Modern Era Review
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Modern Era Review
1750-1914
AP World History - Klinect
Major Themes
• Revolutions and independence movements
• Nationalism and the nation-state
• Industrialization
• Reform and Reaction
• Imperialism and its impact
• Emancipation
• Cultural influences
Revolutions & Independence Movements
• American Revolution (1776-1781)– Seven Year’s War (1756-1763)– “no taxation w/out representation”– Declaration of Independence– “all men are created equal”
• Reality = no legal and political equality
– Conservative revolution– Popular sovereignty
Revolutions & Independence Movements
• French Revolution (1789-1815)– Radical revolution … wanted to replace “old
order” with a completely “new order”– Three Estates … problems– National Assembly … Bastille … Declaration of
the Rights of Man and Citizen– Max Robespierre … “Reign of Terror”– Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte … Napoleonic Era
& the accomplishments– Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
Revolutions & Independence Movements
• Haitian Revolution (1802-04)– French … sugar production– American & French Revolution impact along with
Enlightenment ideas– L’Overture … slave revolt … only successful
slave revolt in history– Many nations, including the USA, refused to
recognize independent Haiti– Haitian Revolution will inspire other L.A. nations
Revolutions & Independence Movements
• Latin American Revolutions– Spanish & Portuguese minority (30,000) dominated the
3.5 million creoles, and 10 million less-privileged peoples.– Creoles began the revolutions
• Did NOT seek social reform, only to remove peninsulares from power
– Napoleon’s impact– Father Hidalgo (Mexico); Bolivar (northern South
America); San Martin (southern S.A.); Dom Pedro (Brazil)– Gran Colombia
Nationalism & the Nation-State
• Unification of Italy– Roman Catholic Church had discouraged
nationalism. Why?– Papal states = papal resistance– Garibaldi & Cavour – Victor Emmanuell– Italy united by 1870 w/ the help of political
maneuvering … alliances … deals
Nationalism & the Nation-State
• Unification of Germany– Prussia became increasingly more powerful after
the fall of Napoleon– Otto von Bismarck … “blood and iron”– United Germany through wars w/ Denmark,
Austria, and France (Franco-Prussian War)– Germany quickly approached the UK and USA as
top industrial powers– Led to Germany wanting to “flex their muscles”
entering the 20th century … World War I??
Nationalism & the Nation-State
• Zionism– Nationalism’s view of minorities?– Jews had been the biggest “target” for many
European nations … anti-semitism– Theodor Herzl (1897)– Balfour Declaration (1917 - just after this time
period)
Nationalism & the Nation-State
• Latin America– 1830’s = LA was independent– Leaders wanted representative gov’t but felt the
mass population was unprepared– Early constitutions created order and
representation … property & literacy were pre-requisites to vote
– Economic problems = rise of caudillos– Catholic Church remained strong– Instability led to foreign intervention (Monroe
Doctrine)
Industrialization
• Modern industry => scientific activity and invention of the 17th century
• James Watt – steam engine – change?
Before Industrialization After Industrialization
Agricultural-rural economy Capitalist-urban economy
Family-farm economy Wage earning economy
Asian-based manufacturing Factory-based manufacturing
Rural-based population Urban population
Industrialization
• Preconditions for industrialization– Technical knowledge and invention– Large population to serve as a workforce– Possession of natural resources to be turned into
manufactured goods– Investment capital (money) to build factories– A stable and capitalist-minded government
• Poorer nations have large population but lack investment capital
• US and Germany surpassed Britain by 1900
Industrialization
• Technology– Higher-grade steel => transportation and
weaponry– Engine-driven steel ships replaced wooden ships– Trains revolutionized transportation and were
transplanted into Asian & African colonies
Industrialization
• Impact on gender, family, and social structures– Slavery declined & free-wage laborers declined– Family as an economic moved to production outside
the home– Men’s status increased because industrial work and
the wage were considered more important than domestic work
– Middle-class women generally did not work outside the home
– “cult of domesticity”
Industrialization
• Global effects of industrialization– Global division of labor emerged– Industrial societies needed raw materials:
• Cotton (India & Egypt)• Rubber (Brazil & Congo)• Cash crops (Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, South
Asia, and SE Asia)– These areas developed little to no industrialization
themselves– Wealth was concentrated in the hands of a few– “Dependency Theory”
Industrialization
• Reactions to Industrialization:– Socialism
• Anti-capitalist reform movements• Karl Marx
– Overthrow of the moneyed class (bourgeoisie) – Establish a “workers state”
– Unionism• Less radical• Sought better wages and working conditions• Britain led the way in reforms to better working
conditions
Reform and Reaction
• Ottoman Empire– By the 18th century they had fallen behind the Europeans in strength
and technology … were more vulnerable– Central gov’t less effective while provinces became more
independent, often controlling their own armies– Muhammad Ali … seized power in Egypt after the fall of Napoleon
and was only minimally subordinate to the Ottoman sultans– Ali’s son commissioned the French to build the Suez Canal that
opened in 1869– Transformed Egypt into a critical strategic location– Ottomans also lost trade b/c of Europen bypass directly to India &
China– Atlantic Ocean now became the focal point away from the Ottomans– European goods flooded Ottoman market and they became
dependent on foreign loans– Huge blow to the ego of the Ottomans
Reform and Reaction
• Ottomans (cont.)– Mahmud II; reformer; reorganized secondary education, built new
roads, telegraph lines, and a postal service along the western models
– Tanzimat Era (1839-1879) … used the French legal system as a guide … public trials and equality were instituted before Muslim laws and those of other religious groups … secular
– Obviously these reforms were met with opposition from various religious groups and the bureaucracy
– Many reformers were exiled (Young Turks) but they returned in 1908 and led a coup and overthrew the sultan.
– Years of internal struggle led Europe to refer to them as “the sick man of Europe” …
– The Ottomans eventually ally themselves with the Germans
Reform and Reaction
• Russia – Russia was autocratic, multiethnic, multilingual, and multicultural …
very similar to the Ottomans– Czars supported boyars and Russian Orthodox Church– Peasants = majority of population, serfdom– Expanded vastly > led to Crimean War (1856-58) … defeat– Czar Alexander II > emancipated serfs in 1861; created zemstovs
(local/district assemblies) but were still subordinate to czar; began construction of Trans-Siberian Railroad; industrialization
– Was assassinated by radical revolutionaries (Lenin’s brother) “intelligentsia” … university students and intellectuals (1881)
– Later czars reverted back to repression, not reform, to control the masses
– Czar Nicholas II & the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)– Bloody Sunday & Revolution of 1905
Reform and Reaction
• China– China, like the Ottomans & Russians had to deal with their own
issues of reform and reaction.– Qing (Manchu) saw massive population growth, new food crops from
the Americas, and new monetary system based on silver– Opium War (1839) … unequal treaties … extraterritoriality– Taiping Rebellion (1850’s to 1860’s) … Hong Xiuquan … anti-
Chinese society rebellion … deadliest rebellion in world history– Reform > Self-Strengthening Movement … “Chinese learning at the
base, Western learning for use.” … shipyards, railroads, & weapon industries along with science academies
– Hundred Days Reform … Emperor Guangzu … constitutional monarchy, guarantee civil right liberties, encourage foreign influence … led to Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900)
– Sun Yat Sen … Pu Yi … end of the Qing Dynasty (1911)– Three Principles of Sun: Nationalism, Democracy, Socialism
Reform and Reaction
• Japan– Japan made the most radical reforms and changes in its response to
the challenges of reform and reaction … emerged as a world power– Commodore Perry (1853) … told to leave … “revere the emperor
and repel the barbarians.”– Younger samurai (reformers) wanted to undermine the bakufu …
“men of spirit” overthrew the Shogun … wanted to industrialize after seeing the British defeat China easily in Opium Wars
– Meiji Restoration (Revolution) of 1868 … rapid industrialization and modernization of Japan … modern infrastructure and military
– Victories against China and Russia heading into the 20th century gave Japan aspirations of empire in Asia
Imperialism and its Impact
• Three motives: economic, political, and cultural– Economic: Colonies = sources of raw materials and markets for
manufactured goods.– Political: colonies were strategic sites with harbors and supply
stations for naval ships– Culturally: hoped to convert the Asian and African people to
Christianity … “White Man’s Burden”
• India– UK’s interest was purely a business venture … British East India
Company … took advantage of Mughal weaknesses– Sepoys … Sepoy Revolt (1857)– Tea, coffee, and opium were cultivated– British built railroads, telegraphs, canals, harbors, and irrigation
systems … English-style schools were set up for elite Indians– Indian National Congress founded in 1885– Muslim League– Promised independence if they fought in World War I
Imperialism and its Impact
• Africa– Europe had little presence in Africa outside coastal trading posts for
most of modern world history ...– “Scramble for Africa” (1875-1900) … Europe dominates entire
continent– King Leopold II of Belgium – Congo Free State … holocaust?– British in Egypt (1882) … seized Suez Canal– Berlin Conference
• Japan– After accepting western help seized Korea (1894) and Manchuria
(1904) after military victories– Japan was now on the world stage
Imperialism and its Impact
• Legacy of Imperialism– Manufacturers became suppliers of raw materials and consumers of
imported goods– Migration increased … USA, Canada, Argentina, Australia, South
Africa in search for cheap land and better economic opportunities– Indentured servants (Asia & Africa) went to tropical lands for
plantation labor– Scientific racism (Social Darwinism)
Emancipation
• Slavery– Mid-19th century liberals pushed for abolition …
Enlightenment influence– Slavery, from an economic sense, became less profitable
• Prices of sugar, cotton, and tobacco fell
– Emancipation:• Britain (1833)• France (1848)• United States (1865)• Brazil (1888)
– Freedom ≠ equality
Emancipation
• Serfdom– Key to social change in Russia had to be the emancipation of the
serfs– Opposition to serfdom had been growing since the 1700’s– “obstacle to economic development” as well as source of instability
and revolts– Czar Alexander II (1861) freed serfs & compensated landowners for
the loss of land and serfs– Serf labor obligations were gradually cancelled– Won few political rights and paid huge taxes on their “new land”– Their emancipation led to very little increase in agricultural
production– Did create a large urban labor force necessary for industrialization
Cultural Influences
• African and Asian Influences on European Art– European artists took an interest in African & Asian artistic styles– Impressionism > based on Japanese influences in nature– Modern art was soon launched, free from traditional constraints
• Cultural Policies of Meiji Japan– Heavily influenced by the Western culture– Japanese literature > writers experimented with Western verse– Architects & artists created large buildings of steel with Greek
columns like those seen in the West
• Leisure & Consumption– Industrialization brought about higher wages & fewer work hours …
brought about new concept of “leisure time”– Advertisements > “needed things”– Newspapers, theaters, and professional sports all became popular
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