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Rocks & Rocks & MineralsMinerals
MineralsMinerals
What is a Mineral?What is a Mineral? Naturally OccurringNaturally Occurring InorganicInorganic SolidSolid Definite Chemical FormulaDefinite Chemical Formula Definite Crystal StructureDefinite Crystal Structure
Naturally OccurringNaturally Occurring Formed by natural processes not in Formed by natural processes not in
the laboratorythe laboratory - Is an Ice Cube a mineral?- Is an Ice Cube a mineral? - Is the ice on the windshield of a car - Is the ice on the windshield of a car
aa mineral?mineral?
InorganicInorganic Formed by inorganic processes; not Formed by inorganic processes; not
livingliving
Does not contain chains of carbon Does not contain chains of carbon atomsatoms
SolidSolid Not gas or liquidNot gas or liquid
-H-H22O as ice in a glacier is a mineral, O as ice in a glacier is a mineral, but but
water is notwater is not
Definite Crystal StructureDefinite Crystal Structure Highly ordered atomic arrangement Highly ordered atomic arrangement
of atoms in regular geometric of atoms in regular geometric patterns patterns
8
Apatite
Feldspar
Diamond
Quartz
Definite Chemical FormulaDefinite Chemical Formula Minerals are expressed by a specific Minerals are expressed by a specific
chemical formulachemical formula-Gold (Au)-Gold (Au)-Calcite (CaCO-Calcite (CaCO33))
-Quartz (SiO-Quartz (SiO22))-Pyrite (FeS-Pyrite (FeS22))
Composition of the Earth’s Composition of the Earth’s CrustCrust
Eight Elements that make up over 98% of Eight Elements that make up over 98% of Earth’s CrustEarth’s Crust-Oxygen (O)-Oxygen (O)-Silicon (SI)-Silicon (SI)-Aluminum (Al)-Aluminum (Al)-Iron (Fe)-Iron (Fe)-Calcium (Ca)-Calcium (Ca)-Sodium (Na)-Sodium (Na)-Potassium (K)-Potassium (K)-Magnesium (Mg)-Magnesium (Mg)
Where Do Minerals Come Where Do Minerals Come From?From?Magma
Evaporation
How Are Minerals Identified?How Are Minerals Identified? ColorColor LusterLuster HardnessHardness StreakStreak DensityDensity Crystal ShapeCrystal Shape Cleavage and FractureCleavage and Fracture Special PropertiesSpecial Properties
ColorColor Usually the first and most easily Usually the first and most easily
observedobserved-Some minerals are always the same -Some minerals are always the same colorcolor-Some minerals can have many -Some minerals can have many colorscolors
QUARTZROSE QUARTZ SMOKY QUARTZ
LusterLuster General appearance of a mineral General appearance of a mineral
surface in reflected lightsurface in reflected light
Glassy-Obsidian
HardnessHardness Resistance to scratching by different items; Resistance to scratching by different items;
“scratchability”“scratchability”
Mohs Hardness ScaleMohs Hardness Scale>2 fingernail >2 fingernail 3 penny 3 penny ~5 Steel of a pocket knife ~5 Steel of a pocket knife 5.5 Window Glass5.5 Window Glass6.6 Steel of a file 6.6 Steel of a file 7 quartz crystal 7 quartz crystal
Mohs Mineral Hardness Mohs Mineral Hardness ScaleScale
1) Talc 1) Talc 2) Gypsum 2) Gypsum 3) Calcite 3) Calcite 4) Flourite 4) Flourite 5) Apatite 5) Apatite 6) Feldspar 6) Feldspar 7) Quartz 7) Quartz 8) Topaz 8) Topaz 9) 9)
Corundum Corundum 10) Diamond10) Diamond
Softest
Hardest
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
StreakStreak The color of a finely powdered mineral The color of a finely powdered mineral Determined by rubbing the mineral on a Determined by rubbing the mineral on a
piece of unglazed porcelain (streak plate)piece of unglazed porcelain (streak plate)
DensityDensity The amount of matter in a given The amount of matter in a given
space (Mass/Volume)space (Mass/Volume)
Crystal ShapeCrystal Shape Minerals have a characteristic crystal Minerals have a characteristic crystal
shape resulting from the atomic shape resulting from the atomic packing of the atoms when the packing of the atoms when the mineral is formingmineral is forming
Cleavage and FractureCleavage and Fracture CleavageCleavage is the tendency of a is the tendency of a
mineral to split or crack along mineral to split or crack along parallel or flat planesparallel or flat planes
FractureFracture occurs when a mineral occurs when a mineral breaks at random lines instead of breaks at random lines instead of at consistent cleavage planes.at consistent cleavage planes.
BIOTITE QUARTZ Obsidian
No Cleavage 1 Direction of Cleavage
Conchoidal Fracture
Special PropertiesSpecial Properties Magnetism (Magnetite)Magnetism (Magnetite) Glowing under ultraviolet light Glowing under ultraviolet light
(Fluorite)(Fluorite) Salty taste (Halite)Salty taste (Halite) Smell (Sulfur)Smell (Sulfur) Reaction to HCl (Calcite)Reaction to HCl (Calcite)
Magnetite
Economic Importance of Economic Importance of MineralsMinerals
Minerals are in many things we see Minerals are in many things we see and use everyday such as; bricks, and use everyday such as; bricks, glass, cement, plaster, iron, goldglass, cement, plaster, iron, gold
Every American Requires Every American Requires 40,000 Pounds of New Minerals 40,000 Pounds of New Minerals
per Yearper Year at this level of consumption the average newborn at this level of consumption the average newborn
infant will need a lifetime supply of:infant will need a lifetime supply of:-795 lbs of lead (car batteries, electric -795 lbs of lead (car batteries, electric components)components)-757 lbs of zinc (to make brass, rubber, paints)-757 lbs of zinc (to make brass, rubber, paints)-1500lbs of copper (electrical motors, wirings-1500lbs of copper (electrical motors, wirings-3593 lbs aluminum (soda cans, aircraft)-3593 lbs aluminum (soda cans, aircraft)-32,700 lbs of iron (kitchen utensils, automobiles, -32,700 lbs of iron (kitchen utensils, automobiles, buildings) buildings)-28,213 lbs of salt (cooking, detergents)-28,213 lbs of salt (cooking, detergents)-1,238,101 lbs of stone, sand, gravel, cement -1,238,101 lbs of stone, sand, gravel, cement (roads, homes, etc.)(roads, homes, etc.)
RocksRocks
RocksRocks Made of two or more different Made of two or more different
minerals that have been: minerals that have been: cemented togethercemented togethersqueezed and heated together squeezed and heated together melted and cooled together. melted and cooled together.
Types of RocksTypes of Rocks IgneousIgneous SedimentarySedimentary MetamorphicMetamorphic
Igneous RocksIgneous Rocks Most igneous rocks are produced Most igneous rocks are produced
deep underground by the cooling and deep underground by the cooling and hardening of magmahardening of magma
Sedimentary RocksSedimentary Rocks Formed from the breaking apart of Formed from the breaking apart of
other rocks (igneous, metamorphic, other rocks (igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rocks) and the or sedimentary rocks) and the cementation, compaction and cementation, compaction and recrystallization of these broken recrystallization of these broken pieces of rockpieces of rock
Fact about the Mississippi Fact about the Mississippi RiverRiver
Did You Know?Did You Know?
The Mississippi River carries an The Mississippi River carries an average of 436,000 tons of sediment average of 436,000 tons of sediment each dayeach day
It moves an average of 159,000,000 It moves an average of 159,000,000 tons of sediment a yeartons of sediment a year
Metamorphic RocksMetamorphic Rocks Formed from heat and pressure Formed from heat and pressure
changing the original or parent rock changing the original or parent rock into a completely new rock. The into a completely new rock. The parent rock can be either parent rock can be either sedimentary, igneous, or even sedimentary, igneous, or even another metamorphic rock.another metamorphic rock.
The Rock CycleThe Rock Cycle The diagram of the rock cycle shows how The diagram of the rock cycle shows how
the earth's rocks are changed again and the earth's rocks are changed again and againagain
Classification of Igneous Classification of Igneous RocksRocks
CompositionComposition-refers to the minerals -refers to the minerals that make up the rockthat make up the rock
TextureTexture-shape, size, arrangement -shape, size, arrangement and distribution of minerals that and distribution of minerals that make up the rockmake up the rock
CompositionComposition ExtrusiveExtrusive- Formed from lava; volcanic- Formed from lava; volcanic
IntrusiveIntrusive- Formed deep within the earth- Formed deep within the earth
Obsidian Pumice
Granite
TexturesTextures GlassyGlassy
Fine-grainedFine-grained
Coarse-grainedCoarse-grained
PorphyriticPorphyritic
Obsidian Granite
Granite
Basalt
Classification of Classification of Sedimentary RocksSedimentary Rocks
Clastic Rocks-Clastic Rocks- Made of the Made of the fragments of previously existing rocksfragments of previously existing rocks
Organic Rocks-Organic Rocks- Come from Come from organismsorganisms
Chemical Rocks-Chemical Rocks- Formed by Formed by inorganic processes such as inorganic processes such as evaporationevaporation
Clastics RocksClastics Rocks ConglomerateConglomerate
SandstoneSandstone
MudstoneMudstone
Organic RocksOrganic Rocks LimestoneLimestone
Coquina Fossiliferous Limestone
Chemical RocksChemical Rocks LimestoneLimestone
Metamorphic RocksMetamorphic Rocks Foliated-Foliated- Parallel alignment of flattened Parallel alignment of flattened
mineral grains and pebblesmineral grains and pebbles Unfoliated-Unfoliated-Rocks that are not Rocks that are not
banded and do not break into layersbanded and do not break into layers
FoliatedFoliated
Gneisse
UnfoliatedUnfoliated
Marble
Distribution of Rocks in the Distribution of Rocks in the U.S.U.S.
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