Transcript
History Of Survey• Surveying techniques have existed throughout much of
recorded history. In ancient Egypt, when the Nile River overflowed its banks were re-established by a rope stretcher, the application of simple geometry(3000BC). The nearly perfect squareness and north-south orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza, built in 2700 BC, affirm the Egyptians' command of surveying.
• In India recorded survey was found “Indus valley civilization” in 2500 BC.
Sculpture of Egyptian Survey
• In America’s formative years men such as George Washington were surveyors before they became better known for their political and intellectual skills.
• Only one of these 4 presidents was not a land surveyor.
INDIAN SURVEY HISTORY• The Great Trigonometry Survey was started by British surveyor Col.
William Lambton in 10th April 1802. It was started from Chennai to foothills of Himalayas. To measure 12 K.M. base line distance it took 57 days time. 36 inch huge ½ ton weight Theodolite was used to measure. This 5 decade project was completed under Survey General Lt George Everest in the year 1852. Surveyor Radhanath Sikdar measured Mount Everest height in 1852. (29002 feet). Now it 29037ft.
• The GTS was not the first survey of the country. Lord Robert Clive of the East India Company had raised a mapping agency, which later became the Survey of India, and commissioned the Bengal Surveys as early as 1767 under Major James Rennel. This is regarded as the beginning of systematic topographical mapping in India and the founding of one of the oldest survey and mapping agencies in the world.
36 INCH THEODOLITE USED BY WILLIAM LAMBTON IN 1802 DURING GTS SURVEY
A German Engineer surveying during the first world war, 1918
Digital Level Laser Level
o Leveling for long distance, Curvature and Refraction corrections are required
o Curvature correction- 0.0785 D (distance in KM) sqr .(Taken the diameter of the earth as 12742 k.M.)
o Refraction correction- 0.0112 D sqro Combined Correction:- 0.073 D sqr in mtr.o Combined correction for 500 mtr distance.o (500 X 0.0673)/1000 =0.017 m.
Electronic Distance Measurement Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM )instrument(EDM )instrument
Total Station
A combination of Theodolite and EDM machine is called Total Station.
Angle Measuring Device
Distance measuring Device
Microprocessor
Data Collector
Data Storage
Battery
Reflector
- Control Survey (Total station Traverse for Ground Control Points).
- Detail Survey – Picking of ground features with or with out prism.
- Remote Distance Measurements (RDM)
- Fixing of Missing Pillars / Setting out / Stake out
- Resection
- Area Calculation .
- Remote Elevation measurement (REM)
- Curve Layout
- Cut & Fill with Volume Calculation .
WINDOW OS TOTAL STATION
ROBOTIC TOTAL STATION
3D SCAN STATION
SMART STATION A Combination of Total Station & GPS is called Smart Station
Laser Rangefinder: A laser rangefinder is a device which uses a laser beam to
determine the distance to an object.
Ground Penetration Radar (GPR)
Representation of a pointRepresentation of a point
Horizontal : EllipsoidHorizontal : Ellipsoid
Vertical : GeoidVertical : Geoid
HORIZONTAL DATUM
- Physical surface of Earth is an Irregular Surface.
- It is not suitable for Mathematical Calculation
- Hence, a suitable Regular Mathematical Surface is conceived by Geodesists which closely fit the Earth Surface - WGS-84 is a Geocentric Ellipsoid, which is accepted universally.
- Everest Ellipsoid is a local datum which is taken as a Horizontal
datum for Horizontal Control in India & Adjacent countries except China.
Representation of a pointRepresentation of a point
Horizontal : EllipsoidHorizontal : Ellipsoid
Vertical : GeoidVertical : Geoid
Official Ellipsoids EquatorialName Date Radius a (metres) Radius b (metres) Polar Flattening
WGS 84 1984 6,378,137 6,356,752.3 1/298.257
GRS 80* 1980 ,, ,, ,,
WGS 72 1972 6,378,135 6,356,750.5 1/298.26
Australian 1965 6,378,160 6,356,774.7 1/298.25
Krasovsky 1940 6,378,245 6,356,863 1/298.3
Internat’l 1924 6,378,388 6,356,911.9 1/297
Clarke 1880 6,378.249.1 6,356,514.9 1/293.46
Clarke 1866 6,378,206.4 6,356,583.8 1/294.98
Bessel 1841 6,377,397.2 6,356,079.0 1/299.15
Airy 1830 6,377,563.4 6,356,256.9 1/299.32
Everest 1830 6,377,276.3 6,356,075.41/300.8
Relationships between the earth 's surface, the geoid and a reference el l ipsoid
A vertical datum is used for measuring the elevations of points on the Earth's surface. Vertical datums are either tidal, based on sea levels, gravimetric, based on a geoid, or geodetic, based on the same ellipsoid models of the earth used for computing horizontal datums.
In common usage, elevations are often cited in height above mean sea level; this is a widely used tidal datum. Mean Sea Level (MSL) is a tidal datum which is described as the arithmetic mean of the hourly water elevation taken over a specific years cycle.
HEIGHT OF HEIGHT OF BED PLATE BED PLATE
ABOVE ZERO ABOVE ZERO OF TIDE OF TIDE GAUGEGAUGE
WAVEWAVE
NEW GENERATION WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENT SYSTEMNEW GENERATION WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
BENCH MARKBENCH MARK
HEIGHT OF BENCH MARK HEIGHT OF BENCH MARK ABOVE TIDE GAUGE ZEROABOVE TIDE GAUGE ZERO
LOW WATERLOW WATER
HIGH WATERHIGH WATER
MEAN SEA LEVELMEAN SEA LEVEL
HEIGHT OF BENCH HEIGHT OF BENCH MARK ABOVE MEAN MARK ABOVE MEAN
SEA LEVELSEA LEVEL
BEDPLATEBEDPLATE
ZERO OF PRESSURE SENSORZERO OF PRESSURE SENSOR
PRESSURE SENSOR TIDE PRESSURE SENSOR TIDE GAUGEGAUGE
FLOAT TYPE TIDE FLOAT TYPE TIDE GAUGEGAUGE
STILLING WELLSTILLING WELL
PROJECTION• Transformation of Three Dimensional Space
onto a two dimensional map
• A systematic arrangement of intersecting lines on a plane that represent and have a one to one correspondence to the meridians and parallels on the datum surface
UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR (UTM)
• UTM is a Geodetic Coordinate System, which was developed in 1940, based on ellipsoid model of Earth. World Geodetic System WGS-84 is established in 1984 (last revised in 2004)
• The earth between latitudes 84° N and 80° S, is divided into 60, 6° wide.
• Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS)
• Defined above 84 degrees north latitude and 80 degree south
WHAT IS GPS ?The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The GPS project was developed in 1973 and It became fully operational in 1994. GPS was created and organized by the U.S. Department of Defense and was originally run with 24 satellites.
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a combine of GPS & Russian GLONASS(14 Satellite).China’s satellite system Compass and The European Union's satellite system Galileo will join by 2020. The Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) system to be completed and implemented by 2014 with 7 navigational satellites, then accuracy will be 7.6 mtr trough out the India. Indian first satellite IRNSS 1A was launched on 1st July 2013.
Various use of GPSVarious use of GPS
TYPES OF HANDHELDS (ASCENDING) Sl. No. GPS Model Specification Price Image
1 Garmin E Tex10
way points, Routes & Base Map 7,500
2 Garmin E Tex20
Build in Memory, Color display 12,900
3Garmin E Tex30 / Dakota 20
Electronic Composet Compass,Barometric Altimetor, Autometic Routing
15,800-16,400
Sl. No. GPS Model Specification Price
Image
4
Garmin 62SC/Rino650,Oregon 550,78Sc
SD data card, Color Map Camera 28,400-35,600
5
Garmin Rino665t,Montana650t
GNSS support Geo-chaching Mode 42,000
6Garmin Monterra
Anroid mobile phone,Multimedia, Wi-Fi,Bluetooth 48,000
HANDHELDS (SUPPORTED TO DGPS)
Sl. No. GPS Model SpecificationPrice
1Trimble Juno Series
DGPS support 90,000
2
Trimble Geo Explorer, Mobile Mapper
GIS Application 4,00,000
3 YUMA 2
Tablet PC for processing, Rugged 6,00,000
DGPS
Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is an enhancement to Global Positioning System that provides improved location accuracy, from the 15-meter nominal GPS accuracy to about 10 cm in case of the best implementations.
GPS Antennas:
GPS Receivers
GPS ReceiversDGPS RECEIVERS
DGPS SURVEY MODES• Static
POST PROCESSED KINEMATICS (PPK)
REAL TIME KINEMATICS (RTK)
GPS PRICESThere are 4 Types of GPS availableConsumer (5 to 15 mtr) Rs 10,000 to Rs 50,000Mapping (1 to 5 mtr) Rs 50,000 to Rs 1, 25,000Sub Meter Mapping (<1 Mtr) Rs 1, 50,000 to Rs 2, 50,000Surveying (1 cmt) Rs 5, 00,000 to Rs15,000,00.
MOBILE MAPPING, AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING (ALS) OR (LIDAR) LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING
Mobile mapping is the process of collecting data from a mobile vehicle, typically fitted with a range of photographic, radar, laser, LiDAR or any number of remote sensing systems. The primary output from such systems include GIS data, digital maps, and georeferenced images and video.
Mobile Mapping
MOBILE MAPPING
AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING (ALS) OR (LIDAR) LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING
UNNAMED ARIEL VEHICLE (UAV)
DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELING
• A digital elevation model is a digital model or 3D representation of a terrain's surface .
• Using satellite imaginaries of NRSC (PAN & LISS-III merged product) with Survey of India digital topographical maps (scale 1:50,000)
SATELLITE IMAGE
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