Minnesota Wing Aircrew Training: Task O-2024
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Minnesota Wing Aircrew Training: Task O-2024
Navigation and Position Determination for Scanners
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Navigational Terms
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Navigation Terms Course - planned or actual path of the aircraft
over the ground– True course– Magnetic course
Heading - direction the aircraft is pointing Drift - the effect of wind Drift correction - degrees added to or
subtracted from aircraft heading Nautical mile (nm) - measurement used in air
navigation Knots (kts) - nautical miles per hour
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Longitude and Latitude
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Latitude and Longitude
Where they cross defines a point on the earth
By convention, latitude is stated first
• Latitude is Based on Earth’s motion
• Axis of rotation defines poles and Equator
• Arbitrary point of Greenwich, England was chosen for ‘prime meridian’.
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Latitude
Parallels Measure How Far North or South of Equator Zero Degrees is Equator “90 Degrees North” is the North Pole “90 Degrees South” is the South Pole
North Latitudes
South Latitudes
Equator
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Longitude
Half Great Circles Intersecting at the Poles Measure How Far East or West of England Zero Degrees is Prime Meridian (England) Numbers between 0 and 180 are either East or West
Longitude 180 Degrees is opposite side of globe from England
– near international date line in Pacific Ocean
East LongitudeEast LongitudeWest LongitudeWest Longitude Prime Meridian
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Where’s Minnesota?
Twin Cities – Northern Minneapolis is at 45
Degrees North (half way between the Equator and North Pole!)
– 93 Degrees West is roughly the Eastern edge of St. Paul.
The Northwest corner of the state:
– Exactly 49 Degrees North– Roughly 97 Degrees West
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How Big is One Degree?
Degrees of Latitude are always the same distance apart, about 60 Nautical Miles
Degrees of longitude vary in distance – near the poles the lengths are quite small.– In Minnesota, a degree of longitude is about 40 to
44 Nautical Miles across
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Dividing Degrees into Smaller Units
A ‘Minute’: 1/60th of a Degree – roughly a mile in size
Minutes are usually broken down into tenths of minutes– Alternatively, a ‘Second’ is 1/60th of a minute
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Expressing Latitude and Longitude in Degrees and Minutes
Small high circle after number denotes degrees Apostrophe after number denotes minutes Example:
Minneapolis Flying Cloud Airport44o 49.63’ N 93o 27.43’ W
read as…44 degrees 49.63 minutes North 93 degrees 27.43 minutes West
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Lat/Long on chart
Lines of latitude and longitude on sectional chart
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Determining Coordinates from a Chart
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Magnetic Variation
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Expressing Direction: The Compass Rose
360
N
90270
180
330 30
210
120
60
150
300
240S
W E
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Magnetic Variation The magnetic pole
and physical pole are not co-located
The difference in heading for the two poles is measured and referred to as magnetic variation
Near the magnetic pole the difference can be substantial
PHYSICAL POLE MAGNETIC POLE
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Magnetic Variation in the US
-15-15ºº-10-10ºº -5-5ºº -0-0ºº +5+5ºº+10+10ºº
+15+15ºº+20+20ºº
+25+25ºº
Agonic LineAgonic Line
Easterly VariationEasterly Variation Westerly VariationWesterly Variation
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Lines of Variation on a Lines of Variation on a Sectional ChartSectional Chart
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Converting True Course to Magnetic Course
For East Variation, subtract from True CourseTrue Course – Variation = Magnetic Course
For West Variation, add to True CourseTrue Course + Variation = Magnetic Course
Mnemonic: “East is least, West is best”– “Least” should make you think of subtraction– Rule is reversed if one wishes to convert a Magnetic
course to a True course.
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Airspace
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Special-Use Airspace
Military Operating Area (MOA)– Military may be conducting high-speed operations– VFR aircraft are not prohibited
Military Training Routes– Instrument routes (IR)– Visual routes (VR)
Restricted Areas– Military may be conducting air-to-ground bombing or
gunnery practice– No other aircraft are allowed
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Sectional Charts
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Chart Reading
Sectional Aeronautical Charts
– 1 to 500,000– Medium to slow speed
aircraft Types of Information
– Topographical– Aeronautical– Legend
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Sectional Charts
Publication Schedule Legend changes somewhat over time Four Charts Needed to Cover Minnesota
– Twin Cities– Omaha– Green Bay– Chicago
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Sectional Chart Contents
Physical Geographic Features– Areas: Water, Cities– Lines: Roads, Power Lines, Railroads– Landmarks: Race Tracks, Lookout Towers– Vertical obstructions– Maximum Elevation by Quadrangle
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Sectional Chart Contents
Aeronautical Features– Airports– Airspace Boundaries– Radio Navigation Facilities
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Airport legend
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Airport data
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Radio Aids
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Topographic,obstructions and miscellaneous
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Chart Interpretation
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AirportAirport2 paved runways2 paved runwaysWeather on 118.375MHzWeather on 118.375MHzField elev. 1424Field elev. 1424Traffic Frequency 123.0 MHzTraffic Frequency 123.0 MHzFuel availableFuel available
Seaplane BaseSeaplane Base
Vertical Vertical ObstructionObstruction(2549 Ft. MSL, 1192 Ft. AGL)(2549 Ft. MSL, 1192 Ft. AGL)
RailroadRailroad
Power LinePower Line
MaximumMaximumElevationElevationFigureFigure
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Airport with Control TowerAirport with Control Tower
Parachute Jump AreaParachute Jump Area
Low LevelLow LevelMilitary Training RouteMilitary Training Route
Lookout TowerLookout Tower
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Military AirportMilitary AirportWith Control TowerWith Control Tower
Restricted AirspaceRestricted Airspace
Special Use Special Use AirspaceAirspace
AirportAirportno paved runwaysno paved runwaysfuel availablefuel available
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Ultralight AreaUltralight Area
Class ‘D’ AirspaceClass ‘D’ Airspace
Class ‘B’ AirspaceClass ‘B’ Airspace
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NDB
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VOR/DME
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Pilotage and Position Determination
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Pilotage
Navigation by visual cues Uses recognizable landmarks Correlate with sectional charts Takes practice
– Familiar things look radically different from the air– Seasons make a difference, especially winter– Be careful using lakes – be sure of the shape and placement
next to other features– Difficult to use in sparse areas– Difficult at night
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Pilotage tricks
Tricks:– Look for trees
to find creeks, rivers, and towns
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Position Determination Sectional or Map
– Work from larger to smaller– Work from a known location to
present location– Watch the scale on maps– Remain suspicious if all points
don’t seem to line up right– Use groups of 3
characteristics to verify position
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Keeping Track of Position
Maintain positional awareness from takeoff to landing
Finger on the map method using visual landmarks
If necessary, ask the pilot or observer to determine position using GPS and/or VOR
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Where are you?
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Low Level Navigation
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Low Level Navigation
THE DANGER The biggest single problem is crew workload Your perception of speed varies with altitudeSPECIAL ATTENTION Man-made obstructions Air crew duties These items should be covered during the
briefing.
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Obstacles and Other Dangers
WAKE TURBULENCE
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Obstacles and Other DangersTALL TOWERS
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Obstacles and Other DangersPOWER LINES
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Obstacles and Other DangersLOW-FLYING, HEAVY
AIRCRAFT
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CAP Grid System
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CAP Grid System Overlays standard sectional maps Subdivides the map into distinct working areas Each grid is 1/4° of latitude by 1/4° of longitude (15 minutes
square) and is assigned a number A grid is identified by a Sectional Chart name plus a number
– Example: Twin Cities Grid 444 (St. Cloud Area)
Grids are further divided into sub-grids labeled A, B, C, and D Each sectional has a standard for assigning grid numbers —
for areas of overlap the grid number of the most westerly chart is used
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Sectional Grid System
94 00’ W o 93 30’ W o
45 30’ No
46 00’ No
30’ x 30’Aeronautical Chart Divison
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Sectional Grid System
93 45’ o
94 00’ W o 93 30’ W o
45 30’ No
46 00’ No
45 45’ o
15’ x 15’ 15’ x 15’
15’ x 15’ 15’ x 15’
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CAP Grid System A grid can be divided into
quarter grids 7 ½ Minutes square in size
Quarter-grids are labeled A, B, C, and D– Example:
Twin Cities Grid 159A(The Northwest quarter of TC Grid 159)
Letters are used to define sub-grids
102-15 W
102 15’ W
102-00 W
102-00 W
36-00 N
36 15’ N
A B
CB
C D
159 A
36-07.5’ N102 11.25 W
102-07.5 W
A B
C D
159 ADB
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Standardized Latitude/Longitude Grid System
This system does not require special numbering
Lat-long of lower right corner defines the grid
Letters are used to define sub-grids
103-00 W
103-00 W
102-00 W
102-00 W
36-00 N
37-00 N
A B
CB
C D
36/102 AA
36-30 N102-45 W
102-30 W
A B
C D
36/102 ADB
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Making Grid Charts
You can use a new sectional — normally not updated unless it gets worn out
Use a hi-lighter (not pink) to mark grid boundaries on the chart using a long ruler
Mark grid identification in black ink for easy visibility
You should always keep a current sectional with you even if you have a sectional which is marked with grids
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