Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks ~Chapter 5 ~ ^_^

Minerals: Minerals: Building Blocks Building Blocks

of Rocksof Rocks~Chapter 5~Chapter 5~~

^_^ ^_^

Minerals: the building Minerals: the building

blocks of rocks blocks of rocks Definition of a Definition of a mineralmineral • NaturalNatural• InorganicInorganic• SolidSolid• Possess an orderly internal Possess an orderly internal structure of atomsstructure of atoms

• Have a definite chemical Have a definite chemical compositioncomposition

Composition and Composition and structure of minerals structure of minerals AtomsAtoms

• Smallest particles of matterSmallest particles of matter

• ElementsElements • Basic building blocks of Basic building blocks of minerals minerals

• Over 100 are knownOver 100 are known

Periodic table of the Periodic table of the ElementsElements

How atoms are How atoms are constructed constructed

NucleusNucleus – central part of an atom – central part of an atom that containsthat contains • ProtonsProtons – positive electrical charges – positive electrical charges • NeutronsNeutrons – neutral electrical charges – neutral electrical charges• Have all the characteristics of an Have all the characteristics of an elementselements

Energy levels, or Energy levels, or shells shells • Surround nucleusSurround nucleus • Contain Contain electronselectrons – negative electrical – negative electrical chargescharges

Simplified view of the Simplified view of the atomatom

How atoms are How atoms are constructed constructed

Atomic numberAtomic number is the number of is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus protons in an atom's nucleus

Bonding of atoms Bonding of atoms • Forms a compound with two or more Forms a compound with two or more elements elements

• IonsIons are atoms that gain or lose are atoms that gain or lose electrons electrons

Isotopes Isotopes • Have varying number of neutrons Have varying number of neutrons

How atoms are How atoms are constructed constructed

Isotopes Isotopes • Have different mass numbers – Have different mass numbers – the sum of the neutrons plus the sum of the neutrons plus protons protons

• Many isotopes are radioactive Many isotopes are radioactive and emit energy and particles and emit energy and particles

Minerals Minerals Physical properties of minerals Physical properties of minerals

Crystal form Luster Color Streak Hardness Cleavage Fracture Other properties (taste, smell, elasticity, malleability, feel,

magnetism, double refraction)

Crystal Form

Luster

Cleavage

Streak

Hardness

Cleavage

Fracture

Other PropertiesCrystal Form

The mineral quartz The mineral quartz often exhibits good often exhibits good

crystal formcrystal form

Pyrite (fool’s gold) Pyrite (fool’s gold) displays metallic displays metallic

lusterluster

Three examples of Three examples of perfect cleavage – perfect cleavage – fluorite, halite, fluorite, halite,

and calciteand calcite

Conchoidal fractureConchoidal fracture

Minerals Minerals Physical properties of Physical properties of minerals minerals • Other propertiesOther properties

• FeelFeel• MagnetismMagnetism• Double RefractionDouble Refraction• Reaction to hydrochloric acid Reaction to hydrochloric acid

Minerals Minerals A few dozen minerals are called A few dozen minerals are called the rock-forming minerals the rock-forming minerals • The eight elements that compose most The eight elements that compose most rock-forming minerals are oxygen (O), rock-forming minerals are oxygen (O), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), iron silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), (Fe), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg)

• Most abundant atoms in Earth's crust:Most abundant atoms in Earth's crust:• OxygenOxygen (46.6% by weight) (46.6% by weight)• S iliconS ilicon (27.7% by weight) (27.7% by weight)

Minerals Minerals Major Mineral groups Major Mineral groups

• Rock-forming Rock-forming silicatessilicates • Most common mineral group Most common mineral group • Contain the Contain the silicon-oxygen tetrahedronsilicon-oxygen tetrahedron

• Four oxygen atoms surrounding a Four oxygen atoms surrounding a much smaller silicon atommuch smaller silicon atom

• Feldspars are the most plentiful Feldspars are the most plentiful mineral group mineral group

• Crystallize from molten material Crystallize from molten material

Minerals Minerals Mineral groups Mineral groups

• Rock-formingRock-forming silicatessilicates : :• OlivineOlivine – independent tetrahedra – independent tetrahedra • Pyroxene groupPyroxene group – tetrahedra are – tetrahedra are arranged in chainsarranged in chains

• Amphibole groupAmphibole group – tetrahedra are – tetrahedra are arranged in double chains arranged in double chains

Hornblende – a member Hornblende – a member of of

the amphibole groupthe amphibole group

Minerals Minerals Mineral groups Mineral groups

• Rock-formingRock-forming silicatessilicates • MicasMicas – tetrahedra are arranged – tetrahedra are arranged in sheets in sheets Biotite and MuscoviteBiotite and Muscovite

• FeldsparsFeldspars - Blocky - Blocky• Two types- Two types- OrthoclaseOrthoclase and and PlagioclasePlagioclase

• QuartzQuartz – –

Potassium feldsparPotassium feldspar

Plagioclase Plagioclase feldsparfeldspar

Major Mineral groups:Major Mineral groups:Nonsilicate Mineral Groups:Nonsilicate Mineral Groups:

OxidesOxidesSulfidesSulfides CarbonatesCarbonates

• A major rock-forming groupA major rock-forming group• Found in the rocks Found in the rocks limestonelimestone and and marblemarble

• EvaporitesEvaporites• HaliteHalite and and gypsumgypsum are found in sedimentary are found in sedimentary rocksrocks

• Many have economic value Many have economic value

Native CopperNative Copper

Some common non-Some common non-silicate mineralssilicate minerals

Mineral resourcesMineral resources

• ReservesReserves are already identified are already identified depositsdeposits

• OresOres are useful metallic are useful metallic minerals that can be mined at a minerals that can be mined at a profit profit

• Economic factors may change and Economic factors may change and influence a resource influence a resource

An underground halite An underground halite (salt) mine(salt) mine

The Bingham copper The Bingham copper mine in Utahmine in Utah

Formative Mineral Quiz

Directions:Take out separate piece of paper and number 1-17For each slide, identify the mineral either based on how it looks or on the clue given.Correct quiz and record which ones you need study more!

Concoidal Fracture

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IDENTIFY IT!

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HCL Test (fizzing)

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Double Refraction

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IDENTIFY IT!

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Perfect Cleavage (3 at 90 deg.)- NO THER

HINTS!

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Definitely not gold… unless you’re a fool.

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Fibrous

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MOHS = 1

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Streak Test

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Magnetic… but the streak is throwing me

off

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Uber Magnetic

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Filmy… Flat… White…

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Black. Black starts with B.

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Metallic mineral. Ugly color.

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Looks like Pyrite… but its not

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Speckled. Reacts with Acid when powdered

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Answer Key1.1. Quartz (Box 1)Quartz (Box 1)2.2. Olivine ( Box 1)Olivine ( Box 1)3.3. Calcite (Box 1)Calcite (Box 1)4.4. Calcite (Box 1)Calcite (Box 1)5.5. Azurite ( Box 2)Azurite ( Box 2)6.6. Halite (Box 3)Halite (Box 3)7.7. Pyrite ( Box 2)Pyrite ( Box 2)8.8. Gypsum ( Box 1 OR 3)Gypsum ( Box 1 OR 3)9.9. Talc ( Box 3)Talc ( Box 3)10.10. Hematite ( Box 2)Hematite ( Box 2)11.11. Hematite ( Box 2)Hematite ( Box 2)12.12. Magnetite ( Box 2)Magnetite ( Box 2)13.13. Muscovite ( Box 1)Muscovite ( Box 1)14.14. Biotite ( Box 1)Biotite ( Box 1)15.15. Limonite ( Box 2)Limonite ( Box 2)16.16. Chalcopyrite ( Box 2)Chalcopyrite ( Box 2)17.17. Dolomite ( Box 3)Dolomite ( Box 3)