              to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                                              for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                                              steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                                              progress of the FMP

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              61

                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                              A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                              involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                              2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                              A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              62

                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                              A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                              FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                              4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              63

                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                              5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                              measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              64

                                                                                              Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              65

                                                                                              You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                              bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                              to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                              to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                              they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                              (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              66

                                                                                              Process Measures

                                                                                              bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                              bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                              bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              67

                                                                                              Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                              bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                              bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                              bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                              a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                              airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              68

                                                                                              FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                              bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                              bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                              bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                              bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                              bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              69

                                                                                              Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                              bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                              bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                              bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                              bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              70

                                                                                              Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                              bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                              bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                              are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                              providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                              development of the FMP

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              71

                                                                                              Outcome Measures

                                                                                              bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              72

                                                                                              Sleep Duration

                                                                                              bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                              bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                              bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                              during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                              sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              73

                                                                                              Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                              questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                              bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                              ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                              bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              74

                                                                                              Alertness

                                                                                              bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                              bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                              vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              75

                                                                                              Job Satisfaction

                                                                                              bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                              bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                              bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                              activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              76

                                                                                              Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                              the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                              ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                              associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                              cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                              not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              77

                                                                                              Violations

                                                                                              bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                              bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                              bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                              (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              78

                                                                                              Crashes

                                                                                              bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                              bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                              bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                              violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                              circadian lows

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              79

                                                                                              Sick Leave

                                                                                              bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                              bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                              fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              80

                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                              A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                              2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                              driver

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              81

                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                              procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                              prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                              4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              82

                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                              5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                              hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                              driving

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              83

                                                                                              Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              84

                                                                                              Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                              bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                              changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                              in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                              levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                              impacted by the FMP

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              85

                                                                                              Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                              priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                              related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                              safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                              others

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              86

                                                                                              Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                              bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                              bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              87

                                                                                              Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                              bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                              implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                              ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                              over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                              88

                                                                                              Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                              • Slide 1
                                                                                              • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                              • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                              • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                              • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                              • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                              • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                              • Safety Triad
                                                                                              • Safety Culture
                                                                                              • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                              • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                              • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                              • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                              • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                              • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                              • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                              • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                              • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                              • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                              • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                              • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                              • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                              • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                              • Empowerment
                                                                                              • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                              • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                              • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                              • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                              • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                              • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                              • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                              • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                              • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                              • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                              • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                              • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                              • Build Trust
                                                                                              • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                              • Management Training and Education
                                                                                              • Training Managers
                                                                                              • Steering Committee
                                                                                              • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                              • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                              • Define Roles
                                                                                              • Develop Accountability
                                                                                              • Develop Measures
                                                                                              • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                              • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                              • Implement the FMP
                                                                                              • Measure Performance
                                                                                              • Support the FMP
                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                              • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                              • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                              • Process Measures
                                                                                              • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                              • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                              • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                              • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                              • Outcome Measures
                                                                                              • Sleep Duration
                                                                                              • Sleep Quality
                                                                                              • Alertness
                                                                                              • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                              • Injuries
                                                                                              • Violations
                                                                                              • Crashes
                                                                                              • Sick Leave
                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                              • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                              • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                              • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                              • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                              • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                              • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                48

                                                                                                Management Training and Education

                                                                                                bull Critical for you to fully understand the concept behind the FMP before developing the FMP

                                                                                                bull Organizational culture change requires all employees to understand the basic principles behind change

                                                                                                bull Management needs training in the best practices related to the FMP in order to champion the FMP

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                49

                                                                                                Training Managers

                                                                                                bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                                                                goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                50

                                                                                                Steering Committee

                                                                                                bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                                                                bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                                                                bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                51

                                                                                                Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                                                                bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                                                                will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                                                                committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                                                                committee

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                52

                                                                                                Develop a Safety Vision

                                                                                                bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                                                                organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                                                                within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                                                                to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                53

                                                                                                Define Roles

                                                                                                bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                                                practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                                                comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                                                principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                                                and finances

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                54

                                                                                                Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                                                accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                                                Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                                                outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                55

                                                                                                Develop Measures

                                                                                                bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                                                bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                                                tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                                                measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                                                performance measures should be developed

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                56

                                                                                                Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                                                bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                                                evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                                                defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                                                recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                                                individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                57

                                                                                                Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                                                bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                                                bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                                                bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                                                bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                58

                                                                                                Implement the FMP

                                                                                                bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                                                bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                                                bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                59

                                                                                                Measure Performance

                                                                                                bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                                                the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                                                steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                                                measures

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                60

                                                                                                Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                                                the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                                                to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                                                for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                                                steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                                                progress of the FMP

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                61

                                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                                A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                                involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                                2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                                A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                62

                                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                                A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                                FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                                4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                63

                                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                                5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                                measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                64

                                                                                                Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                65

                                                                                                You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                                bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                                to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                                to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                                they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                                (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                66

                                                                                                Process Measures

                                                                                                bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                                bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                                bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                67

                                                                                                Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                                bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                                bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                                bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                                a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                                airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                68

                                                                                                FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                                bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                                bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                                bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                                bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                                bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                69

                                                                                                Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                70

                                                                                                Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                development of the FMP

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                71

                                                                                                Outcome Measures

                                                                                                bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                72

                                                                                                Sleep Duration

                                                                                                bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                73

                                                                                                Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                74

                                                                                                Alertness

                                                                                                bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                75

                                                                                                Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                76

                                                                                                Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                77

                                                                                                Violations

                                                                                                bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                78

                                                                                                Crashes

                                                                                                bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                circadian lows

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                79

                                                                                                Sick Leave

                                                                                                bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                80

                                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                driver

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                81

                                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                82

                                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                driving

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                83

                                                                                                Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                84

                                                                                                Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                85

                                                                                                Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                others

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                86

                                                                                                Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                87

                                                                                                Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                88

                                                                                                Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                • Slide 1
                                                                                                • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                • Safety Triad
                                                                                                • Safety Culture
                                                                                                • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                • Empowerment
                                                                                                • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                • Build Trust
                                                                                                • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                • Training Managers
                                                                                                • Steering Committee
                                                                                                • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                • Define Roles
                                                                                                • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                • Develop Measures
                                                                                                • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                • Measure Performance
                                                                                                • Support the FMP
                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                • Process Measures
                                                                                                • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                • Alertness
                                                                                                • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                • Injuries
                                                                                                • Violations
                                                                                                • Crashes
                                                                                                • Sick Leave
                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  49

                                                                                                  Training Managers

                                                                                                  bull Train managers tondash Provide supportive and corrective feedbackndash Become leaders in the FMP developmentndash Provide rewards praise andor recognition for

                                                                                                  goal accomplishmentndash Effectively communicate about FMP-related topics

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  50

                                                                                                  Steering Committee

                                                                                                  bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                                                                  bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                                                                  bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  51

                                                                                                  Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                                                                  bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                                                                  will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                                                                  committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                                                                  committee

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  52

                                                                                                  Develop a Safety Vision

                                                                                                  bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                                                                  organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                                                                  within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                                                                  to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  53

                                                                                                  Define Roles

                                                                                                  bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                                                  practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                                                  comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                                                  principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                                                  and finances

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  54

                                                                                                  Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                                                  accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                                                  Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                                                  outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  55

                                                                                                  Develop Measures

                                                                                                  bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                                                  bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                                                  tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                                                  measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                                                  performance measures should be developed

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  56

                                                                                                  Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                                                  bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                                                  evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                                                  defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                                                  recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                                                  individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  57

                                                                                                  Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                                                  bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                                                  bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                                                  bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                                                  bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  58

                                                                                                  Implement the FMP

                                                                                                  bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                                                  bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                                                  bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  59

                                                                                                  Measure Performance

                                                                                                  bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                                                  the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                                                  steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                                                  measures

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  60

                                                                                                  Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                                                  the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                                                  to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                                                  for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                                                  steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                                                  progress of the FMP

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  61

                                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                                  A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                                  involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                                  2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                                  A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  62

                                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                                  A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                                  FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                                  4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  63

                                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                                  5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                                  measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  64

                                                                                                  Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  65

                                                                                                  You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                                  bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                                  to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                                  to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                                  they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                                  (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  66

                                                                                                  Process Measures

                                                                                                  bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                                  bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                                  bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  67

                                                                                                  Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                                  bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                                  bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                                  bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                                  a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                                  airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  68

                                                                                                  FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                                  bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                                  bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                                  bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                                  bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                                  bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  69

                                                                                                  Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                  bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                  bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                  bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                  bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  70

                                                                                                  Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                  bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                  bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                  are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                  providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                  development of the FMP

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  71

                                                                                                  Outcome Measures

                                                                                                  bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  72

                                                                                                  Sleep Duration

                                                                                                  bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                  bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                  bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                  during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                  sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  73

                                                                                                  Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                  questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                  bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                  ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                  bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  74

                                                                                                  Alertness

                                                                                                  bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                  bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                  vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  75

                                                                                                  Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                  bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                  bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                  bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                  activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  76

                                                                                                  Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                  the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                  ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                  associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                  cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                  not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  77

                                                                                                  Violations

                                                                                                  bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                  bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                  bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                  (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  78

                                                                                                  Crashes

                                                                                                  bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                  bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                  bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                  violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                  circadian lows

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  79

                                                                                                  Sick Leave

                                                                                                  bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                  bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                  fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  80

                                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                  A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                  2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                  driver

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  81

                                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                  procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                  prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                  4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  82

                                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                  5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                  hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                  driving

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  83

                                                                                                  Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  84

                                                                                                  Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                  bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                  changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                  in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                  levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                  impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  85

                                                                                                  Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                  priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                  related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                  safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                  others

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  86

                                                                                                  Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                  bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                  bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  87

                                                                                                  Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                  bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                  implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                  ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                  over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                  88

                                                                                                  Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                  • Slide 1
                                                                                                  • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                  • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                  • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                  • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                  • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                  • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                  • Safety Triad
                                                                                                  • Safety Culture
                                                                                                  • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                  • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                  • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                  • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                  • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                  • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                  • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                  • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                  • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                  • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                  • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                  • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                  • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                  • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                  • Empowerment
                                                                                                  • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                  • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                  • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                  • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                  • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                  • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                  • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                  • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                  • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                  • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                  • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                  • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                  • Build Trust
                                                                                                  • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                  • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                  • Training Managers
                                                                                                  • Steering Committee
                                                                                                  • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                  • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                  • Define Roles
                                                                                                  • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                  • Develop Measures
                                                                                                  • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                  • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                  • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                  • Measure Performance
                                                                                                  • Support the FMP
                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                  • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                  • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                  • Process Measures
                                                                                                  • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                  • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                  • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                  • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                  • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                  • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                  • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                  • Alertness
                                                                                                  • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                  • Injuries
                                                                                                  • Violations
                                                                                                  • Crashes
                                                                                                  • Sick Leave
                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                  • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                  • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                  • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                  • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                  • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                  • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    50

                                                                                                    Steering Committee

                                                                                                    bull Steering committee needs to be assembled to provide oversight and support

                                                                                                    bull All levels of the organization included on the steering committee including a driver advisory council

                                                                                                    bull The steering committee will serve two functionsndash Develop FMP contentndash Develop the process for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    51

                                                                                                    Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                                                                    bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                                                                    will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                                                                    committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                                                                    committee

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    52

                                                                                                    Develop a Safety Vision

                                                                                                    bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                                                                    organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                                                                    within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                                                                    to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    53

                                                                                                    Define Roles

                                                                                                    bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                                                    practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                                                    comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                                                    principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                                                    and finances

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    54

                                                                                                    Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                                                    accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                                                    Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                                                    outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    55

                                                                                                    Develop Measures

                                                                                                    bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                                                    bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                                                    tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                                                    measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                                                    performance measures should be developed

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    56

                                                                                                    Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                                                    bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                                                    evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                                                    defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                                                    recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                                                    individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    57

                                                                                                    Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                                                    bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                                                    bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                                                    bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                                                    bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    58

                                                                                                    Implement the FMP

                                                                                                    bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                                                    bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                                                    bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    59

                                                                                                    Measure Performance

                                                                                                    bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                                                    the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                                                    steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                                                    measures

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    60

                                                                                                    Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                                                    the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                                                    to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                                                    for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                                                    steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                                                    progress of the FMP

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    61

                                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                                    A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                                    involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                                    2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                                    A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    62

                                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                                    A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                                    FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                                    4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    63

                                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                                    5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                                    measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    64

                                                                                                    Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    65

                                                                                                    You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                                    bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                                    to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                                    to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                                    they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                                    (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    66

                                                                                                    Process Measures

                                                                                                    bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                                    bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                                    bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    67

                                                                                                    Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                                    bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                                    bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                                    bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                                    a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                                    airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    68

                                                                                                    FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                                    bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                                    bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                                    bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                                    bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                                    bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    69

                                                                                                    Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                    bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                    bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                    bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                    bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    70

                                                                                                    Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                    bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                    bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                    are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                    providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                    development of the FMP

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    71

                                                                                                    Outcome Measures

                                                                                                    bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    72

                                                                                                    Sleep Duration

                                                                                                    bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                    bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                    bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                    during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                    sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    73

                                                                                                    Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                    questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                    bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                    ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                    bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    74

                                                                                                    Alertness

                                                                                                    bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                    bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                    vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    75

                                                                                                    Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                    bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                    bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                    bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                    activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    76

                                                                                                    Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                    the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                    ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                    associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                    cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                    not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    77

                                                                                                    Violations

                                                                                                    bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                    bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                    bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                    (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    78

                                                                                                    Crashes

                                                                                                    bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                    bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                    bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                    violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                    circadian lows

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    79

                                                                                                    Sick Leave

                                                                                                    bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                    bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                    fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    80

                                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                    A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                    2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                    driver

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    81

                                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                    procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                    prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                    4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    82

                                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                    5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                    hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                    driving

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    83

                                                                                                    Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    84

                                                                                                    Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                    bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                    changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                    in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                    levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                    impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    85

                                                                                                    Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                    priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                    related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                    safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                    others

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    86

                                                                                                    Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                    bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                    bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    87

                                                                                                    Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                    bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                    implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                    ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                    over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                    88

                                                                                                    Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                    • Slide 1
                                                                                                    • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                    • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                    • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                    • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                    • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                    • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                    • Safety Triad
                                                                                                    • Safety Culture
                                                                                                    • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                    • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                    • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                    • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                    • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                    • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                    • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                    • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                    • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                    • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                    • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                    • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                    • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                    • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                    • Empowerment
                                                                                                    • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                    • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                    • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                    • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                    • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                    • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                    • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                    • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                    • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                    • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                    • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                    • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                    • Build Trust
                                                                                                    • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                    • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                    • Training Managers
                                                                                                    • Steering Committee
                                                                                                    • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                    • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                    • Define Roles
                                                                                                    • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                    • Develop Measures
                                                                                                    • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                    • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                    • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                    • Measure Performance
                                                                                                    • Support the FMP
                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                    • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                    • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                    • Process Measures
                                                                                                    • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                    • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                    • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                    • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                    • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                    • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                    • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                    • Alertness
                                                                                                    • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                    • Injuries
                                                                                                    • Violations
                                                                                                    • Crashes
                                                                                                    • Sick Leave
                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                    • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                    • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                    • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                    • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                    • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                    • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      51

                                                                                                      Assembling the Steering Committee

                                                                                                      bull What mission will the steering committee servebull What ground rules dictate how the steering committee

                                                                                                      will operatebull What will be the suggested authority of the steering

                                                                                                      committeebull What limitations are placed on the steering committeebull What are the priorities of the steering committeebull Which people are best suited to be on the steering

                                                                                                      committee

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      52

                                                                                                      Develop a Safety Vision

                                                                                                      bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                                                                      organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                                                                      within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                                                                      to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      53

                                                                                                      Define Roles

                                                                                                      bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                                                      practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                                                      comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                                                      principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                                                      and finances

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      54

                                                                                                      Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                                                      accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                                                      Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                                                      outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      55

                                                                                                      Develop Measures

                                                                                                      bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                                                      bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                                                      tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                                                      measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                                                      performance measures should be developed

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      56

                                                                                                      Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                                                      bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                                                      evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                                                      defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                                                      recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                                                      individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      57

                                                                                                      Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                                                      bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                                                      bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                                                      bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                                                      bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      58

                                                                                                      Implement the FMP

                                                                                                      bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                                                      bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                                                      bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      59

                                                                                                      Measure Performance

                                                                                                      bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                                                      the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                                                      steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                                                      measures

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      60

                                                                                                      Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                                                      the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                                                      to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                                                      for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                                                      steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                                                      progress of the FMP

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      61

                                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                                      A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                                      involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                                      2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                                      A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      62

                                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                                      A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                                      FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                                      4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      63

                                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                                      5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                                      measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      64

                                                                                                      Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      65

                                                                                                      You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                                      bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                                      to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                                      to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                                      they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                                      (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      66

                                                                                                      Process Measures

                                                                                                      bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                                      bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                                      bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      67

                                                                                                      Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                                      bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                                      bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                                      bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                                      a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                                      airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      68

                                                                                                      FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                                      bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                                      bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                                      bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                                      bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                                      bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      69

                                                                                                      Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                      bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                      bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                      bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                      bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      70

                                                                                                      Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                      bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                      bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                      are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                      providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                      development of the FMP

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      71

                                                                                                      Outcome Measures

                                                                                                      bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      72

                                                                                                      Sleep Duration

                                                                                                      bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                      bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                      bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                      during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                      sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      73

                                                                                                      Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                      questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                      bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                      ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                      bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      74

                                                                                                      Alertness

                                                                                                      bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                      bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                      vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      75

                                                                                                      Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                      bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                      bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                      bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                      activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      76

                                                                                                      Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                      the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                      ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                      associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                      cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                      not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      77

                                                                                                      Violations

                                                                                                      bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                      bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                      bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                      (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      78

                                                                                                      Crashes

                                                                                                      bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                      bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                      bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                      violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                      circadian lows

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      79

                                                                                                      Sick Leave

                                                                                                      bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                      bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                      fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      80

                                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                      A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                      2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                      driver

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      81

                                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                      procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                      prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                      4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      82

                                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                      5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                      hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                      driving

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      83

                                                                                                      Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      84

                                                                                                      Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                      bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                      changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                      in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                      levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                      impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      85

                                                                                                      Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                      priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                      related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                      safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                      others

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      86

                                                                                                      Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                      bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                      bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      87

                                                                                                      Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                      bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                      implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                      ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                      over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                      88

                                                                                                      Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                      • Slide 1
                                                                                                      • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                      • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                      • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                      • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                      • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                      • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                      • Safety Triad
                                                                                                      • Safety Culture
                                                                                                      • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                      • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                      • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                      • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                      • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                      • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                      • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                      • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                      • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                      • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                      • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                      • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                      • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                      • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                      • Empowerment
                                                                                                      • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                      • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                      • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                      • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                      • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                      • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                      • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                      • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                      • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                      • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                      • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                      • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                      • Build Trust
                                                                                                      • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                      • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                      • Training Managers
                                                                                                      • Steering Committee
                                                                                                      • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                      • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                      • Define Roles
                                                                                                      • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                      • Develop Measures
                                                                                                      • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                      • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                      • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                      • Measure Performance
                                                                                                      • Support the FMP
                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                      • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                      • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                      • Process Measures
                                                                                                      • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                      • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                      • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                      • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                      • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                      • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                      • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                      • Alertness
                                                                                                      • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                      • Injuries
                                                                                                      • Violations
                                                                                                      • Crashes
                                                                                                      • Sick Leave
                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                      • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                      • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                      • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                      • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                      • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                      • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        52

                                                                                                        Develop a Safety Vision

                                                                                                        bull What is the purpose of the FMPbull How should the FMP affect the future of the

                                                                                                        organizationbull What is the ideal outcome of the FMPbull What the current state of fatigue is

                                                                                                        within the organizationbull What steps are needed for the organization

                                                                                                        to reach the ideal fatigue-related outcome(s)

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        53

                                                                                                        Define Roles

                                                                                                        bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                                                        practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                                                        comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                                                        principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                                                        and finances

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        54

                                                                                                        Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                                                        accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                                                        Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                                                        outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        55

                                                                                                        Develop Measures

                                                                                                        bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                                                        bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                                                        tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                                                        measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                                                        performance measures should be developed

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        56

                                                                                                        Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                                                        bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                                                        evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                                                        defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                                                        recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                                                        individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        57

                                                                                                        Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                                                        bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                                                        bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                                                        bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                                                        bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        58

                                                                                                        Implement the FMP

                                                                                                        bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                                                        bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                                                        bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        59

                                                                                                        Measure Performance

                                                                                                        bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                                                        the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                                                        steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                                                        measures

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        60

                                                                                                        Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                                                        the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                                                        to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                                                        for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                                                        steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                                                        progress of the FMP

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        61

                                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                                        A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                                        involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                                        2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                                        A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        62

                                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                                        A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                                        FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                                        4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        63

                                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                                        5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                                        measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        64

                                                                                                        Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        65

                                                                                                        You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                                        bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                                        to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                                        to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                                        they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                                        (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        66

                                                                                                        Process Measures

                                                                                                        bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                                        bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                                        bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        67

                                                                                                        Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                                        bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                                        bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                                        bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                                        a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                                        airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        68

                                                                                                        FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                                        bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                                        bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                                        bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                                        bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                                        bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        69

                                                                                                        Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                        bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                        bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                        bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                        bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        70

                                                                                                        Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                        bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                        bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                        are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                        providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                        development of the FMP

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        71

                                                                                                        Outcome Measures

                                                                                                        bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        72

                                                                                                        Sleep Duration

                                                                                                        bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                        bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                        bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                        during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                        sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        73

                                                                                                        Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                        questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                        bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                        ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                        bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        74

                                                                                                        Alertness

                                                                                                        bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                        bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                        vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        75

                                                                                                        Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                        bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                        bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                        bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                        activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        76

                                                                                                        Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                        the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                        ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                        associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                        cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                        not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        77

                                                                                                        Violations

                                                                                                        bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                        bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                        bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                        (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        78

                                                                                                        Crashes

                                                                                                        bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                        bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                        bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                        violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                        circadian lows

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        79

                                                                                                        Sick Leave

                                                                                                        bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                        bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                        fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        80

                                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                        A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                        2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                        driver

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        81

                                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                        procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                        prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                        4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        82

                                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                        5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                        hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                        driving

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        83

                                                                                                        Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        84

                                                                                                        Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                        bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                        changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                        in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                        levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                        impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        85

                                                                                                        Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                        priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                        related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                        safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                        others

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        86

                                                                                                        Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                        bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                        bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        87

                                                                                                        Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                        bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                        implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                        ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                        over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                        88

                                                                                                        Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                        • Slide 1
                                                                                                        • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                        • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                        • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                        • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                        • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                        • Safety Triad
                                                                                                        • Safety Culture
                                                                                                        • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                        • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                        • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                        • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                        • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                        • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                        • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                        • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                        • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                        • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                        • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                        • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                        • Empowerment
                                                                                                        • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                        • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                        • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                        • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                        • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                        • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                        • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                        • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                        • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                        • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                        • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                        • Build Trust
                                                                                                        • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                        • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                        • Training Managers
                                                                                                        • Steering Committee
                                                                                                        • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                        • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                        • Define Roles
                                                                                                        • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                        • Develop Measures
                                                                                                        • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                        • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                        • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                        • Measure Performance
                                                                                                        • Support the FMP
                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                        • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                        • Process Measures
                                                                                                        • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                        • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                        • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                        • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                        • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                        • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                        • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                        • Alertness
                                                                                                        • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                        • Injuries
                                                                                                        • Violations
                                                                                                        • Crashes
                                                                                                        • Sick Leave
                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                        • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                        • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                        • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                        • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                        • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                        • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          53

                                                                                                          Define Roles

                                                                                                          bull When defining roles consider each committee memberrsquos strengths and why they have been selected to be on the steering committeendash Who has the most knowledge of current FMP best

                                                                                                          practicesndash Who can elicit the most

                                                                                                          comprehensive feedback from driversndash Who has knowledge of training and education

                                                                                                          principles and proceduresndash Who has knowledge of program administration

                                                                                                          and finances

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          54

                                                                                                          Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                                                          accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                                                          Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                                                          outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          55

                                                                                                          Develop Measures

                                                                                                          bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                                                          bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                                                          tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                                                          measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                                                          performance measures should be developed

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          56

                                                                                                          Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                                                          bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                                                          evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                                                          defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                                                          recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                                                          individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          57

                                                                                                          Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                                                          bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                                                          bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                                                          bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                                                          bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          58

                                                                                                          Implement the FMP

                                                                                                          bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                                                          bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                                                          bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          59

                                                                                                          Measure Performance

                                                                                                          bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                                                          the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                                                          steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                                                          measures

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                          Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                                                          the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                                                          to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                                                          for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                                                          steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                                                          progress of the FMP

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          61

                                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                                          A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                                          involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                                          2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                                          A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          62

                                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                                          A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                                          FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                                          4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          63

                                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                                          5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                                          measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          64

                                                                                                          Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          65

                                                                                                          You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                                          bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                                          to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                                          to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                                          they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                                          (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          66

                                                                                                          Process Measures

                                                                                                          bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                                          bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                                          bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          67

                                                                                                          Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                                          bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                                          bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                                          bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                                          a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                                          airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          68

                                                                                                          FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                                          bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                                          bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                                          bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                                          bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                                          bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          69

                                                                                                          Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                          bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                          bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                          bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                          bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          70

                                                                                                          Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                          bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                          bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                          are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                          providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                          development of the FMP

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          71

                                                                                                          Outcome Measures

                                                                                                          bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          72

                                                                                                          Sleep Duration

                                                                                                          bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                          bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                          bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                          during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                          sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          73

                                                                                                          Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                          questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                          bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                          ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                          bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          74

                                                                                                          Alertness

                                                                                                          bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                          bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                          vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          75

                                                                                                          Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                          bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                          bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                          bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                          activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          76

                                                                                                          Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                          the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                          ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                          associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                          cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                          not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          77

                                                                                                          Violations

                                                                                                          bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                          bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                          bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                          (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          78

                                                                                                          Crashes

                                                                                                          bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                          bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                          bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                          violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                          circadian lows

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          79

                                                                                                          Sick Leave

                                                                                                          bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                          bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                          fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          80

                                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                          A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                          2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                          driver

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          81

                                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                          procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                          prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                          4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          82

                                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                          5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                          hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                          driving

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          83

                                                                                                          Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          84

                                                                                                          Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                          bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                          changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                          in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                          levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                          impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          85

                                                                                                          Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                          priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                          related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                          safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                          others

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          86

                                                                                                          Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                          bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                          bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          87

                                                                                                          Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                          bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                          implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                          ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                          over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                          88

                                                                                                          Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                          • Slide 1
                                                                                                          • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                          • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                          • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                          • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                          • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                          • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                          • Safety Triad
                                                                                                          • Safety Culture
                                                                                                          • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                          • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                          • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                          • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                          • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                          • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                          • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                          • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                          • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                          • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                          • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                          • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                          • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                          • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                          • Empowerment
                                                                                                          • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                          • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                          • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                          • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                          • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                          • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                          • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                          • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                          • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                          • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                          • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                          • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                          • Build Trust
                                                                                                          • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                          • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                          • Training Managers
                                                                                                          • Steering Committee
                                                                                                          • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                          • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                          • Define Roles
                                                                                                          • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                          • Develop Measures
                                                                                                          • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                          • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                          • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                          • Measure Performance
                                                                                                          • Support the FMP
                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                          • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                          • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                          • Process Measures
                                                                                                          • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                          • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                          • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                          • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                          • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                          • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                          • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                          • Alertness
                                                                                                          • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                          • Injuries
                                                                                                          • Violations
                                                                                                          • Crashes
                                                                                                          • Sick Leave
                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                          • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                          • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                          • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                          • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                          • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                          • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            54

                                                                                                            Develop Accountabilitybull Strive towards self-directed responsibility and

                                                                                                            accountability bull Recognize and acknowledge involvement in the FMPbull Hold employees accountable for things in their controlbull Develop SMART (Specific Motivational Achievable

                                                                                                            Relevant Trackable) goalsbull Feedback on progression toward goal accomplishmentbull ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquobull Focus on process measures instead of

                                                                                                            outcome measures (described in Lesson 5)

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            55

                                                                                                            Develop Measures

                                                                                                            bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                                                            bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                                                            tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                                                            measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                                                            performance measures should be developed

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            56

                                                                                                            Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                                                            bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                                                            evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                                                            defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                                                            recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                                                            individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            57

                                                                                                            Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                                                            bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                                                            bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                                                            bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                                                            bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            58

                                                                                                            Implement the FMP

                                                                                                            bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                                                            bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                                                            bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            59

                                                                                                            Measure Performance

                                                                                                            bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                                                            the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                                                            steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                                                            measures

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            60

                                                                                                            Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                                                            the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                                                            to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                                                            for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                                                            steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                                                            progress of the FMP

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            61

                                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                                            A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                                            involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                                            2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                                            A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            62

                                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                                            A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                                            FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                                            4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            63

                                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                                            5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                                            measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            64

                                                                                                            Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            65

                                                                                                            You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                                            bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                                            to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                                            to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                                            they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                                            (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            66

                                                                                                            Process Measures

                                                                                                            bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                                            bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                                            bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            67

                                                                                                            Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                                            bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                                            bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                                            bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                                            a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                                            airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            68

                                                                                                            FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                                            bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                                            bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                                            bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                                            bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                                            bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            69

                                                                                                            Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                            bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                            bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                            bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                            bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            70

                                                                                                            Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                            bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                            bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                            are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                            providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                            development of the FMP

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            71

                                                                                                            Outcome Measures

                                                                                                            bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            72

                                                                                                            Sleep Duration

                                                                                                            bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                            bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                            bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                            during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                            sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            73

                                                                                                            Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                            questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                            bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                            ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                            bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            74

                                                                                                            Alertness

                                                                                                            bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                            bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                            vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            75

                                                                                                            Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                            bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                            bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                            bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                            activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            76

                                                                                                            Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                            the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                            ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                            associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                            cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                            not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            77

                                                                                                            Violations

                                                                                                            bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                            bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                            bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                            (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            78

                                                                                                            Crashes

                                                                                                            bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                            bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                            bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                            violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                            circadian lows

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            79

                                                                                                            Sick Leave

                                                                                                            bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                            bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                            fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            80

                                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                            A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                            2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                            driver

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            81

                                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                            procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                            prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                            4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            82

                                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                            5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                            hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                            driving

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            83

                                                                                                            Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            84

                                                                                                            Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                            bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                            changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                            in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                            levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                            impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            85

                                                                                                            Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                            priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                            related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                            safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                            others

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            86

                                                                                                            Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                            bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                            bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            87

                                                                                                            Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                            bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                            implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                            ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                            over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                            88

                                                                                                            Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                            • Slide 1
                                                                                                            • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                            • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                            • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                            • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                            • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                            • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                            • Safety Triad
                                                                                                            • Safety Culture
                                                                                                            • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                            • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                            • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                            • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                            • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                            • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                            • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                            • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                            • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                            • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                            • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                            • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                            • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                            • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                            • Empowerment
                                                                                                            • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                            • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                            • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                            • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                            • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                            • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                            • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                            • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                            • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                            • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                            • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                            • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                            • Build Trust
                                                                                                            • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                            • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                            • Training Managers
                                                                                                            • Steering Committee
                                                                                                            • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                            • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                            • Define Roles
                                                                                                            • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                            • Develop Measures
                                                                                                            • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                            • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                            • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                            • Measure Performance
                                                                                                            • Support the FMP
                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                            • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                            • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                            • Process Measures
                                                                                                            • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                            • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                            • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                            • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                            • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                            • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                            • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                            • Alertness
                                                                                                            • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                            • Injuries
                                                                                                            • Violations
                                                                                                            • Crashes
                                                                                                            • Sick Leave
                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                            • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                            • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                            • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                            • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                            • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                            • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              55

                                                                                                              Develop Measures

                                                                                                              bull Develop measures that allow employees to be held accountable

                                                                                                              bull Process measures and not outcome measuresbull Focus on specific behaviors that can be easily defined

                                                                                                              tracked and are related to individual and group goalsndash For group goals group performance

                                                                                                              measures should be developedndash For individual goals personal

                                                                                                              performance measures should be developed

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              56

                                                                                                              Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                                                              bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                                                              evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                                                              defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                                                              recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                                                              individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              57

                                                                                                              Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                                                              bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                                                              bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                                                              bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                                                              bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              58

                                                                                                              Implement the FMP

                                                                                                              bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                                                              bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                                                              bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              59

                                                                                                              Measure Performance

                                                                                                              bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                                                              the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                                                              steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                                                              measures

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              60

                                                                                                              Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                                                              the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                                                              to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                                                              for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                                                              steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                                                              progress of the FMP

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              61

                                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                                              A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                                              involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                                              2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                                              A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              62

                                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                                              A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                                              FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                                              4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              63

                                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                                              5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                                              measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              64

                                                                                                              Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              65

                                                                                                              You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                                              bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                                              to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                                              to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                                              they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                                              (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              66

                                                                                                              Process Measures

                                                                                                              bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                                              bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                                              bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              67

                                                                                                              Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                                              bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                                              bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                                              bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                                              a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                                              airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              68

                                                                                                              FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                                              bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                                              bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                                              bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                                              bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                                              bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              69

                                                                                                              Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                              bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                              bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                              bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                              bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              70

                                                                                                              Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                              bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                              bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                              are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                              providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                              development of the FMP

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              71

                                                                                                              Outcome Measures

                                                                                                              bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              72

                                                                                                              Sleep Duration

                                                                                                              bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                              bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                              bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                              during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                              sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              73

                                                                                                              Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                              questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                              bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                              ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                              bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              74

                                                                                                              Alertness

                                                                                                              bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                              bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                              vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              75

                                                                                                              Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                              bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                              bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                              bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                              activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              76

                                                                                                              Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                              the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                              ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                              associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                              cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                              not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              77

                                                                                                              Violations

                                                                                                              bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                              bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                              bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                              (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              78

                                                                                                              Crashes

                                                                                                              bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                              bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                              bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                              violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                              circadian lows

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              79

                                                                                                              Sick Leave

                                                                                                              bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                              bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                              fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              80

                                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                              A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                              2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                              driver

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              81

                                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                              procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                              prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                              4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              82

                                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                              5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                              hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                              driving

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              83

                                                                                                              Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              84

                                                                                                              Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                              bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                              changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                              in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                              levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                              impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              85

                                                                                                              Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                              priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                              related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                              safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                              others

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              86

                                                                                                              Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                              bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                              bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              87

                                                                                                              Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                              bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                              implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                              ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                              over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                              88

                                                                                                              Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                              • Slide 1
                                                                                                              • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                              • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                              • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                              • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                              • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                              • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                              • Safety Triad
                                                                                                              • Safety Culture
                                                                                                              • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                              • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                              • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                              • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                              • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                              • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                              • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                              • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                              • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                              • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                              • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                              • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                              • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                              • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                              • Empowerment
                                                                                                              • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                              • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                              • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                              • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                              • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                              • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                              • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                              • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                              • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                              • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                              • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                              • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                              • Build Trust
                                                                                                              • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                              • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                              • Training Managers
                                                                                                              • Steering Committee
                                                                                                              • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                              • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                              • Define Roles
                                                                                                              • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                              • Develop Measures
                                                                                                              • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                              • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                              • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                              • Measure Performance
                                                                                                              • Support the FMP
                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                              • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                              • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                              • Process Measures
                                                                                                              • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                              • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                              • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                              • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                              • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                              • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                              • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                              • Alertness
                                                                                                              • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                              • Injuries
                                                                                                              • Violations
                                                                                                              • Crashes
                                                                                                              • Sick Leave
                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                              • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                              • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                              • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                              • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                              • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                              • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                56

                                                                                                                Develop Policies for Recognition

                                                                                                                bull Specific behaviorsbull Participation in FMP development implementation and

                                                                                                                evaluationbull Policies for recognition and rewards should be well

                                                                                                                defined and easily understoodbull Achievable but motivatingbull Develop policies for both group and individual

                                                                                                                recognitionbull Group recognition should not be contingent on an

                                                                                                                individualrsquos failure(s)

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                57

                                                                                                                Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                                                                bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                                                                bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                                                                bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                                                                bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                58

                                                                                                                Implement the FMP

                                                                                                                bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                                                                bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                                                                bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                59

                                                                                                                Measure Performance

                                                                                                                bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                                                                the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                                                                steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                                                                measures

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                60

                                                                                                                Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                                                                the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                                                                to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                                                                for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                                                                steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                                                                progress of the FMP

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                61

                                                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                                                A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                                                involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                                                2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                                                A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                62

                                                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                                                A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                                                FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                                                4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                63

                                                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                                                5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                                                measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                64

                                                                                                                Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                65

                                                                                                                You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                                                bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                                                to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                                                to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                                                they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                                                (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                66

                                                                                                                Process Measures

                                                                                                                bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                                                bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                                                bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                67

                                                                                                                Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                                                bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                                                bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                                                bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                                                a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                                                airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                68

                                                                                                                FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                                                bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                                                bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                                                bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                                                bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                                                bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                69

                                                                                                                Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                                bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                                bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                                bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                                bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                70

                                                                                                                Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                                bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                                are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                                providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                                development of the FMP

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                71

                                                                                                                Outcome Measures

                                                                                                                bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                72

                                                                                                                Sleep Duration

                                                                                                                bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                                bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                                bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                                during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                                sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                73

                                                                                                                Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                                questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                                bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                                ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                                bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                74

                                                                                                                Alertness

                                                                                                                bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                                bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                                vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                75

                                                                                                                Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                                bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                                bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                                bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                                activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                76

                                                                                                                Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                                the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                                ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                                associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                                cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                                not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                77

                                                                                                                Violations

                                                                                                                bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                78

                                                                                                                Crashes

                                                                                                                bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                circadian lows

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                79

                                                                                                                Sick Leave

                                                                                                                bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                80

                                                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                driver

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                81

                                                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                82

                                                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                driving

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                83

                                                                                                                Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                84

                                                                                                                Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                85

                                                                                                                Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                others

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                86

                                                                                                                Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                87

                                                                                                                Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                88

                                                                                                                Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                • Slide 1
                                                                                                                • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                • Empowerment
                                                                                                                • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                • Build Trust
                                                                                                                • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                • Training Managers
                                                                                                                • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                • Define Roles
                                                                                                                • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                • Process Measures
                                                                                                                • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                • Alertness
                                                                                                                • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                • Injuries
                                                                                                                • Violations
                                                                                                                • Crashes
                                                                                                                • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  57

                                                                                                                  Awareness Education and Kick-Off

                                                                                                                  bull All employees must be aware of and educated on the purpose policies and procedures involved in the FMP

                                                                                                                  bull Awareness and education help to reduce resistance to the FMP

                                                                                                                  bull Holding a kick-off meeting(s) helps show your support and ldquobuy-inrdquo for the FMP

                                                                                                                  bull Ensure all employees fully understand the reason behind the FMP and how it works

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  58

                                                                                                                  Implement the FMP

                                                                                                                  bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                                                                  bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                                                                  bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  59

                                                                                                                  Measure Performance

                                                                                                                  bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                                                                  the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                                                                  steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                                                                  measures

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  60

                                                                                                                  Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                                                                  the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                                                                  to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                                                                  for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                                                                  steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                                                                  progress of the FMP

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  61

                                                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                                                  A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                                                  involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                                                  2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                                                  A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  62

                                                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                                                  A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                                                  FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                                                  4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  63

                                                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                                                  5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                                                  measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  64

                                                                                                                  Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  65

                                                                                                                  You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                                                  bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                                                  to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                                                  to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                                                  they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                                                  (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  66

                                                                                                                  Process Measures

                                                                                                                  bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                                                  bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                                                  bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  67

                                                                                                                  Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                                                  bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                                                  bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                                                  bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                                                  a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                                                  airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  68

                                                                                                                  FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                                                  bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                                                  bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                                                  bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                                                  bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                                                  bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  69

                                                                                                                  Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                                  bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                                  bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                                  bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                                  bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  70

                                                                                                                  Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                  bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                                  bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                                  are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                                  providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                                  development of the FMP

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  71

                                                                                                                  Outcome Measures

                                                                                                                  bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  72

                                                                                                                  Sleep Duration

                                                                                                                  bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                                  bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                                  bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                                  during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                                  sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  73

                                                                                                                  Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                                  questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                                  bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                                  ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                                  bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  74

                                                                                                                  Alertness

                                                                                                                  bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                                  bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                                  vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  75

                                                                                                                  Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                                  bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                                  bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                                  bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                                  activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  76

                                                                                                                  Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                                  the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                                  ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                                  associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                                  cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                                  not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  77

                                                                                                                  Violations

                                                                                                                  bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                  bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                  bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                  (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  78

                                                                                                                  Crashes

                                                                                                                  bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                  bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                  bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                  violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                  circadian lows

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  79

                                                                                                                  Sick Leave

                                                                                                                  bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                  bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                  fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  80

                                                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                  A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                  2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                  driver

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  81

                                                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                  procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                  prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                  4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  82

                                                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                  5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                  hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                  driving

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  83

                                                                                                                  Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  84

                                                                                                                  Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                  bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                  changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                  in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                  levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                  impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  85

                                                                                                                  Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                  priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                  related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                  safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                  others

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  86

                                                                                                                  Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                  bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                  bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  87

                                                                                                                  Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                  bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                  implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                  ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                  over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                  88

                                                                                                                  Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                  • Slide 1
                                                                                                                  • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                  • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                  • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                  • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                  • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                  • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                  • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                  • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                  • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                  • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                  • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                  • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                  • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                  • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                  • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                  • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                  • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                  • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                  • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                  • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                  • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                  • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                  • Empowerment
                                                                                                                  • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                  • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                  • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                  • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                  • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                  • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                  • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                  • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                  • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                  • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                  • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                  • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                  • Build Trust
                                                                                                                  • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                  • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                  • Training Managers
                                                                                                                  • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                  • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                  • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                  • Define Roles
                                                                                                                  • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                  • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                  • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                  • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                  • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                  • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                  • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                  • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                  • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                  • Process Measures
                                                                                                                  • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                  • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                  • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                  • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                  • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                  • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                  • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                  • Alertness
                                                                                                                  • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                  • Injuries
                                                                                                                  • Violations
                                                                                                                  • Crashes
                                                                                                                  • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                  • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                  • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                  • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                  • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                  • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                  • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    58

                                                                                                                    Implement the FMP

                                                                                                                    bull After the all previous steps have been completed the FMP should be implemented

                                                                                                                    bull Keep all lines of communication open to answer any questions related to the FMP

                                                                                                                    bull Show continued support by maintaining a high profile in all meetings relating to the FMP

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    59

                                                                                                                    Measure Performance

                                                                                                                    bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                                                                    the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                                                                    steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                                                                    measures

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    60

                                                                                                                    Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                                                                    the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                                                                    to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                                                                    for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                                                                    steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                                                                    progress of the FMP

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    61

                                                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                                                    A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                                                    involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                                                    2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                                                    A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    62

                                                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                                                    A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                                                    FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                                                    4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    63

                                                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                                                    5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                                                    measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    64

                                                                                                                    Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    65

                                                                                                                    You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                                                    bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                                                    to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                                                    to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                                                    they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                                                    (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    66

                                                                                                                    Process Measures

                                                                                                                    bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                                                    bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                                                    bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    67

                                                                                                                    Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                                                    bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                                                    bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                                                    bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                                                    a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                                                    airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    68

                                                                                                                    FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                                                    bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                                                    bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                                                    bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                                                    bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                                                    bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    69

                                                                                                                    Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                                    bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                                    bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                                    bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                                    bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    70

                                                                                                                    Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                    bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                                    bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                                    are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                                    providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                                    development of the FMP

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    71

                                                                                                                    Outcome Measures

                                                                                                                    bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    72

                                                                                                                    Sleep Duration

                                                                                                                    bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                                    bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                                    bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                                    during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                                    sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    73

                                                                                                                    Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                                    questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                                    bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                                    ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                                    bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    74

                                                                                                                    Alertness

                                                                                                                    bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                                    bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                                    vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    75

                                                                                                                    Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                                    bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                                    bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                                    bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                                    activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    76

                                                                                                                    Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                                    the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                                    ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                                    associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                                    cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                                    not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    77

                                                                                                                    Violations

                                                                                                                    bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                    bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                    bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                    (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    78

                                                                                                                    Crashes

                                                                                                                    bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                    bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                    bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                    violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                    circadian lows

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    79

                                                                                                                    Sick Leave

                                                                                                                    bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                    bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                    fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    80

                                                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                    A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                    2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                    driver

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    81

                                                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                    procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                    prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                    4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    82

                                                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                    5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                    hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                    driving

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    83

                                                                                                                    Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    84

                                                                                                                    Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                    bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                    changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                    in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                    levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                    impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    85

                                                                                                                    Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                    priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                    related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                    safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                    others

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    86

                                                                                                                    Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                    bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                    bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    87

                                                                                                                    Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                    bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                    implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                    ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                    over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                    88

                                                                                                                    Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                    • Slide 1
                                                                                                                    • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                    • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                    • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                    • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                    • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                    • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                    • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                    • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                    • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                    • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                    • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                    • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                    • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                    • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                    • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                    • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                    • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                    • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                    • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                    • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                    • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                    • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                    • Empowerment
                                                                                                                    • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                    • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                    • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                    • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                    • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                    • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                    • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                    • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                    • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                    • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                    • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                    • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                    • Build Trust
                                                                                                                    • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                    • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                    • Training Managers
                                                                                                                    • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                    • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                    • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                    • Define Roles
                                                                                                                    • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                    • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                    • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                    • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                    • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                    • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                    • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                    • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                    • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                    • Process Measures
                                                                                                                    • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                    • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                    • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                    • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                    • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                    • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                    • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                    • Alertness
                                                                                                                    • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                    • Injuries
                                                                                                                    • Violations
                                                                                                                    • Crashes
                                                                                                                    • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                    • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                    • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                    • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                    • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                    • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                    • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      59

                                                                                                                      Measure Performance

                                                                                                                      bull Continued measurement is criticalbull Measurement helps gauge the impact of

                                                                                                                      the FMP and employee acceptancebull Use predefined measures developed by the

                                                                                                                      steering committeebull Use both quantitative and qualitative

                                                                                                                      measures

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      60

                                                                                                                      Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                                                                      the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                                                                      to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                                                                      for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                                                                      steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                                                                      progress of the FMP

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      61

                                                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                                                      A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                                                      involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                                                      2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                                                      A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      62

                                                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                                                      A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                                                      FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                                                      4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      63

                                                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                                                      5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                                                      measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      64

                                                                                                                      Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      65

                                                                                                                      You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                                                      bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                                                      to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                                                      to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                                                      they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                                                      (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      66

                                                                                                                      Process Measures

                                                                                                                      bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                                                      bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                                                      bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      67

                                                                                                                      Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                                                      bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                                                      bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                                                      bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                                                      a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                                                      airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      68

                                                                                                                      FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                                                      bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                                                      bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                                                      bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                                                      bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                                                      bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      69

                                                                                                                      Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                                      bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                                      bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                                      bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                                      bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      70

                                                                                                                      Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                      bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                                      bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                                      are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                                      providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                                      development of the FMP

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      71

                                                                                                                      Outcome Measures

                                                                                                                      bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      72

                                                                                                                      Sleep Duration

                                                                                                                      bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                                      bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                                      bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                                      during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                                      sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      73

                                                                                                                      Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                                      questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                                      bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                                      ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                                      bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      74

                                                                                                                      Alertness

                                                                                                                      bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                                      bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                                      vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      75

                                                                                                                      Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                                      bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                                      bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                                      bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                                      activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      76

                                                                                                                      Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                                      the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                                      ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                                      associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                                      cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                                      not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      77

                                                                                                                      Violations

                                                                                                                      bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                      bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                      bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                      (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      78

                                                                                                                      Crashes

                                                                                                                      bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                      bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                      bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                      violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                      circadian lows

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      79

                                                                                                                      Sick Leave

                                                                                                                      bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                      bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                      fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      80

                                                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                      A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                      2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                      driver

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      81

                                                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                      procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                      prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                      4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      82

                                                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                      5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                      hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                      driving

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      83

                                                                                                                      Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      84

                                                                                                                      Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                      bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                      changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                      in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                      levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                      impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      85

                                                                                                                      Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                      priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                      related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                      safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                      others

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      86

                                                                                                                      Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                      bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                      bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      87

                                                                                                                      Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                      bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                      implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                      ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                      over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                      88

                                                                                                                      Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                      • Slide 1
                                                                                                                      • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                      • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                      • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                      • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                      • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                      • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                      • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                      • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                      • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                      • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                      • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                      • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                      • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                      • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                      • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                      • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                      • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                      • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                      • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                      • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                      • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                      • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                      • Empowerment
                                                                                                                      • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                      • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                      • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                      • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                      • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                      • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                      • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                      • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                      • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                      • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                      • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                      • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                      • Build Trust
                                                                                                                      • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                      • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                      • Training Managers
                                                                                                                      • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                      • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                      • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                      • Define Roles
                                                                                                                      • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                      • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                      • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                      • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                      • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                      • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                      • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                      • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                      • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                      • Process Measures
                                                                                                                      • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                      • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                      • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                      • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                      • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                      • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                      • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                      • Alertness
                                                                                                                      • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                      • Injuries
                                                                                                                      • Violations
                                                                                                                      • Crashes
                                                                                                                      • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                      • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                      • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                      • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                      • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                      • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                      • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        60

                                                                                                                        Support the FMPbull Need to show continued support for

                                                                                                                        the FMPbull Formal and informal communication

                                                                                                                        to gather feedback regarding the FMPbull Follow through with pre-defined rules

                                                                                                                        for reward and recognitionbull Visibility and participation in all meetings related to the FMPbull Actively listen to all feedback and address issues with the

                                                                                                                        steering committee bull Post weeklymonthly charts tracking

                                                                                                                        progress of the FMP

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        61

                                                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                                                        A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                                                        involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                                                        2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                                                        A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        62

                                                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                                                        A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                                                        FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                                                        4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        63

                                                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                                                        5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                                                        measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        64

                                                                                                                        Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        65

                                                                                                                        You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                                                        bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                                                        to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                                                        to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                                                        they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                                                        (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        66

                                                                                                                        Process Measures

                                                                                                                        bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                                                        bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                                                        bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        67

                                                                                                                        Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                                                        bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                                                        bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                                                        bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                                                        a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                                                        airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        68

                                                                                                                        FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                                                        bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                                                        bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                                                        bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                                                        bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                                                        bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        69

                                                                                                                        Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                                        bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                                        bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                                        bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                                        bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        70

                                                                                                                        Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                        bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                                        bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                                        are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                                        providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                                        development of the FMP

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        71

                                                                                                                        Outcome Measures

                                                                                                                        bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        72

                                                                                                                        Sleep Duration

                                                                                                                        bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                                        bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                                        bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                                        during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                                        sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        73

                                                                                                                        Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                                        questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                                        bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                                        ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                                        bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        74

                                                                                                                        Alertness

                                                                                                                        bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                                        bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                                        vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        75

                                                                                                                        Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                                        bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                                        bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                                        bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                                        activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        76

                                                                                                                        Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                                        the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                                        ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                                        associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                                        cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                                        not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        77

                                                                                                                        Violations

                                                                                                                        bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                        bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                        bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                        (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        78

                                                                                                                        Crashes

                                                                                                                        bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                        bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                        bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                        violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                        circadian lows

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        79

                                                                                                                        Sick Leave

                                                                                                                        bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                        bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                        fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        80

                                                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                        A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                        2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                        driver

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        81

                                                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                        procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                        prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                        4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        82

                                                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                        5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                        hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                        driving

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        83

                                                                                                                        Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        84

                                                                                                                        Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                        bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                        changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                        in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                        levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                        impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        85

                                                                                                                        Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                        priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                        related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                        safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                        others

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        86

                                                                                                                        Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                        bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                        bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        87

                                                                                                                        Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                        bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                        implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                        ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                        over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                        88

                                                                                                                        Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                        • Slide 1
                                                                                                                        • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                        • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                        • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                        • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                        • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                        • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                        • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                        • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                        • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                        • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                        • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                        • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                        • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                        • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                        • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                        • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                        • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                        • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                        • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                        • Empowerment
                                                                                                                        • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                        • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                        • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                        • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                        • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                        • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                        • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                        • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                        • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                        • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                        • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                        • Build Trust
                                                                                                                        • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                        • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                        • Training Managers
                                                                                                                        • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                        • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                        • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                        • Define Roles
                                                                                                                        • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                        • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                        • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                        • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                        • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                        • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                        • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                        • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                        • Process Measures
                                                                                                                        • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                        • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                        • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                        • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                        • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                        • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                        • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                        • Alertness
                                                                                                                        • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                        • Injuries
                                                                                                                        • Violations
                                                                                                                        • Crashes
                                                                                                                        • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                        • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                        • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                        • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                        • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                        • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                        • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          61

                                                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 41 How can management show FMP ldquobuy-inrdquo

                                                                                                                          A Actively participate in all meetings concerning the FMPB Avoid lip serviceC Provide positive feedback praise and recognition for all employees

                                                                                                                          involved in the FMPD All the above

                                                                                                                          2 Why is it important to conduct fatigue management bench marking

                                                                                                                          A To identify drivers that practice bad fatigue managementB To evaluate the current overall state of driver fatigueC To punish those employees that do not support fatigue managementD Build trust

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          62

                                                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                                                          A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                                                          FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                                                          4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          63

                                                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                                                          5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                                                          measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          64

                                                                                                                          Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          65

                                                                                                                          You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                                                          bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                                                          to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                                                          to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                                                          they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                                                          (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          66

                                                                                                                          Process Measures

                                                                                                                          bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                                                          bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                                                          bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          67

                                                                                                                          Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                                                          bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                                                          bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                                                          bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                                                          a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                                                          airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          68

                                                                                                                          FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                                                          bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                                                          bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                                                          bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                                                          bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                                                          bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          69

                                                                                                                          Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                                          bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                                          bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                                          bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                                          bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          70

                                                                                                                          Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                          bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                                          bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                                          are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                                          providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                                          development of the FMP

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          71

                                                                                                                          Outcome Measures

                                                                                                                          bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          72

                                                                                                                          Sleep Duration

                                                                                                                          bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                                          bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                                          bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                                          during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                                          sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          73

                                                                                                                          Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                                          questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                                          bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                                          ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                                          bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          74

                                                                                                                          Alertness

                                                                                                                          bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                                          bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                                          vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          75

                                                                                                                          Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                                          bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                                          bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                                          bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                                          activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          76

                                                                                                                          Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                                          the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                                          ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                                          associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                                          cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                                          not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          77

                                                                                                                          Violations

                                                                                                                          bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                          bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                          bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                          (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          78

                                                                                                                          Crashes

                                                                                                                          bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                          bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                          bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                          violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                          circadian lows

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          79

                                                                                                                          Sick Leave

                                                                                                                          bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                          bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                          fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          80

                                                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                          A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                          2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                          driver

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          81

                                                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                          procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                          prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                          4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          82

                                                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                          5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                          hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                          driving

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          83

                                                                                                                          Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          84

                                                                                                                          Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                          bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                          changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                          in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                          levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                          impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          85

                                                                                                                          Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                          priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                          related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                          safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                          others

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          86

                                                                                                                          Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                          bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                          bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          87

                                                                                                                          Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                          bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                          implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                          ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                          over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                          88

                                                                                                                          Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                          • Slide 1
                                                                                                                          • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                          • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                          • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                          • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                          • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                          • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                          • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                          • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                          • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                          • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                          • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                          • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                          • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                          • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                          • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                          • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                          • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                          • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                          • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                          • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                          • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                          • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                          • Empowerment
                                                                                                                          • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                          • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                          • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                          • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                          • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                          • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                          • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                          • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                          • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                          • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                          • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                          • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                          • Build Trust
                                                                                                                          • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                          • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                          • Training Managers
                                                                                                                          • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                          • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                          • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                          • Define Roles
                                                                                                                          • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                          • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                          • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                          • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                          • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                          • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                          • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                          • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                          • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                          • Process Measures
                                                                                                                          • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                          • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                          • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                          • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                          • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                          • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                          • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                          • Alertness
                                                                                                                          • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                          • Injuries
                                                                                                                          • Violations
                                                                                                                          • Crashes
                                                                                                                          • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                          • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                          • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                          • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                          • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                          • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                          • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            62

                                                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued3 Who should make up the FMP steering committee

                                                                                                                            A Only managementB Only driversC Representatives from all levels of the organization affected by the

                                                                                                                            FMPD Both management and drivers

                                                                                                                            4 What is a strategy to develop accountabilityA Develop SMART goalsB Provide feedback on progression toward goals accomplishmentC ldquoFact-findrdquo not ldquofault-findrdquoD All the above

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            63

                                                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                                                            5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                                                            measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            64

                                                                                                                            Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            65

                                                                                                                            You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                                                            bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                                                            to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                                                            to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                                                            they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                                                            (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            66

                                                                                                                            Process Measures

                                                                                                                            bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                                                            bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                                                            bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            67

                                                                                                                            Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                                                            bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                                                            bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                                                            bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                                                            a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                                                            airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            68

                                                                                                                            FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                                                            bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                                                            bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                                                            bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                                                            bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                                                            bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            69

                                                                                                                            Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                                            bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                                            bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                                            bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                                            bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            70

                                                                                                                            Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                            bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                                            bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                                            are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                                            providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                                            development of the FMP

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            71

                                                                                                                            Outcome Measures

                                                                                                                            bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            72

                                                                                                                            Sleep Duration

                                                                                                                            bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                                            bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                                            bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                                            during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                                            sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            73

                                                                                                                            Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                                            questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                                            bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                                            ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                                            bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            74

                                                                                                                            Alertness

                                                                                                                            bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                                            bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                                            vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            75

                                                                                                                            Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                                            bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                                            bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                                            bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                                            activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            76

                                                                                                                            Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                                            the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                                            ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                                            associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                                            cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                                            not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            77

                                                                                                                            Violations

                                                                                                                            bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                            bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                            bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                            (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            78

                                                                                                                            Crashes

                                                                                                                            bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                            bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                            bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                            violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                            circadian lows

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            79

                                                                                                                            Sick Leave

                                                                                                                            bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                            bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                            fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            80

                                                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                            A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                            2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                            driver

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            81

                                                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                            procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                            prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                            4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            82

                                                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                            5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                            hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                            driving

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            83

                                                                                                                            Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            84

                                                                                                                            Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                            bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                            changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                            in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                            levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                            impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            85

                                                                                                                            Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                            priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                            related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                            safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                            others

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            86

                                                                                                                            Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                            bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                            bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            87

                                                                                                                            Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                            bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                            implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                            ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                            over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                            88

                                                                                                                            Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                            • Slide 1
                                                                                                                            • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                            • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                            • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                            • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                            • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                            • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                            • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                            • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                            • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                            • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                            • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                            • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                            • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                            • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                            • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                            • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                            • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                            • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                            • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                            • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                            • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                            • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                            • Empowerment
                                                                                                                            • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                            • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                            • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                            • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                            • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                            • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                            • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                            • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                            • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                            • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                            • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                            • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                            • Build Trust
                                                                                                                            • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                            • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                            • Training Managers
                                                                                                                            • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                            • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                            • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                            • Define Roles
                                                                                                                            • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                            • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                            • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                            • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                            • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                            • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                            • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                            • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                            • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                            • Process Measures
                                                                                                                            • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                            • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                            • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                            • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                            • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                            • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                            • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                            • Alertness
                                                                                                                            • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                            • Injuries
                                                                                                                            • Violations
                                                                                                                            • Crashes
                                                                                                                            • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                            • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                            • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                            • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                            • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                            • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                            • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              63

                                                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued

                                                                                                                              5 What kind of measures should be developedA Only individual performance measuresB Only group performance measuresC Both individual and group performance

                                                                                                                              measuresD Only outcome measures

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              64

                                                                                                                              Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              65

                                                                                                                              You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                                                              bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                                                              to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                                                              to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                                                              they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                                                              (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              66

                                                                                                                              Process Measures

                                                                                                                              bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                                                              bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                                                              bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              67

                                                                                                                              Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                                                              bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                                                              bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                                                              bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                                                              a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                                                              airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              68

                                                                                                                              FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                                                              bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                                                              bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                                                              bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                                                              bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                                                              bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              69

                                                                                                                              Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                                              bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                                              bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                                              bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                                              bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              70

                                                                                                                              Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                              bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                                              bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                                              are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                                              providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                                              development of the FMP

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              71

                                                                                                                              Outcome Measures

                                                                                                                              bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              72

                                                                                                                              Sleep Duration

                                                                                                                              bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                                              bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                                              bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                                              during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                                              sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              73

                                                                                                                              Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                                              questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                                              bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                                              ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                                              bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              74

                                                                                                                              Alertness

                                                                                                                              bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                                              bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                                              vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              75

                                                                                                                              Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                                              bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                                              bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                                              bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                                              activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              76

                                                                                                                              Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                                              the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                                              ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                                              associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                                              cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                                              not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              77

                                                                                                                              Violations

                                                                                                                              bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                              bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                              bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                              (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              78

                                                                                                                              Crashes

                                                                                                                              bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                              bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                              bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                              violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                              circadian lows

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              79

                                                                                                                              Sick Leave

                                                                                                                              bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                              bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                              fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              80

                                                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                              A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                              2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                              driver

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              81

                                                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                              procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                              prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                              4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              82

                                                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                              5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                              hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                              driving

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              83

                                                                                                                              Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              84

                                                                                                                              Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                              bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                              changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                              in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                              levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                              impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              85

                                                                                                                              Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                              priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                              related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                              safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                              others

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              86

                                                                                                                              Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                              bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                              bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              87

                                                                                                                              Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                              bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                              implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                              ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                              over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                              88

                                                                                                                              Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                              • Slide 1
                                                                                                                              • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                              • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                              • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                              • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                              • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                              • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                              • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                              • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                              • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                              • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                              • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                              • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                              • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                              • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                              • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                              • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                              • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                              • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                              • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                              • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                              • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                              • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                              • Empowerment
                                                                                                                              • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                              • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                              • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                              • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                              • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                              • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                              • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                              • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                              • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                              • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                              • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                              • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                              • Build Trust
                                                                                                                              • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                              • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                              • Training Managers
                                                                                                                              • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                              • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                              • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                              • Define Roles
                                                                                                                              • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                              • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                              • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                              • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                              • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                              • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                              • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                              • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                              • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                              • Process Measures
                                                                                                                              • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                              • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                              • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                              • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                              • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                              • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                              • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                              • Alertness
                                                                                                                              • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                              • Injuries
                                                                                                                              • Violations
                                                                                                                              • Crashes
                                                                                                                              • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                              • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                              • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                              • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                              • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                              • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                              • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                64

                                                                                                                                Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                65

                                                                                                                                You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                                                                bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                                                                to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                                                                to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                                                                they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                                                                (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                66

                                                                                                                                Process Measures

                                                                                                                                bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                                                                bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                                                                bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                67

                                                                                                                                Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                                                                bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                                                                bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                                                                bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                                                                a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                                                                airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                68

                                                                                                                                FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                                                                bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                                                                bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                                                                bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                                                                bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                                                                bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                69

                                                                                                                                Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                                                bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                                                bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                                                bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                                                bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                70

                                                                                                                                Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                                bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                                                bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                                                are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                                                providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                                                development of the FMP

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                71

                                                                                                                                Outcome Measures

                                                                                                                                bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                72

                                                                                                                                Sleep Duration

                                                                                                                                bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                                                bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                                                bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                                                during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                                                sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                73

                                                                                                                                Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                                                questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                                                bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                                                ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                                                bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                74

                                                                                                                                Alertness

                                                                                                                                bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                                                bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                                                vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                75

                                                                                                                                Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                                                bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                                                bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                                                bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                                                activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                76

                                                                                                                                Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                                                the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                                                ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                                                associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                                                cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                                                not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                77

                                                                                                                                Violations

                                                                                                                                bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                                bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                                (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                78

                                                                                                                                Crashes

                                                                                                                                bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                                bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                                bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                                violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                                circadian lows

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                79

                                                                                                                                Sick Leave

                                                                                                                                bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                                bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                                fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                80

                                                                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                                A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                                2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                                driver

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                81

                                                                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                                procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                                prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                82

                                                                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                                5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                                hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                                driving

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                83

                                                                                                                                Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                84

                                                                                                                                Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                                bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                                changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                                in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                                levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                                impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                85

                                                                                                                                Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                others

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                86

                                                                                                                                Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                87

                                                                                                                                Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                88

                                                                                                                                Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                • Alertness
                                                                                                                                • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                • Injuries
                                                                                                                                • Violations
                                                                                                                                • Crashes
                                                                                                                                • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  65

                                                                                                                                  You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Measure

                                                                                                                                  bull What is the current level of performancebull To know if interventions are changing behavior you have

                                                                                                                                  to measure and track what it is you want to changebull Measuring behaviors allows them

                                                                                                                                  to be monitored and reviewedbull Operationally define behaviors so

                                                                                                                                  they can be trackedbull Measurement can be focused on the specific behavior

                                                                                                                                  (process measures) or the result of the behavior (outcome measures)

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  66

                                                                                                                                  Process Measures

                                                                                                                                  bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                                                                  bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                                                                  bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  67

                                                                                                                                  Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                                                                  bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                                                                  bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                                                                  bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                                                                  a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                                                                  airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  68

                                                                                                                                  FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                                                                  bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                                                                  bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                                                                  bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                                                                  bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                                                                  bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  69

                                                                                                                                  Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                                                  bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                                                  bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                                                  bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                                                  bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  70

                                                                                                                                  Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                                  bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                                                  bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                                                  are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                                                  providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                                                  development of the FMP

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  71

                                                                                                                                  Outcome Measures

                                                                                                                                  bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  72

                                                                                                                                  Sleep Duration

                                                                                                                                  bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                                                  bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                                                  bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                                                  during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                                                  sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  73

                                                                                                                                  Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                                                  questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                                                  bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                                                  ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                                                  bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  74

                                                                                                                                  Alertness

                                                                                                                                  bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                                                  bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                                                  vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  75

                                                                                                                                  Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                                                  bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                                                  bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                                                  bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                                                  activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  76

                                                                                                                                  Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                                                  the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                                                  ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                                                  associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                                                  cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                                                  not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  77

                                                                                                                                  Violations

                                                                                                                                  bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                  bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                                  bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                                  (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  78

                                                                                                                                  Crashes

                                                                                                                                  bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                                  bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                                  bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                                  violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                                  circadian lows

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  79

                                                                                                                                  Sick Leave

                                                                                                                                  bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                                  bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                                  fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  80

                                                                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                                  A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                                  2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                                  driver

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  81

                                                                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                                  procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                                  prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                  4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  82

                                                                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                                  5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                                  hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                                  driving

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  83

                                                                                                                                  Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  84

                                                                                                                                  Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                                  bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                                  changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                                  in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                                  levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                                  impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  85

                                                                                                                                  Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                  priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                  related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                  safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                  others

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  86

                                                                                                                                  Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                  bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                  bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  87

                                                                                                                                  Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                  bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                  implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                  ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                  over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                  88

                                                                                                                                  Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                  • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                  • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                  • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                  • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                  • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                  • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                  • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                  • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                  • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                  • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                  • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                  • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                  • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                  • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                  • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                  • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                  • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                  • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                  • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                  • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                  • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                  • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                  • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                  • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                  • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                  • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                  • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                  • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                  • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                  • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                  • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                  • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                  • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                  • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                  • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                  • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                  • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                  • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                  • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                  • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                  • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                  • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                  • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                  • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                  • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                  • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                  • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                  • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                  • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                  • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                  • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                  • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                  • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                  • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                  • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                  • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                  • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                  • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                  • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                  • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                  • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                  • Alertness
                                                                                                                                  • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                  • Injuries
                                                                                                                                  • Violations
                                                                                                                                  • Crashes
                                                                                                                                  • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                  • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                  • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                  • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                  • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                  • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                  • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    66

                                                                                                                                    Process Measures

                                                                                                                                    bull Measures that focus on the occurrence of specific behaviors

                                                                                                                                    bull Process measures have been found to increase the occurrence of safe behaviors in transportation

                                                                                                                                    bull Process measures specific to the FMPndash Follow policies and proceduresndash Policies and procedures implemented correctlyndash Information on the FMP has been conveyed ndash Subjective perceptions and opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    67

                                                                                                                                    Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                                                                    bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                                                                    bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                                                                    bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                                                                    a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                                                                    airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    68

                                                                                                                                    FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                                                                    bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                                                                    bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                                                                    bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                                                                    bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                                                                    bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    69

                                                                                                                                    Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                                                    bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                                                    bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                                                    bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                                                    bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    70

                                                                                                                                    Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                                    bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                                                    bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                                                    are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                                                    providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                                                    development of the FMP

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    71

                                                                                                                                    Outcome Measures

                                                                                                                                    bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    72

                                                                                                                                    Sleep Duration

                                                                                                                                    bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                                                    bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                                                    bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                                                    during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                                                    sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    73

                                                                                                                                    Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                                                    questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                                                    bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                                                    ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                                                    bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    74

                                                                                                                                    Alertness

                                                                                                                                    bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                                                    bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                                                    vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    75

                                                                                                                                    Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                                                    bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                                                    bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                                                    bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                                                    activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    76

                                                                                                                                    Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                                                    the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                                                    ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                                                    associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                                                    cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                                                    not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    77

                                                                                                                                    Violations

                                                                                                                                    bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                    bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                                    bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                                    (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    78

                                                                                                                                    Crashes

                                                                                                                                    bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                                    bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                                    bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                                    violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                                    circadian lows

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    79

                                                                                                                                    Sick Leave

                                                                                                                                    bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                                    bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                                    fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    80

                                                                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                                    A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                                    2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                                    driver

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    81

                                                                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                                    procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                                    prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                    4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    82

                                                                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                                    5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                                    hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                                    driving

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    83

                                                                                                                                    Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    84

                                                                                                                                    Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                                    bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                                    changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                                    in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                                    levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                                    impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    85

                                                                                                                                    Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                    priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                    related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                    safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                    others

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    86

                                                                                                                                    Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                    bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                    bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    87

                                                                                                                                    Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                    bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                    implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                    ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                    over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                    88

                                                                                                                                    Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                    • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                    • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                    • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                    • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                    • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                    • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                    • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                    • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                    • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                    • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                    • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                    • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                    • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                    • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                    • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                    • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                    • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                    • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                    • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                    • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                    • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                    • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                    • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                    • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                    • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                    • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                    • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                    • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                    • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                    • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                    • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                    • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                    • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                    • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                    • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                    • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                    • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                    • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                    • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                    • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                    • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                    • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                    • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                    • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                    • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                    • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                    • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                    • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                    • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                    • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                    • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                    • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                    • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                    • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                    • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                    • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                    • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                    • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                    • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                    • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                    • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                    • Alertness
                                                                                                                                    • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                    • Injuries
                                                                                                                                    • Violations
                                                                                                                                    • Crashes
                                                                                                                                    • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                    • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                    • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                    • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                    • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                    • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                    • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      67

                                                                                                                                      Following FMP Policies and Procedures

                                                                                                                                      bull FMP policies and procedures have to be followed for the program to be successful

                                                                                                                                      bull Amount of time exercising per week vs medical opinion of amount of exercise needed

                                                                                                                                      bull Percentage of safety meetings attendedbull The amount of fatigue feedback givenreceived in

                                                                                                                                      a given time bull Percentage of time a continuous positive

                                                                                                                                      airway pressure machine (CPAP) is used (if necessary)

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      68

                                                                                                                                      FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                                                                      bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                                                                      bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                                                                      bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                                                                      bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                                                                      bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      69

                                                                                                                                      Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                                                      bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                                                      bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                                                      bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                                                      bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      70

                                                                                                                                      Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                                      bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                                                      bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                                                      are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                                                      providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                                                      development of the FMP

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      71

                                                                                                                                      Outcome Measures

                                                                                                                                      bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      72

                                                                                                                                      Sleep Duration

                                                                                                                                      bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                                                      bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                                                      bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                                                      during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                                                      sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      73

                                                                                                                                      Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                                                      questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                                                      bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                                                      ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                                                      bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      74

                                                                                                                                      Alertness

                                                                                                                                      bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                                                      bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                                                      vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      75

                                                                                                                                      Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                                                      bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                                                      bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                                                      bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                                                      activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      76

                                                                                                                                      Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                                                      the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                                                      ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                                                      associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                                                      cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                                                      not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      77

                                                                                                                                      Violations

                                                                                                                                      bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                      bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                                      bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                                      (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      78

                                                                                                                                      Crashes

                                                                                                                                      bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                                      bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                                      bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                                      violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                                      circadian lows

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      79

                                                                                                                                      Sick Leave

                                                                                                                                      bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                                      bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                                      fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      80

                                                                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                                      A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                                      2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                                      driver

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      81

                                                                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                                      procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                                      prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                      4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      82

                                                                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                                      5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                                      hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                                      driving

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      83

                                                                                                                                      Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      84

                                                                                                                                      Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                                      bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                                      changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                                      in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                                      levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                                      impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      85

                                                                                                                                      Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                      priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                      related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                      safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                      others

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      86

                                                                                                                                      Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                      bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                      bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      87

                                                                                                                                      Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                      bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                      implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                      ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                      over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                      88

                                                                                                                                      Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                      • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                      • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                      • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                      • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                      • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                      • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                      • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                      • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                      • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                      • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                      • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                      • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                      • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                      • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                      • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                      • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                      • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                      • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                      • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                      • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                      • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                      • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                      • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                      • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                      • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                      • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                      • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                      • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                      • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                      • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                      • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                      • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                      • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                      • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                      • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                      • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                      • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                      • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                      • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                      • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                      • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                      • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                      • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                      • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                      • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                      • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                      • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                      • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                      • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                      • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                      • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                      • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                      • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                      • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                      • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                      • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                      • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                      • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                      • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                      • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                      • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                      • Alertness
                                                                                                                                      • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                      • Injuries
                                                                                                                                      • Violations
                                                                                                                                      • Crashes
                                                                                                                                      • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                      • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                      • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                      • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                      • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                      • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                      • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                        68

                                                                                                                                        FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly

                                                                                                                                        bull There are a number of specific behaviors that influence if policies and procedures are implemented correctly

                                                                                                                                        bull The number of concerns addressed in the development of FMP policies and procedures

                                                                                                                                        bull The number of feedback provided by employees that indicated a resistance to FMP implementation

                                                                                                                                        bull The number of employees who earn FMP recognition

                                                                                                                                        bull GPS tracking of trucks for miles traveled idle time engine off time on-duty hours and driving hours

                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                        69

                                                                                                                                        Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                                                        bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                                                        bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                                                        bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                                                        bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                        70

                                                                                                                                        Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                                        bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                                                        bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                                                        are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                                                        providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                                                        development of the FMP

                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                        71

                                                                                                                                        Outcome Measures

                                                                                                                                        bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                        72

                                                                                                                                        Sleep Duration

                                                                                                                                        bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                                                        bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                                                        bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                                                        during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                                                        sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                        73

                                                                                                                                        Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                                                        questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                                                        bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                                                        ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                                                        bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                        74

                                                                                                                                        Alertness

                                                                                                                                        bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                                                        bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                                                        vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                        75

                                                                                                                                        Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                                                        bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                                                        bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                                                        bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                                                        activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                        76

                                                                                                                                        Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                                                        the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                                                        ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                                                        associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                                                        cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                                                        not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                        77

                                                                                                                                        Violations

                                                                                                                                        bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                        bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                                        bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                                        (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                        78

                                                                                                                                        Crashes

                                                                                                                                        bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                                        bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                                        bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                                        violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                                        circadian lows

                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                        79

                                                                                                                                        Sick Leave

                                                                                                                                        bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                                        bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                                        fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                        80

                                                                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                                        A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                                        2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                                        driver

                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                        81

                                                                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                                        procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                                        prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                        4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                        82

                                                                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                                        5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                                        hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                                        driving

                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                        83

                                                                                                                                        Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                        84

                                                                                                                                        Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                                        bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                                        changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                                        in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                                        levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                                        impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                        85

                                                                                                                                        Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                        priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                        related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                        safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                        others

                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                        86

                                                                                                                                        Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                        bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                        bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                        87

                                                                                                                                        Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                        bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                        implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                        ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                        over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                        88

                                                                                                                                        Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                        • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                        • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                        • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                        • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                        • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                        • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                        • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                        • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                        • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                        • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                        • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                        • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                        • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                        • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                        • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                        • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                        • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                        • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                        • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                        • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                        • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                        • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                        • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                        • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                        • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                        • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                        • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                        • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                        • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                        • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                        • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                        • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                        • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                        • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                        • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                        • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                        • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                        • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                        • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                        • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                        • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                        • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                        • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                        • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                        • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                        • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                        • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                        • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                        • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                        • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                        • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                        • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                        • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                        • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                        • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                        • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                        • Alertness
                                                                                                                                        • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                        • Injuries
                                                                                                                                        • Violations
                                                                                                                                        • Crashes
                                                                                                                                        • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                        • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                        • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                        • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                        • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                        • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                        • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                          69

                                                                                                                                          Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information

                                                                                                                                          bull The number of employees that understand why the FMP was implemented

                                                                                                                                          bull How many meetings management attended and discussed the FMP

                                                                                                                                          bull The number of employees that offer feedback on the FMP

                                                                                                                                          bull The number of individual meetings with employees to discuss the FMP

                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                          70

                                                                                                                                          Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                                          bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                                                          bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                                                          are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                                                          providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                                                          development of the FMP

                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                          71

                                                                                                                                          Outcome Measures

                                                                                                                                          bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                          72

                                                                                                                                          Sleep Duration

                                                                                                                                          bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                                                          bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                                                          bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                                                          during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                                                          sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                          73

                                                                                                                                          Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                                                          questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                                                          bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                                                          ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                                                          bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                          74

                                                                                                                                          Alertness

                                                                                                                                          bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                                                          bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                                                          vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                          75

                                                                                                                                          Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                                                          bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                                                          bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                                                          bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                                                          activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                          76

                                                                                                                                          Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                                                          the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                                                          ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                                                          associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                                                          cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                                                          not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                          77

                                                                                                                                          Violations

                                                                                                                                          bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                          bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                                          bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                                          (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                          78

                                                                                                                                          Crashes

                                                                                                                                          bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                                          bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                                          bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                                          violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                                          circadian lows

                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                          79

                                                                                                                                          Sick Leave

                                                                                                                                          bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                                          bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                                          fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                          80

                                                                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                                          A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                                          2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                                          driver

                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                          81

                                                                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                                          procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                                          prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                          4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                          82

                                                                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                                          5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                                          hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                                          driving

                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                          83

                                                                                                                                          Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                          84

                                                                                                                                          Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                                          bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                                          changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                                          in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                                          levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                                          impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                          85

                                                                                                                                          Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                          priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                          related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                          safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                          others

                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                          86

                                                                                                                                          Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                          bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                          bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                          87

                                                                                                                                          Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                          bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                          implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                          ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                          over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                          88

                                                                                                                                          Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                          • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                          • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                          • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                          • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                          • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                          • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                          • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                          • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                          • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                          • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                          • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                          • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                          • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                          • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                          • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                          • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                          • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                          • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                          • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                          • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                          • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                          • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                          • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                          • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                          • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                          • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                          • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                          • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                          • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                          • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                          • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                          • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                          • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                          • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                          • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                          • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                          • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                          • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                          • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                          • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                          • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                          • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                          • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                          • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                          • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                          • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                          • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                          • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                          • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                          • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                          • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                          • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                          • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                          • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                          • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                          • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                          • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                          • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                          • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                          • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                          • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                          • Alertness
                                                                                                                                          • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                          • Injuries
                                                                                                                                          • Violations
                                                                                                                                          • Crashes
                                                                                                                                          • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                          • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                          • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                          • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                          • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                          • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                          • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                            70

                                                                                                                                            Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP

                                                                                                                                            bull Subjective perceptions and opinions of employees may indicate how well the FMP was implemented and developed

                                                                                                                                            bull Percentage of employees who believendash Management supports the FMPndash The FMP is a good ideandash The policies and procedures in the FMP

                                                                                                                                            are fairndash Recognition for goal accomplishment is

                                                                                                                                            providedndash Their concerns were considered during

                                                                                                                                            development of the FMP

                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                            71

                                                                                                                                            Outcome Measures

                                                                                                                                            bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                            72

                                                                                                                                            Sleep Duration

                                                                                                                                            bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                                                            bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                                                            bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                                                            during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                                                            sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                            73

                                                                                                                                            Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                                                            questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                                                            bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                                                            ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                                                            bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                            74

                                                                                                                                            Alertness

                                                                                                                                            bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                                                            bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                                                            vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                            75

                                                                                                                                            Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                                                            bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                                                            bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                                                            bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                                                            activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                            76

                                                                                                                                            Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                                                            the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                                                            ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                                                            associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                                                            cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                                                            not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                            77

                                                                                                                                            Violations

                                                                                                                                            bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                            bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                                            bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                                            (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                            78

                                                                                                                                            Crashes

                                                                                                                                            bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                                            bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                                            bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                                            violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                                            circadian lows

                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                            79

                                                                                                                                            Sick Leave

                                                                                                                                            bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                                            bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                                            fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                            80

                                                                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                                            A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                                            2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                                            driver

                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                            81

                                                                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                                            procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                                            prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                            4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                            82

                                                                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                                            5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                                            hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                                            driving

                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                            83

                                                                                                                                            Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                            84

                                                                                                                                            Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                                            bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                                            changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                                            in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                                            levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                                            impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                            85

                                                                                                                                            Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                            priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                            related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                            safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                            others

                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                            86

                                                                                                                                            Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                            bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                            bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                            87

                                                                                                                                            Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                            bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                            implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                            ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                            over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                            88

                                                                                                                                            Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                            • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                            • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                            • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                            • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                            • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                            • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                            • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                            • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                            • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                            • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                            • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                            • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                            • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                            • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                            • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                            • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                            • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                            • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                            • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                            • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                            • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                            • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                            • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                            • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                            • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                            • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                            • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                            • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                            • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                            • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                            • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                            • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                            • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                            • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                            • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                            • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                            • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                            • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                            • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                            • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                            • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                            • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                            • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                            • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                            • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                            • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                            • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                            • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                            • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                            • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                            • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                            • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                            • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                            • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                            • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                            • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                            • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                            • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                            • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                            • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                            • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                            • Alertness
                                                                                                                                            • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                            • Injuries
                                                                                                                                            • Violations
                                                                                                                                            • Crashes
                                                                                                                                            • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                            • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                            • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                            • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                            • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                            • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                            • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                              71

                                                                                                                                              Outcome Measures

                                                                                                                                              bull Sleep durationbull Sleep qualitybull Alertnessbull Job satisfactionbull Injuriesbull Violationsbull Crashesbull Sick leave days

                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                              72

                                                                                                                                              Sleep Duration

                                                                                                                                              bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                                                              bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                                                              bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                                                              during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                                                              sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                              73

                                                                                                                                              Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                                                              questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                                                              bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                                                              ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                                                              bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                              74

                                                                                                                                              Alertness

                                                                                                                                              bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                                                              bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                                                              vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                              75

                                                                                                                                              Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                                                              bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                                                              bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                                                              bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                                                              activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                              76

                                                                                                                                              Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                                                              the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                                                              ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                                                              associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                                                              cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                                                              not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                              77

                                                                                                                                              Violations

                                                                                                                                              bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                              bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                                              bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                                              (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                              78

                                                                                                                                              Crashes

                                                                                                                                              bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                                              bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                                              bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                                              violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                                              circadian lows

                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                              79

                                                                                                                                              Sick Leave

                                                                                                                                              bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                                              bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                                              fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                              80

                                                                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                                              A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                                              2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                                              driver

                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                              81

                                                                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                                              procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                                              prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                              4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                              82

                                                                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                                              5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                                              hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                                              driving

                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                              83

                                                                                                                                              Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                              84

                                                                                                                                              Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                                              bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                                              changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                                              in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                                              levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                                              impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                              85

                                                                                                                                              Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                              priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                              related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                              safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                              others

                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                              86

                                                                                                                                              Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                              bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                              bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                              87

                                                                                                                                              Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                              bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                              implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                              ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                              over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                              88

                                                                                                                                              Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                              • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                              • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                              • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                              • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                              • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                              • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                              • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                              • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                              • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                              • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                              • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                              • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                              • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                              • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                              • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                              • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                              • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                              • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                              • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                              • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                              • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                              • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                              • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                              • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                              • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                              • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                              • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                              • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                              • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                              • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                              • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                              • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                              • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                              • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                              • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                              • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                              • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                              • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                              • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                              • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                              • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                              • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                              • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                              • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                              • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                              • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                              • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                              • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                              • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                              • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                              • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                              • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                              • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                              • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                              • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                              • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                              • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                              • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                              • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                              • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                              • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                              • Alertness
                                                                                                                                              • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                              • Injuries
                                                                                                                                              • Violations
                                                                                                                                              • Crashes
                                                                                                                                              • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                              • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                              • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                              • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                              • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                              • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                              • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                72

                                                                                                                                                Sleep Duration

                                                                                                                                                bull Number of hours slept in one time frame

                                                                                                                                                bull Number of hours slept without waking

                                                                                                                                                bull The longest duration of sleepbull Number of hours spent sleeping

                                                                                                                                                during a 24-hour periodbull Did the number of hours spent

                                                                                                                                                sleeping meet requirements

                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                73

                                                                                                                                                Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                                                                questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                                                                bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                                                                ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                                                                bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                74

                                                                                                                                                Alertness

                                                                                                                                                bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                                                                bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                                                                vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                75

                                                                                                                                                Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                                                                bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                                                                bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                                                                bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                                                                activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                76

                                                                                                                                                Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                                                                the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                                                                ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                                                                associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                                                                cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                                                                not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                77

                                                                                                                                                Violations

                                                                                                                                                bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                                bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                                                bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                                                (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                78

                                                                                                                                                Crashes

                                                                                                                                                bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                                                bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                                                bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                                                violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                                                circadian lows

                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                79

                                                                                                                                                Sick Leave

                                                                                                                                                bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                                                bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                                                fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                80

                                                                                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                                                A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                                                2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                                                driver

                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                81

                                                                                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                                                procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                                                prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                                4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                82

                                                                                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                                                5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                                                hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                                                driving

                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                83

                                                                                                                                                Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                84

                                                                                                                                                Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                                                bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                                                changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                                                in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                                                levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                                                impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                85

                                                                                                                                                Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                                priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                                related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                                safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                                others

                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                86

                                                                                                                                                Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                                bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                                bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                87

                                                                                                                                                Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                                bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                                implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                                ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                                over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                88

                                                                                                                                                Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                                • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                                • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                                • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                                • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                                • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                                • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                                • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                                • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                                • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                                • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                                • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                                • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                                • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                                • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                                • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                                • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                                • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                                • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                                • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                                • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                                • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                                • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                                • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                                • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                                • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                                • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                                • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                                • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                                • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                                • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                                • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                                • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                                • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                                • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                                • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                                • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                                • Alertness
                                                                                                                                                • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                                • Injuries
                                                                                                                                                • Violations
                                                                                                                                                • Crashes
                                                                                                                                                • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                                • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                                • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                                • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                                • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                  73

                                                                                                                                                  Sleep Qualitybull Sleep quality can be assessed both through subjective (ie

                                                                                                                                                  questionnaires) and objective (ie actigraphy) measurement tools

                                                                                                                                                  bull Driverrsquos perception of feeling rested after sleepbull Problems breathing while asleepbull Loud snoring during sleep

                                                                                                                                                  ndash How frequently does the driver snore loudlybull Percentage of time spent asleep while in

                                                                                                                                                  bedbull Sleep efficiency and latency measured with an actigraphy

                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                  74

                                                                                                                                                  Alertness

                                                                                                                                                  bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                                                                  bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                                                                  vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                  75

                                                                                                                                                  Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                                                                  bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                                                                  bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                                                                  bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                                                                  activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                  76

                                                                                                                                                  Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                                                                  the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                                                                  ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                                                                  associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                                                                  cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                                                                  not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                  77

                                                                                                                                                  Violations

                                                                                                                                                  bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                                  bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                                                  bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                                                  (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                  78

                                                                                                                                                  Crashes

                                                                                                                                                  bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                                                  bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                                                  bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                                                  violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                                                  circadian lows

                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                  79

                                                                                                                                                  Sick Leave

                                                                                                                                                  bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                                                  bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                                                  fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                  80

                                                                                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                                                  A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                                                  2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                                                  driver

                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                  81

                                                                                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                                                  procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                                                  prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                                  4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                  82

                                                                                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                                                  5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                                                  hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                                                  driving

                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                  83

                                                                                                                                                  Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                  84

                                                                                                                                                  Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                                                  bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                                                  changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                                                  in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                                                  levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                                                  impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                  85

                                                                                                                                                  Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                                  priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                                  related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                                  safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                                  others

                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                  86

                                                                                                                                                  Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                                  bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                                  bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                  87

                                                                                                                                                  Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                                  bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                                  implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                                  ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                                  over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                  88

                                                                                                                                                  Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                  • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                                  • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                                  • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                                  • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                  • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                  • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                  • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                  • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                  • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                                  • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                  • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                  • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                                  • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                                  • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                                  • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                                  • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                                  • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                                  • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                                  • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                  • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                  • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                  • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                  • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                                  • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                                  • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                                  • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                  • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                  • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                  • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                                  • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                                  • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                                  • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                                  • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                                  • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                                  • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                  • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                  • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                                  • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                                  • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                                  • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                                  • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                                  • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                                  • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                                  • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                                  • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                  • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                                  • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                                  • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                                  • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                                  • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                                  • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                  • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                                  • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                                  • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                                  • Alertness
                                                                                                                                                  • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                                  • Injuries
                                                                                                                                                  • Violations
                                                                                                                                                  • Crashes
                                                                                                                                                  • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                  • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                                  • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                                  • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                  • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                    74

                                                                                                                                                    Alertness

                                                                                                                                                    bull Alertness while awake is an indicator of fatigue and sleep quality

                                                                                                                                                    bull Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while drivingbull Performance measures (eg lane keeping lack of

                                                                                                                                                    vehicle control etc) bull Head noddingbull Eye movementbull Frequency of daydreaming or inattentionbull Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                    75

                                                                                                                                                    Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                                                                    bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                                                                    bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                                                                    bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                                                                    activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                    76

                                                                                                                                                    Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                                                                    the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                                                                    ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                                                                    associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                                                                    cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                                                                    not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                    77

                                                                                                                                                    Violations

                                                                                                                                                    bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                                    bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                                                    bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                                                    (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                    78

                                                                                                                                                    Crashes

                                                                                                                                                    bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                                                    bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                                                    bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                                                    violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                                                    circadian lows

                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                    79

                                                                                                                                                    Sick Leave

                                                                                                                                                    bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                                                    bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                                                    fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                    80

                                                                                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                                                    A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                                                    2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                                                    driver

                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                    81

                                                                                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                                                    procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                                                    prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                                    4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                    82

                                                                                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                                                    5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                                                    hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                                                    driving

                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                    83

                                                                                                                                                    Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                    84

                                                                                                                                                    Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                                                    bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                                                    changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                                                    in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                                                    levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                                                    impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                    85

                                                                                                                                                    Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                                    priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                                    related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                                    safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                                    others

                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                    86

                                                                                                                                                    Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                                    bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                                    bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                    87

                                                                                                                                                    Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                                    bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                                    implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                                    ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                                    over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                    88

                                                                                                                                                    Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                    • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                                    • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                                    • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                                    • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                    • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                    • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                    • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                                    • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                    • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                    • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                    • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                                    • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                    • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                    • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                                    • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                                    • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                                    • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                                    • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                                    • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                                    • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                                    • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                    • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                    • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                    • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                    • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                                    • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                                    • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                                    • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                    • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                    • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                    • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                                    • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                                    • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                                    • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                                    • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                                    • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                                    • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                    • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                    • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                                    • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                                    • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                                    • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                                    • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                                    • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                                    • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                                    • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                                    • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                    • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                                    • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                                    • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                                    • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                                    • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                                    • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                    • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                                    • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                                    • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                                    • Alertness
                                                                                                                                                    • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                                    • Injuries
                                                                                                                                                    • Violations
                                                                                                                                                    • Crashes
                                                                                                                                                    • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                    • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                                    • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                                    • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                                    • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                                    • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                    • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                      75

                                                                                                                                                      Job Satisfaction

                                                                                                                                                      bull Behavioral expressions of satisfaction (eg smiling)

                                                                                                                                                      bull Perceived satisfaction measured via a questionnaire

                                                                                                                                                      bull Turnoverbull Involvement in FMP related

                                                                                                                                                      activitiesbull Pledged commitment to the FMP

                                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                      76

                                                                                                                                                      Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                                                                      the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                                                                      ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                                                                      associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                                                                      cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                                                                      not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                      77

                                                                                                                                                      Violations

                                                                                                                                                      bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                                      bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                                                      bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                                                      (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                      78

                                                                                                                                                      Crashes

                                                                                                                                                      bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                                                      bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                                                      bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                                                      violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                                                      circadian lows

                                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                      79

                                                                                                                                                      Sick Leave

                                                                                                                                                      bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                                                      bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                                                      fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                      80

                                                                                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                                                      A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                                                      2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                                                      driver

                                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                      81

                                                                                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                                                      procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                                                      prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                                      4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                      82

                                                                                                                                                      Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                                                      5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                                                      hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                                                      driving

                                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                      83

                                                                                                                                                      Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                      84

                                                                                                                                                      Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                                                      bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                                                      changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                                                      in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                                                      levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                                                      impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                      85

                                                                                                                                                      Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                                      priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                                      related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                                      safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                                      others

                                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                      86

                                                                                                                                                      Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                                      bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                                      bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                      87

                                                                                                                                                      Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                                      bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                                      implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                                      ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                                      over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                      88

                                                                                                                                                      Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                      • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                                      • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                                      • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                                      • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                      • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                      • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                                      • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                      • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                      • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                      • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                                      • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                      • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                      • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                                      • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                                      • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                                      • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                                      • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                                      • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                                      • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                                      • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                      • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                      • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                      • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                      • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                                      • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                                      • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                                      • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                      • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                      • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                      • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                                      • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                                      • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                                      • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                                      • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                                      • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                                      • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                      • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                      • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                                      • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                                      • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                                      • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                                      • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                                      • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                                      • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                                      • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                                      • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                      • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                                      • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                                      • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                                      • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                                      • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                                      • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                      • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                                      • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                                      • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                                      • Alertness
                                                                                                                                                      • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                                      • Injuries
                                                                                                                                                      • Violations
                                                                                                                                                      • Crashes
                                                                                                                                                      • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                      • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                                      • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                                      • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                                      • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                                      • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                      • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                        76

                                                                                                                                                        Injuriesbull Fatigue-related injuries should be an indicator of the success of

                                                                                                                                                        the FMPbull Number of injuries from crashes contributed to fatiguebull Number of other injuries related to fatigue

                                                                                                                                                        ndash Fallslip from higher elevationbull Health-related injuriescomplications

                                                                                                                                                        associated with fatiguendash Cardiovascular disease and impaired

                                                                                                                                                        cognitive functioningbull Percent of injuries related to fatigue compared to injuries

                                                                                                                                                        not related to fatiguebull Number of injury reports

                                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                        77

                                                                                                                                                        Violations

                                                                                                                                                        bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                                        bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                                                        bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                                                        (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                        78

                                                                                                                                                        Crashes

                                                                                                                                                        bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                                                        bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                                                        bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                                                        violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                                                        circadian lows

                                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                        79

                                                                                                                                                        Sick Leave

                                                                                                                                                        bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                                                        bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                                                        fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                        80

                                                                                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                                                        A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                                                        2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                                                        driver

                                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                        81

                                                                                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                                                        procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                                                        prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                                        4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                        82

                                                                                                                                                        Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                                                        5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                                                        hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                                                        driving

                                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                        83

                                                                                                                                                        Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                        84

                                                                                                                                                        Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                                                        bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                                                        changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                                                        in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                                                        levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                                                        impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                        85

                                                                                                                                                        Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                                        priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                                        related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                                        safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                                        others

                                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                        86

                                                                                                                                                        Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                                        bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                                        bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                        87

                                                                                                                                                        Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                                        bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                                        implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                                        ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                                        over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                        88

                                                                                                                                                        Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                        • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                                        • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                                        • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                                        • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                        • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                        • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                        • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                                        • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                        • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                        • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                        • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                                        • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                        • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                        • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                                        • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                                        • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                                        • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                                        • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                                        • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                                        • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                                        • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                        • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                        • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                        • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                        • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                                        • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                                        • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                                        • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                        • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                        • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                        • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                                        • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                                        • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                                        • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                                        • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                                        • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                                        • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                        • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                        • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                                        • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                                        • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                                        • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                                        • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                                        • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                                        • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                                        • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                                        • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                        • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                                        • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                                        • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                                        • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                                        • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                                        • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                        • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                                        • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                                        • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                                        • Alertness
                                                                                                                                                        • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                                        • Injuries
                                                                                                                                                        • Violations
                                                                                                                                                        • Crashes
                                                                                                                                                        • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                        • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                                        • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                                        • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                                        • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                                        • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                        • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                          77

                                                                                                                                                          Violations

                                                                                                                                                          bull Safety violations should be an indicator of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                                          bull Number of fatigue-related violationsndash Hour-of-service (HOS) violation

                                                                                                                                                          bull Number of hours spent sleeping bull Percent of time using a CPAP

                                                                                                                                                          (if required)bull Number of hours driving

                                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                          78

                                                                                                                                                          Crashes

                                                                                                                                                          bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                                                          bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                                                          bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                                                          violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                                                          circadian lows

                                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                          79

                                                                                                                                                          Sick Leave

                                                                                                                                                          bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                                                          bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                                                          fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                          80

                                                                                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                                                          A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                                                          2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                                                          driver

                                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                          81

                                                                                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                                                          procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                                                          prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                                          4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                          82

                                                                                                                                                          Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                                                          5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                                                          hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                                                          driving

                                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                          83

                                                                                                                                                          Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                          84

                                                                                                                                                          Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                                                          bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                                                          changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                                                          in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                                                          levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                                                          impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                          85

                                                                                                                                                          Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                                          priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                                          related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                                          safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                                          others

                                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                          86

                                                                                                                                                          Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                                          bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                                          bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                          87

                                                                                                                                                          Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                                          bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                                          implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                                          ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                                          over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                          88

                                                                                                                                                          Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                          • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                                          • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                                          • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                                          • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                          • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                          • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                          • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                                          • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                          • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                          • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                          • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                                          • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                          • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                          • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                                          • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                                          • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                                          • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                                          • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                                          • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                                          • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                                          • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                          • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                          • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                          • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                          • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                                          • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                                          • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                                          • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                          • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                          • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                          • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                                          • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                                          • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                                          • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                                          • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                                          • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                                          • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                          • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                          • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                                          • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                                          • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                                          • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                                          • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                                          • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                                          • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                                          • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                                          • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                          • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                                          • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                                          • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                                          • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                                          • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                                          • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                          • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                                          • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                                          • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                                          • Alertness
                                                                                                                                                          • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                                          • Injuries
                                                                                                                                                          • Violations
                                                                                                                                                          • Crashes
                                                                                                                                                          • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                          • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                                          • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                                          • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                                          • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                                          • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                          • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                            78

                                                                                                                                                            Crashes

                                                                                                                                                            bull Fatigue-related crashes are typically a major reason for implementing the FMP

                                                                                                                                                            bull Number of crashes where the driver fell asleep behind the wheel

                                                                                                                                                            bull Number of crashes influenced by drowsiness bull Number of crashes resulting from

                                                                                                                                                            violations in HOSbull Number or percent of crashes during

                                                                                                                                                            circadian lows

                                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                            79

                                                                                                                                                            Sick Leave

                                                                                                                                                            bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                                                            bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                                                            fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                            80

                                                                                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                                                            A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                                                            2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                                                            driver

                                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                            81

                                                                                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                                                            procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                                                            prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                                            4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                            82

                                                                                                                                                            Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                                                            5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                                                            hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                                                            driving

                                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                            83

                                                                                                                                                            Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                            84

                                                                                                                                                            Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                                                            bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                                                            changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                                                            in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                                                            levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                                                            impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                            85

                                                                                                                                                            Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                                            priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                                            related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                                            safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                                            others

                                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                            86

                                                                                                                                                            Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                                            bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                                            bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                            87

                                                                                                                                                            Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                                            bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                                            implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                                            ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                                            over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                            88

                                                                                                                                                            Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                            • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                                            • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                                            • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                                            • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                            • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                            • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                            • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                                            • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                            • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                            • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                            • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                                            • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                            • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                            • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                                            • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                                            • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                                            • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                                            • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                                            • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                                            • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                                            • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                            • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                            • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                            • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                            • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                                            • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                                            • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                                            • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                            • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                            • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                            • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                                            • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                                            • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                                            • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                                            • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                                            • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                                            • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                            • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                            • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                                            • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                                            • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                                            • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                                            • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                                            • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                                            • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                                            • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                                            • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                            • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                                            • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                                            • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                                            • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                                            • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                                            • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                            • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                                            • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                                            • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                                            • Alertness
                                                                                                                                                            • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                                            • Injuries
                                                                                                                                                            • Violations
                                                                                                                                                            • Crashes
                                                                                                                                                            • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                            • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                                            • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                                            • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                                            • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                                            • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                            • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                              79

                                                                                                                                                              Sick Leave

                                                                                                                                                              bull Fatigue can have significant health consequences for drivers

                                                                                                                                                              bull Cause the driver to miss workbull The number of sick leave days related to

                                                                                                                                                              fatigue should provide an indication of the effectiveness of the FMP

                                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                              80

                                                                                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                                                              A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                                                              2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                                                              driver

                                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                              81

                                                                                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                                                              procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                                                              prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                                              4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                              82

                                                                                                                                                              Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                                                              5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                                                              hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                                                              driving

                                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                              83

                                                                                                                                                              Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                              84

                                                                                                                                                              Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                                                              bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                                                              changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                                                              in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                                                              levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                                                              impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                              85

                                                                                                                                                              Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                                              priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                                              related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                                              safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                                              others

                                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                              86

                                                                                                                                                              Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                                              bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                                              bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                              87

                                                                                                                                                              Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                                              bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                                              implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                                              ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                                              over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                              88

                                                                                                                                                              Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                              • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                                              • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                                              • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                                              • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                              • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                              • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                              • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                              • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                              • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                                              • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                              • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                              • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                                              • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                                              • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                                              • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                                              • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                                              • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                                              • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                                              • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                              • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                              • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                              • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                              • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                                              • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                                              • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                                              • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                              • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                              • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                              • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                                              • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                                              • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                                              • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                                              • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                                              • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                                              • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                              • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                              • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                                              • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                                              • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                                              • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                                              • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                                              • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                                              • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                                              • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                                              • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                              • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                                              • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                                              • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                                              • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                                              • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                                              • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                              • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                                              • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                                              • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                                              • Alertness
                                                                                                                                                              • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                                              • Injuries
                                                                                                                                                              • Violations
                                                                                                                                                              • Crashes
                                                                                                                                                              • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                              • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                                              • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                                              • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                              • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                80

                                                                                                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 51 Why is it important to measure performance

                                                                                                                                                                A To determine what is the current level of fatigueB To know if the FMP is workingC To monitor and track fatigue-related behaviorsD All of the above

                                                                                                                                                                2 Which of the following statements is trueA Process measures focus on the result of a number of behaviorsB Outcome measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsC Process measures focus on the occurrence of specific behaviorsD Outcome measures are always completely under control of the

                                                                                                                                                                driver

                                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                81

                                                                                                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                                                                procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                                                                prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                                                4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                82

                                                                                                                                                                Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                                                                5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                                                                hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                                                                driving

                                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                83

                                                                                                                                                                Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                84

                                                                                                                                                                Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                                                                bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                                                                changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                                                                in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                                                                levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                                                                impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                85

                                                                                                                                                                Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                                                priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                                                related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                                                safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                                                others

                                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                86

                                                                                                                                                                Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                                                bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                                                bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                87

                                                                                                                                                                Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                                                bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                                                implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                                                ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                                                over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                88

                                                                                                                                                                Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                                • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                                                • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                                                • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                                                • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                                • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                                                • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                                • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                                                • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                                • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                                • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                                                • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                                                • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                                                • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                                                • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                                                • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                                                • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                                                • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                                                • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                                                • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                                                • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                                • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                                                • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                                                • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                                                • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                                                • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                                                • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                                                • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                                • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                                • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                                                • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                                                • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                                                • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                                                • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                                                • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                                                • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                                                • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                                                • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                                                • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                                                • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                                                • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                                                • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                                                • Alertness
                                                                                                                                                                • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                                                • Injuries
                                                                                                                                                                • Violations
                                                                                                                                                                • Crashes
                                                                                                                                                                • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                                                • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                                                • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                                                • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                                                • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                  81

                                                                                                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued3 What is a process measure to assess how well the FMP policies and

                                                                                                                                                                  procedures are being followedA The amount of time exercising per week versus the amount of exercise

                                                                                                                                                                  prescribed by the doctorB Percentage of time spent asleep while in bedC Number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-hour periodD Percent of time driver feels alert

                                                                                                                                                                  4 What type of measure are crashes and injuries A ProcessB OutcomeC Subjective D Quality

                                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                  82

                                                                                                                                                                  Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                                                                  5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                                                                  hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                                                                  driving

                                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                  83

                                                                                                                                                                  Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                  84

                                                                                                                                                                  Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                                                                  bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                                                                  changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                                                                  in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                                                                  levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                                                                  impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                  85

                                                                                                                                                                  Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                                                  priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                                                  related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                                                  safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                                                  others

                                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                  86

                                                                                                                                                                  Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                                                  bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                                                  bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                  87

                                                                                                                                                                  Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                                                  bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                                                  implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                                                  ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                                                  over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                                                  NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                  88

                                                                                                                                                                  Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                                  • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                                                  • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                                                  • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                                                  • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                                  • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                  • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                  • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                  • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                                  • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                                                  • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                                  • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                                  • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                                                  • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                                                  • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                                                  • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                                                  • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                                                  • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                                                  • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                                                  • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                  • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                  • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                  • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                  • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                                                  • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                                                  • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                                                  • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                                  • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                  • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                  • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                                                  • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                                                  • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                                                  • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                                                  • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                                                  • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                                                  • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                                  • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                                  • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                                                  • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                                                  • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                                                  • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                                                  • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                  • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                                                  • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                  • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                                                  • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                  • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                                                  • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                                                  • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                  • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                                                  • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                                                  • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                  • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                                                  • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                                                  • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                                                  • Alertness
                                                                                                                                                                  • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                                                  • Injuries
                                                                                                                                                                  • Violations
                                                                                                                                                                  • Crashes
                                                                                                                                                                  • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                  • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                  • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                                                  • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                                                  • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                                                  • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                  • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                    82

                                                                                                                                                                    Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued

                                                                                                                                                                    5 Which of the following is an outcome measure for alertnessA The number of hours spent sleeping during a 24-

                                                                                                                                                                    hour period of timeB The number of fatigue-related violationsC How frequently does the driver snore loudlyD Frequency the driver becomes sleepy while

                                                                                                                                                                    driving

                                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                    83

                                                                                                                                                                    Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                    84

                                                                                                                                                                    Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                                                                    bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                                                                    changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                                                                    in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                                                                    levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                                                                    impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                    85

                                                                                                                                                                    Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                                                    priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                                                    related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                                                    safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                                                    others

                                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                    86

                                                                                                                                                                    Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                                                    bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                                                    bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                    87

                                                                                                                                                                    Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                                                    bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                                                    implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                                                    ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                                                    over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                                                    NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                    88

                                                                                                                                                                    Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                                    • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                                                    • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                                                    • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                                                    • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                                    • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                    • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                    • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                                                    • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                    • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                    • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                                    • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                                                    • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                                    • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                                    • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                                                    • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                                                    • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                                                    • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                                                    • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                                                    • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                                                    • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                                                    • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                    • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                    • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                    • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                    • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                                                    • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                                                    • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                                                    • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                                    • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                    • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                    • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                                                    • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                                                    • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                                                    • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                                                    • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                                                    • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                                                    • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                                    • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                                    • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                                                    • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                                                    • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                                                    • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                                                    • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                    • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                                                    • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                    • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                                                    • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                    • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                                                    • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                                                    • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                    • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                                                    • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                                                    • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                    • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                                                    • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                                                    • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                                                    • Alertness
                                                                                                                                                                    • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                                                    • Injuries
                                                                                                                                                                    • Violations
                                                                                                                                                                    • Crashes
                                                                                                                                                                    • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                    • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                    • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                                                    • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                                                    • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                                                    • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                                                    • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                    • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                      83

                                                                                                                                                                      Conclusion Review and Summary

                                                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                      84

                                                                                                                                                                      Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                                                                      bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                                                                      changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                                                                      in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                                                                      levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                                                                      impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                      85

                                                                                                                                                                      Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                                                      priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                                                      related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                                                      safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                                                      others

                                                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                      86

                                                                                                                                                                      Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                                                      bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                                                      bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                      87

                                                                                                                                                                      Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                                                      bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                                                      implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                                                      ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                                                      over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                                                      NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                      88

                                                                                                                                                                      Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                                      • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                                                      • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                                                      • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                                                      • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                                      • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                      • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                                                      • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                      • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                      • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                                      • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                                                      • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                                      • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                                      • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                                                      • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                                                      • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                                                      • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                                                      • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                                                      • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                                                      • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                                                      • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                      • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                      • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                      • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                      • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                                                      • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                                                      • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                                                      • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                                      • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                      • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                      • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                                                      • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                                                      • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                                                      • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                                                      • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                                                      • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                                                      • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                                      • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                                      • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                                                      • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                                                      • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                                                      • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                                                      • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                      • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                                                      • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                      • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                                                      • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                      • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                                                      • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                                                      • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                      • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                                                      • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                                                      • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                      • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                                                      • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                                                      • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                                                      • Alertness
                                                                                                                                                                      • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                                                      • Injuries
                                                                                                                                                                      • Violations
                                                                                                                                                                      • Crashes
                                                                                                                                                                      • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                      • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                      • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                                                      • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                                                      • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                                                      • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                                                      • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                      • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                        84

                                                                                                                                                                        Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management

                                                                                                                                                                        bull Top level ldquobuy-inrdquo is criticalbull Upper-level management is looked to in times of

                                                                                                                                                                        changebull Upper-level visibility and participation

                                                                                                                                                                        in all FMP related meetings is a mustbull On-going communication with all

                                                                                                                                                                        levels of the organizationndash Especially with those most

                                                                                                                                                                        impacted by the FMP

                                                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                        85

                                                                                                                                                                        Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                                                        priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                                                        related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                                                        safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                                                        others

                                                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                        86

                                                                                                                                                                        Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                                                        bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                                                        bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                        87

                                                                                                                                                                        Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                                                        bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                                                        implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                                                        ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                                                        over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                                                        NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                        88

                                                                                                                                                                        Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                                        • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                                                        • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                                                        • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                                                        • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                                        • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                        • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                        • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                                                        • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                        • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                        • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                                        • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                                                        • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                                        • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                                        • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                                                        • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                                                        • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                                                        • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                                                        • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                                                        • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                                                        • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                                                        • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                        • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                        • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                        • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                        • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                                                        • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                                                        • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                                                        • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                                        • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                        • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                        • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                                                        • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                                                        • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                                                        • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                                                        • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                                                        • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                                                        • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                                        • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                                        • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                                                        • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                                                        • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                                                        • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                                                        • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                        • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                                                        • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                        • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                                                        • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                        • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                                                        • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                                                        • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                        • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                                                        • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                                                        • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                        • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                                                        • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                                                        • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                                                        • Alertness
                                                                                                                                                                        • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                                                        • Injuries
                                                                                                                                                                        • Violations
                                                                                                                                                                        • Crashes
                                                                                                                                                                        • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                        • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                                                        • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                                                        • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                                                        • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                                                        • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                        • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                          85

                                                                                                                                                                          Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level of the Organizationbull Fatigue management needs to be a value not a

                                                                                                                                                                          priorityndash Driver fatigue is not compromised for productivity ndash Fatigue management is involved in all programs and

                                                                                                                                                                          related to all activities in the work placebull Positive safety cultures empower employees to work

                                                                                                                                                                          safely bull Accountability for selves and

                                                                                                                                                                          others

                                                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                          86

                                                                                                                                                                          Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                                                          bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                                                          bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                          87

                                                                                                                                                                          Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                                                          bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                                                          implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                                                          ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                                                          over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                                                          NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                          88

                                                                                                                                                                          Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                                          • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                                                          • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                                                          • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                                                          • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                                          • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                          • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                          • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                                                          • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                          • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                          • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                                          • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                                                          • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                                          • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                                          • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                                                          • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                                                          • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                                                          • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                                                          • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                                                          • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                                                          • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                                                          • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                          • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                          • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                          • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                          • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                                                          • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                                                          • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                                                          • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                                          • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                          • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                          • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                                                          • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                                                          • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                                                          • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                                                          • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                                                          • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                                                          • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                                          • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                                          • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                                                          • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                                                          • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                                                          • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                                                          • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                          • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                                                          • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                          • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                                                          • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                          • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                                                          • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                                                          • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                          • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                                                          • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                                                          • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                          • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                                                          • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                                                          • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                                                          • Alertness
                                                                                                                                                                          • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                                                          • Injuries
                                                                                                                                                                          • Violations
                                                                                                                                                                          • Crashes
                                                                                                                                                                          • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                          • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                          • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                                                          • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                                                          • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                                                          • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                                                          • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                          • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                            86

                                                                                                                                                                            Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created Instantly

                                                                                                                                                                            bull Immediate change must not be expectedndash Culture change takes timendash Resistance to change is not instantaneousndash Process of change is fluidndash Evaluation of data is criticalbull Areas to refine delete and add

                                                                                                                                                                            bull Change requires employees to ldquobuy-inrdquo to the FMP and acceptance takes time

                                                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                            87

                                                                                                                                                                            Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                                                            bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                                                            implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                                                            ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                                                            over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                                                            NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                            88

                                                                                                                                                                            Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                                            • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                                                            • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                                                            • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                                                            • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                                            • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                            • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                            • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                                                            • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                            • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                            • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                                            • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                                                            • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                                            • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                                            • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                                                            • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                                                            • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                                                            • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                                                            • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                                                            • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                                                            • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                                                            • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                            • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                            • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                            • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                            • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                                                            • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                                                            • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                                                            • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                                            • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                            • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                            • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                                                            • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                                                            • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                                                            • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                                                            • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                                                            • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                                                            • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                                            • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                                            • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                                                            • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                                                            • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                                                            • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                                                            • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                            • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                                                            • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                            • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                                                            • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                            • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                                                            • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                                                            • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                            • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                                                            • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                                                            • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                            • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                                                            • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                                                            • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                                                            • Alertness
                                                                                                                                                                            • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                                                            • Injuries
                                                                                                                                                                            • Violations
                                                                                                                                                                            • Crashes
                                                                                                                                                                            • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                            • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                            • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                                                            • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                                                            • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                                                            • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                                                            • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                            • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                              87

                                                                                                                                                                              Continued Safety Culture Change

                                                                                                                                                                              bull Continue to show support and recognition for participation in the FMPndash Celebrate ldquosmall winsrdquo in FMP development

                                                                                                                                                                              implementation and group and individual goal accomplishment

                                                                                                                                                                              ndash Celebrate FMP volunteersndash Donrsquot focus on failures or short comings success will come

                                                                                                                                                                              over time with a positive safety culture

                                                                                                                                                                              NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                              88

                                                                                                                                                                              Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                                              • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                                                              • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                                                              • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                                                              • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                                              • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                                              • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                                              • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                                              • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                                                              • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                                                              • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                                                              • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                                                              • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                                                              • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                                                              • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                                                              • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                              • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                              • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                              • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                              • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                                                              • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                                                              • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                                                              • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                                              • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                              • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                              • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                                                              • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                                                              • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                                                              • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                                                              • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                                                              • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                                                              • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                                              • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                                              • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                                                              • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                                                              • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                                                              • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                                                              • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                              • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                                                              • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                              • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                                                              • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                              • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                                                              • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                                                              • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                              • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                                                              • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                                                              • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                              • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                                                              • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                                                              • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                                                              • Alertness
                                                                                                                                                                              • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                                                              • Injuries
                                                                                                                                                                              • Violations
                                                                                                                                                                              • Crashes
                                                                                                                                                                              • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                              • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                              • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                                                              • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                                                              • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                                                              • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                              • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                                                NAFMP | North American Fatigue Management ProgramCopyright copy 2012

                                                                                                                                                                                88

                                                                                                                                                                                Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                                                • Slide 1
                                                                                                                                                                                • List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
                                                                                                                                                                                • Module 2 Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                • Module Objectives (1 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                                                • Module Objects (2 of 2)
                                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson 1 Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                • Introduction to Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                • Safety Triad
                                                                                                                                                                                • Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                • Fatigue and Safety Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                • Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                • Components of Fatigue Risk Management Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1
                                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 1 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson 2 Corporate Responsibilities and Roles in FMP Implement
                                                                                                                                                                                • Shared Responsibility for Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                                                • Managementrsquos Commitment to Fatigue Management
                                                                                                                                                                                • Prioritization of Driver Fatigue Over Production
                                                                                                                                                                                • Maintaining a High Profile for Safety and Fatigue in Meetings
                                                                                                                                                                                • Personal Attendance of Managers at Fatigue Meetings
                                                                                                                                                                                • Face-to-Face Meetings with Employees that Feature Fatigue as a
                                                                                                                                                                                • Job Descriptions that Include SafetyFatigue Contracts
                                                                                                                                                                                • Fatigue Leadership
                                                                                                                                                                                • Communication About Fatigue Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2
                                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 2 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson 3 Strategies for Engaging and Empowering Staff and Gene
                                                                                                                                                                                • Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                                • Importance of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                                • Increasing Perceptions of Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                                • Increasing Empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                                • Empowerment and Resistance to Change
                                                                                                                                                                                • Delegation of Responsibility for Fatigue
                                                                                                                                                                                • Encouraging Commitment to the Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                • Benefits of Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                                                • Increasing Organizational Commitment
                                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3
                                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 3 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson 4 Step-by-Step Guide to Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                                • Corporate Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                                • Corporate Culture Change (2)
                                                                                                                                                                                • Top Management ldquoBuy Inrdquo
                                                                                                                                                                                • Build Trust
                                                                                                                                                                                • Conduct Bench Marking
                                                                                                                                                                                • Management Training and Education
                                                                                                                                                                                • Training Managers
                                                                                                                                                                                • Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                                                • Assembling the Steering Committee
                                                                                                                                                                                • Develop a Safety Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                • Define Roles
                                                                                                                                                                                • Develop Accountability
                                                                                                                                                                                • Develop Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                • Develop Policies for Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                • Awareness Education and Kick-Off
                                                                                                                                                                                • Implement the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                                • Measure Performance
                                                                                                                                                                                • Support the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4
                                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 4 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson 5 Performance Measures to Gauge the Efficacy of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                                • You Canrsquot Manage What You Canrsquot Meas
                                                                                                                                                                                • Process Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                • Following FMP Policies and Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                                • FMP Policies and Procedures Implemented Correctly
                                                                                                                                                                                • Management has Conveyed the Necessary Information
                                                                                                                                                                                • Subjective Perceptions and Opinions of the FMP
                                                                                                                                                                                • Outcome Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                • Sleep Duration
                                                                                                                                                                                • Sleep Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                • Alertness
                                                                                                                                                                                • Job Satisfaction
                                                                                                                                                                                • Injuries
                                                                                                                                                                                • Violations
                                                                                                                                                                                • Crashes
                                                                                                                                                                                • Sick Leave
                                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5
                                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued
                                                                                                                                                                                • Lesson Quiz Lesson 5 Continued (2)
                                                                                                                                                                                • Conclusion Review and Summary
                                                                                                                                                                                • Safety Culture is Strongly Influenced by Upper-Level Management
                                                                                                                                                                                • Safety Culture is Defined as the Enduring Value in Every Level
                                                                                                                                                                                • Culture Develops Over a Period of Time and Cannot be Created In
                                                                                                                                                                                • Continued Safety Culture Change
                                                                                                                                                                                • Course Exam Module 2

                                                                                                                                                                                  top related

                                                                                                                                                                                  Module 7 Cultural Awareness. Learning Outcomes 7.1 Identify...
                                                                                                                                                                                  Documents
                                                                                                                                                                                  5 Best Practices DevOps Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                  Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                  1 Knowledge Management Module ii KM in Organizational...
                                                                                                                                                                                  Documents
                                                                                                                                                                                  Part 66 Cat. B1 Module 7 MAINTENANCE PRACTICES · Category....
                                                                                                                                                                                  Documents
                                                                                                                                                                                  Module 7 (Maintenance Practices) Sub Module 7.12...
                                                                                                                                                                                  Documents
                                                                                                                                                                                  MODULE 07A. MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
                                                                                                                                                                                  Documents
                                                                                                                                                                                  MODULE TISSUE CULTURE TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION
                                                                                                                                                                                  Documents
                                                                                                                                                                                  Module 7 (Maintenance Practices) Sub Module 7.20...
                                                                                                                                                                                  Documents
                                                                                                                                                                                  Module 7 (Maintenance Practices) Sub Module 7.2 (Workshop...
                                                                                                                                                                                  Documents
                                                                                                                                                                                  Module #7: School Culture & Collaboration
                                                                                                                                                                                  Documents
                                                                                                                                                                                  Module 7 (Maintenance Practices) Sub Module 7.2 (Workshop...
                                                                                                                                                                                  Documents
                                                                                                                                                                                  Mme Prosser. Module 1: Un monde de cultures Module 2:...
                                                                                                                                                                                  Documents
                                                                                                                                                                                  Module 7 (Maintenance Practices) Sub Module 7.14 (Material.....
                                                                                                                                                                                  Documents
                                                                                                                                                                                  Module 5: Organization and Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                  Documents
                                                                                                                                                                                  Module 7 (Maintenance Practices) Sub Module 7.11...
                                                                                                                                                                                  Documents
                                                                                                                                                                                  Module 1 Software Engineering Practices · Software...
                                                                                                                                                                                  Documents