Mikroişlemciler - Fırat Üniversitesi - Mikroişlemci Programlama
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8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
1/143
T.N.
JBPFT EZGP^TG^
TGOEKCKH JFOCTG^
RFXBCBM MLGED^C @CM
RMT06: MOPKCGMNCGP ZG YPKAPFMCFMF
(Dgrs Ektcfr)
`rflbm TPOKCW
GCFXB 0960
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
2/143 0
EDGOCGP
@CM 6. AP
@CM 0. MOPKCGMN ZG MOPK@CA^FRFPCFP
@CM >. MMFPCGP
@CM 4. @FFPBM CTCGP
@CM 7. ZKE EGWMFE ZG NB^N MMFPC MOPKCGMN
@CM :. LFPZFPD ZG PB^N MMFPC MOPKCGMN
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
3/143 >
@CM 6. AP
Aemzdg lzcf agcbge tgoekckhb `bcabsfyfrcf oketrkc gdbcge nblfzcfr `bzcgrg ko yfocftrd.
ycg ob aeco lfyftmzdf sof ouccfedmz `br ko gcgotrkebo nblfz (ngp tgcgjkeu, jfos,
kyuenfocfr, gcgotrbocb sprag, `ucfo mfobefs, vs.) frto ko oo sfysfc `bcabsfyfrcfrcf (mbork
dgegtcgybnbcgr) bcgv ofzfedrcf`bcmgotgdbr. @gezgr bcgr, bco zfmfecfrdf mborkbcgmnb tf`fec
`bcabsfyfr ofrtcfr bcg yfpcf`bcmgotgydb. Mborkbcgmnb bcg `br nblfz oketrkc gtmg bcgmb Abrb/o
vg lfjzf gcgmfe ab`b go `brbmcgrg bltbyf duyfr. @ycgsb `br tfsfrm okcfy kcmfmfocf `brcbotg,
mfcbygt vg prkarfmcfmf fsedfe df dgzfvfetfhcfrf sflbptbr. tg mborkdgegtcgybnbcgr `u skruecfr
krtfdfe ofcdrmfo vg `br ko jkeosbykeu tgo `br getgargdg tkpcfmfo zgrg tfsfrcfem kcup,
aemzdg lgmge lgmge br ko gcgotrkebo nblfzdfjfroc tbpcgrb `ucuemfotfdr.
Mborkbcgmnb, sfoc `br okmut dbzbsbeb frdc kcfrfo ygrbeg agtbrgrgo vgrb of`uc gdg`bcge vg
`uecfr bcgyg`bcge sfysfc `br gcgotrkebo gcgmfe kcfrfo tfemcfef`bcbr. Mborkbcgmnb tgmgcdg
mfeto ofpcfr, jcbp-jckpcfr, sfyn vg sfocfyncfr ab`b stfedfrt sfysfc dgvrgcgrdge kcuur.
Agegc kcfrfo `bcabsfyfr bcg bob gobcdg bcabcgebcbr 8
6. Rfzcm (^kjtwfrg) 8 @bcabsfyfre jbzbosgc pfrfcfre bcgr lfcg agtbrge `bcggecgrdbr.
0. Dkefem (Lfrdwfrg) 8 @bcabsfyfr kcuturfejbzbosgc pfrfcfre tmdr.
Lgr bobsb dg `br`brbebe tfmfmcfynsdr.@brbsb kcmfzsf dbgrb dg kcmfz.^bstgm engcbocb
kcfrfo tfsfrcferoge eng sbstgmb mgydfef agtbrgngo gcgmfecfr ,yfeb dkefem pfrfcfr az eeg
fcer.Dflf skerf yfzcm `u yfpyf `focfrfo yfzcr.Rfzcm,dkefeme lfeab yetgmg arg efsc
fcfnfe astgrge `br sfefc uyaucfmfdr. Lfeab zfmfedf lfeab gcgmfee dgvrgyg abrgrgo
zgrbedgob `bcabyb bcgmgsbeb sfcfmfotfdr. @fsbt `br `bcabsfyfre fef gcgmfecfr gobc 6.6.dg
arcmgotgdbr. Tm sfysfc `bcabsfyfrcfr gobcdg astgrbcge gcgmfecfrf sflbptbrcgr. @uecfre
dedfob gcgmfe yf df nblfzcfr sgbmcbotbr.
Zgrb Rkcu
NYW @gccgo Abrb/o
Fdrgs ykcu
Oketrkc ykcu
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
4/143 4
gobc 6.68 Agegc @bcabsfyfr yfps
@bcabsfyfr kcuturfe `u sbstgmdgob gcfmfecfr?mborkbcgmnb(NYW),`gccgo vg abrb/o(A/)
`brbmcgrbdbr. Mborkbcgmnbebe bcgygngb okmutcfr vg vgrbcgr agbnb vgyf ofcn `gccgocgrdg
tutucmfotfdr. @bcabyb kcuturfe okmut vg vgrbcgr `gccgotg ofrmfo vgyf jfroc fcfecfrdf
tutucf`bcbr.Rfzfe obbebe ofrfotgrbeb vgyf sgtbb ykcu astgrge gbtcb fcakrbtmfcfrdfe mgydfefagcge prkarfm bcgmnbyb ouccfefrfo vgrbcgrbe bcgemgsbeb sfcfr.@bcabebe bcgemgsb srfsedf krtfyf
of`bcgngo frf dggrcgr ,ge skeuedf skeucfr `gccgotg `br ygrdg dgpkcfemfo zkruedfdr.@te `u
yfpcfe bcgmcgr `br lgsf`f dfyfemfotfdr.@bcabsfyfre `bcabyb bcgmgdgob fef ofrfr vgrbnbsb
sbstgmbe ofc`b sfycfe mborkbcgmnbdbr.NYW tfrfjedfe agrgocgtbrbcge bob tgmgc bcgm
vfrdr.@brbenbsb okmutcfre ykrumcfefrfo dkru `br srfdf agrgocgmgsbeb sfcfyfe oketrkc
bcgvb,dbgrb tkpcfmf,ofrmf v` zgc mftgmftbo vg mfeto bcgmcgrbebe agrgocgtbrbcmgsbeb
sfcfyfe bnrf bcgvbdbr.
@bcabsfyfrdf fctrcfe yfzcmcfr ogedb frfcfredf bobyg fyrcr.@uecfr,prkarfmn tfrfjedfe
yosgo dzgydg yfzcfe prkarfmcfrdr ob besfecfr tfrfjedfe fecfcf`bcbr dzgydgdbr vg `u yfzcfe
prkarfmcfre mfobeg tfrfjedfe fecfcmfse sfcfyfe `fdftrn (betgrjfng) yfzcmcfrdr ob
bcgtbm sbstgmb(K^) kcfrfo fecrcfr.Mborkbcgmnb mfetosfc 9 vg 6 gsfsef arg fctedfe,vgrbcge
okmutcfre df `u gsfsf dfyfemfs agrgomgotgdbr.Osfnf sfysfc `bcabsfyfrcfre ouccfed dkfc
dbcg mfobeg dbcb dgebr.Yrkarfmn tfrfjedfe yosgo dzgydg yfzcfe prkarfmcfr fenfo ybeg besfecfr
tfrfjedfe fecfcf`bcbr.@u prkarfmcfre mfobeg tfrfjedfe fecfcf`bcmgsb bbe
dgrcgybnb,ykrumcfyn vg fssgm`cgr ab`b frfn prkarfmcfre ouccfecmfs agrgobr.Dgmgo ob, yfzcm
dgebcdbbedg focf,bcgtbm sbstgmb,st dzgy dbccgr vfstfsycf yfzcfe gbtcb uyaucfmf prkarfmcfr
agcbr. @u dbccgr?
- Rosgosgvbygcb dbccgr
-
Krtf sgvbygcb dbccgr
- Do sgvbygcb dbccgr
kcmfo zgrg sejf fyrcf`bcbr.@u yosgo, krtf, do ogcbmgcgrbebe fecfm dkefeme yfzcmf
eg ofdfr yfoe kcduueu astgrbr.
Rosgo sgvbygcb dbccgrbe oketrkc sbstgmcgrbedg ouccfem zkrdur. Rosgo sgvbygcb `br dbcdg
yfzcfe prkarfm dgrcgybnb tfrfjedfe dgrcgedbbedg `bcabsfyfr `ueu do sgvbygcb dbcg (mfobef
dbcbeg) gvbrgrgo fecfr. Krtf sgvbygcb dbccgrbe (fssgm`cy) oketrkc sbstgmcgrbedg ouccfem uyauedur.
Fssgm`cy dbcbeb ouccferoge dkefem `bcmgmbz zkruecudur. regbe Betgc
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
5/143 7
mfobef dbcbedg, yfeb bobcb sfy sbstgmb bcg prkarfm yfzmf zkr vg zflmgtcb `br btbr. @ueue bbe
mfobef dbcbebe okmutcfr gocbedg vgrbcmgsbeb sfcfyfe fssgm`cy dbccgr agcbtbrbcmbtbr. Fssgm`cy
dbcbedg prkarfm yfzmfo mfobef dbcbeg arg dflf okcfy vg fecfcrdr. Jfoft jfzcf mbotfrdf okmut
bgrbr. @ueue bbe fecfmf vg ouccfem `gccb `br zfmfe fcr.
Fssgm`cy mfobefyf yegcbo dbccgrdbr. Yrkarfmn ouccfed `bcabsfyfre dkefeme vgfdrgscgmg tgoebocgrbeb ko byb `bcmgcbdbr. Fssgm`cy prkarfmcfr stfedfrt dgbcdbr. Fye mkdgc
kcmfyfe lgr mborkbcgmnbebe ogedbeg za fssgm`cy dbcb vfrdr. Yrkarfmn `u dbccg mfobefycf ge
`fsbt gobcdg bcgtbbm ourfr. Fssgm`cy dbcbedg yfzcfe lgr prkarfm `gccgotg sfocferoge vgyf
bcgebroge 9 vgyf 6cgr jkrmuef gvrbcmgyg agrgo duyfr.@u gvbrmg bb prkarfmn tfrfjedfe rgtbnb
jbrmfee dftf`kko obtf`ef `focfrfo gccg vgyf `br fssgm`cgr (Fssgm`cy dgrcgybnbsb) yfrdmycf
yfpcr.
Tgo tgo okmut okdu ofrcef `focfrfo bobcb okmut okdcfr `ucueuykrsf vg ggr prkarfm
ko uzue vgyf tgorfrcfmfc bsg ,ofyefo prkarfm fmf prkarfmf gvbrmgo ko zkr vg lftf yfpmf
pfy yosgo kcfnfotr.@u ab`b durumcfrdf byb `br fssgm`cgr prkarfm ouccfecmfcdr.
@fzge prkarfmncfr Fssgm`cy dbcb bcg fssgm`cgrb ofrtrmfotfdrcfr.Fssgm`cy dbcb, okeumf
dbcbedg gmbr gocbedgob nmcgdge zgecg sgbcgrgo fcem vg sfys agegcdg ge jfzcf drt
kcf`bcge lfrjcgrdge mgydfef agcge vg `br okmut fecfm bjfdg gdge lftrcftncfr bgrbr.
Fssgm`cy dbcbedg prkarfm yfzmfo mfobeg dbcbedg yfzmfotfe dflf okcfy vg tfob`b dflf
`fsbttbr. Jfoft `u prkarfme `gccgg okeucmfdfe eng mfobeg dbcbeg gvrbcmgsb agrgocbdbr,btg `u bb
fssgm`cgr dgebcge (`br egvb pfogt prkarfmdf dgebcge) gvbrbnb prkarfm yfpfr.@u gvbrmg bcgmbeg
ofyefo prkarfme fmf prkarfmf gvrbcmgsb dgebr.
Fssgm`cy dbcbedg yfzcm `br prkarfme fmf prkarfmf gvbrmgdg ge ko ouccfecfe yetgm
gccg yfpcfe bcgmdbr.@u yetgmdg lgr sftrdfob lftrcftnyf ofrco agcge okdcfr rgtbnb jbrmf
tfrfjedfe yfyecfefe dftf`kkof focfrfo ucueur.@ycgng fmf prkarfm `ucuemu kcur.
Fssgm`cy Dbcbebe Dgzfvfetfhcfr
Fssgm`cy dbcbedg `br prkarfm yfzmfo bbe zgrbedg fccfe `bcabsfyfre zgccbocgrb lfooedf
dgtfyc `bcab sflb`b kcuemfcdr. Mgsgcf `uecfr,`bcabsfyfr mborkbcgmnbsbedg `ucuefe
ofydgdbnbcgr vg sfys,okmut omgsb vg fdrgscgmg trcgrb ab`b dgbbo zgccbocgrdbr.
Fssgm`cy dbcbebe dbgr `br mflsuru gcfstbob kcmfmfsdr. Dgbbo jbrmfcfrnf rgtbcge lgr
mborkbcgmnbebe ogedbsbeg lfs `br prkarfmcfmf dbcb kcmfsdr.@uedfe dkcfy `br mborkbcgmnb
bbe yfzcfe `br fssgm`cy dbcbedgob prkarfm dbgr `br mborkbcgmnbdg fcmfyf`bcbr.
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
6/143 :
Fssgm`cy Dbcbebe Fvfetfhcfr
Fssgm`cy dbcbedg prkarfm yfzfecfr,dkefeme fcmfse ko byb fecfmfo vg kef arg byb
prkarfmcfr agcbtbrmgo zkruedf kcduocfredfe ogedbcgrbeg `brko ofzfemcfr sfcfrcfr.Rosgo
dzgycb dbccgrdg prkarfm yfzfroge bcabsfyfr dkefemee aremgyge fz yfecfref fssgm`cy
dbcbedg sflbp kcueur.
Fssgm`cy dbcbedg yfzcfe prkarfmcfr yosgo dzgycb dbccgrcg yfzcfe prkarfmcfrf efzfrfe dflf
lzc vg oo `kyutcudur. Fssgm`cy dbcb,prkarfm `yocedg vg fcmf lzedf bdgfc
kptbmbzfsyke sfcfr.
Do sgvbygcb dbccgrbsg, mfobef dbccgrbdbr. Rbeg mfobefyf za `br dbcdbr. @u dbcdg prkarfmcfmf
ko zkr, lftf yfpmf krfe ko yosgo vg prkarfm oketrkc gtmg bmofe egrgdg bsg ykotur.
Fssgm`cy vg mfobef dbcbeg uyaue uyaucfmfcfr 8
- Lgsfpcfmfcfrdfe dflf ko abrb/o agrgotbrge uyaucfmfcfr
- Agrgo zfmfe dgegtbmb vg uyaucfmfcfr
- Jfzcf vgrb bcgmgsb agrgomgyge uyaucfmfcfr
- Lzcco bstgeg uyaucfmfcfr
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
7/143 1
@CM 0. MOPKCGMN ZG MOPK@CA^FRFPCFP
0.6. @CA^FRFP MMFP^
@bcabsfyfr mbmfrbsb, okmut omgsbebe,dkefem gcfmfecfree vg sbstgm krafebzfsykeueue
dflbc kcduu `br `bcabsfyfre tfsfrmdr. Mbmfrb bob jfroc yfocfmcf tfemcfemfotfdr8
B^F - Okmut omgsb mbmfrbsb
L^F - Dkefem sbstgm mbmfrbsb
B^F, `br `bcabsfyfre lgsfpcfmf ofrfotgrbstbocgrbeb `gcbrcgyge okmut omgsbebe tfsfrmdr.
L^F? NYW, dgpkcfmf vg A/ sbstgmcgrbebe dflbc kcduu fct sbstgm vg `uecfre `fcfet gobccgrbdbr.
Okmut omgsbebe yfzcm vg dkefemcf bcbobsb gobc 0.6.dgarcmgotgdbr.
Okmut Omgsb
Rfzcm
Dkefem
gobc 0.6.8 Okmut omgsbebe yfzcm vg dkefemcf bcbobsb
@bcabsfyfr sbstgmcgrbedg `te mgsgcg,`u bob ofvrfm ygrcb ygrbeg kturtmfotr. Mbmfrb `br
ofvrfm kcfrfo L^Fee eg kcduu vg lfeab gcgmfecfrdfe mgydfef agcdbb yuofrdf focfemtr.
B^F bsg, prkarfmnee `u gcgmfecfrf ye vgrgngo prkarfm yfzmfs durumuedf efsc `br of`uc
argngbdbr.Jfroc brogtcgr tfrfjedfe rgtbcge jfroc `bcabsfyfrcfre jbyft/pgrjkrmfes fsedfe
gc`gttg jfroc mbmfrbcgrb kcf`bcbr. zgc `bcabsfyfr sbstgmcgrb(aemzdg `br gbt kyue okeskccfr
)bbe prkarfmn okdcfre mfobefee dkrudfe zgc dkefemef arg yfzmfotfyd.@ycgng `br
mfobeg bbe yfzcfe prkarfm fye jbrmf tfrfjedfe rgtbcsg `bcg,eg rgof`gt gttbb `br mfobefsedf eg
dg dbgr mfobefsedf fcf`bcmgotgydb. Mgsgcf, F mfobefs bbe yfzcfe `br kyue @ mfobefsedf
vgyf N mfobefsedf fcmfyfnfotr. Yrkarfmn tfrfjedfe yfzcfe okdcfr dkefem fmf fefltfr
kcfrfo decg`bcbr (gobc 0.0..).
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
8/143 .).
@urfs,NYW bbedg NYW kcfrfo df bjfdg gdbcg`bcbr.Yrkarfmnee yfzd okdcfr bcgmnbebe
dflf f`uo fecfyf`bcgngb vgyf fctrf`bcgngb oo mborkokdcfrf detrge `u mborkokd
mktkru,bcgmnb PKM `gccgo vfstfsycf ygrcgtbrbcmbtbr. Mborkprkarfm vg bnrf `brbmb tfrfjedfe
mgydfef agcge mborkokd PKMue argvb,zgc okmutcfre `br dbzb oketrkc sbeyfccgrbeg gvbrgrgo
sbstgm gcgmfecfree dgegtcgemgsbeb sfcfr. Fye zfmfedf, mborkokd NB^N tbpb bcgmnbcgrdgob
tgmgc bcgvb, fct dzgy okmut omgsbycg prkarfmnee fct st dzgy okmutcfr frfsedf
skyutcfmf dzgyb kcuturmfotr.
Fef @gccgo
e`gccgo
NYWMborkokd PKM
Oketrkc @brbmb
Ofydgdbnbcgr Ofydgdbnbcgr
gobc 0.>.8 @br mborkokd PKMue sbstgmdgob ygrb
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
9/143 2
Mborkbcgmnb rgtbnbcgrb,sbstgm tfsfrmedf bob yec demgo zkruedfdrcfr.
@brbenbsb,mbmfrbyb mgydfef agtbrge gcgmfecfre bcgvcgrb,bobenbsb `u gcgmfecfre efsc dgvrgyg
skoucfnfdr. Gcgmfecfr dgvrgyg skomfo bbe prkarfm yfzmfo agrgogngotbr.@u bbe `br yfe? dbgr
yfe bsg dkefemdr.Dkefemcf tfsfrm mlgedbscgrb bcabcgebr.Jfoft prkarfmn ycg `br prkarfm
yfzmfc ob,sbstgm tfrfjedfe fcacfefrfo dkru zfmfedf dkru gcgmfe dgvrgyg skoucf`bcsbe.
Dkefem mbmfrbsbeb prkarfmnyf fotfrfnfo ge byb ykc kef ouccfef`bcgngb okmut omgsbeb lfzr
vgrmgotbr.@bcabsfyfr sbstgmbebe dkefemsfc tm zgccbocgrbeb bgrge sbstgmg okmut omgsb
mbmfrbsb dgebcdbbeg arg, prkarfmn `u omgyg `fofrfo vgyf `u omgyb ouccfef`bcge
dgrcgybnbcgrb ouccfefrfo lb`br gedbgyg agrgo duymfz. Yrkarfmnee yfzd `br okmut
bcgtbcdbbedg, mborkokd PKM `u okmutu kour vg skerf k okmutf ofrco agcge uyaue
mborkokdcfr yocgr vg fctr.
Dkefemsfc Rfocfm
Mborkokd ouccfecfrfo B^F sbstgmbebe yrtcmgsbebe `fcnf sfoenfs `fcfeatf
okmutcfre dkrudfe fctrfe sbstgmg arg yfvf kcmfsdr. Mborkokd, B^F tfsfrmncfref
prkarfmnee frf srf ouccfed lgr gbt okmutcfre okmut omgsbeg gocgemgsbeb bstgr. Dflf ko
okmut dgmgo dflf jfzcf mborkokd, gobrdgo `yoc vg a dgmgotbr. B^F mbmfrbsbebe yffefe
fosfococfredfe dkcfy dflf skerfcfr ,okmutcfre dkrudfe dkefem gcgmfecfr tfrfjedfe
ykrumcfefrfo sbstgmbe dgegtcgedbb dbgr `br mbmfrb yfocfmdf dkefemsfc fcmfmkdgcbdbr..Okmutcfre fecfcr stfedfrt `br `kyutf agtbrbcgrgo fccd sbstgmg PB^N mkdgcb
dgebcmgotgdbr.Rfeb okmutcfre dkefemsfc fcmf mkdgcbeg sflbp PB^N tbpb `bcabsfyfrcfrdf,
okmut omgsbedgob okmutcfre sfys fzfctcm vg lgr `br zgc okmutue `kyutu drcmtr.
0.0. MOPKCGMNCGP ZG MOPKDGEGTCGRNCGP
MOPKCGMN, sfoc `br okmut dbzbsbeb frdc kcfrfo ygrbeg agtbrgrgo vgrb of`uc gdg`bcge
vg `uecfr bcgyg`bcge sfysfc `br gcgotrkebo gcgmfe kcfrfo tfemcfef`bcbr. Aemzdg `fsbt
kyuenfocfrdfe, ge ofrmfo oketrkc vg lf`grcgmg sbstgmcgrbeg ofdfr lgmge lgr gy mborkbcgmnbcb
sbstgmcgrcg oketrkc gdbcmgotgdbr.
Mborkdgegtcgybnb vgyf sfysfc `bcabsfyfr tgmgc osm (NYW, Abrb/o @brbmbvg Lfjzf)
bcg `uecfrf go kcfrfo `fz dgstgo dgvrgcgrbedge kcuur. @u dgvrgcgr ge `fsbttge, ge ofrmff ofdfr
gbtcbcbo astgrbr.
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
10/143 69
NYW
Mborkbcgmnb
Abrb/oebtgsb
PFM`gccgo
gvrgsgc
ebtgcgr
mkebtr,ocfvyg,yfzn,mkdgm
gobc0.4 8@br mborkbcgmnb sbstgmbebe tgmgc `bcggecgrb
Abrb / o (Beput / Kutput) 8 ^fysfc, fefcka vg zgc jkeosbykecfrdfe kcuur vgmborkbcgmnbebe
d deyf bcg lf`grcgmgsbeb sfcfr.
NYW (Ngetrfc Yrkngssbea Webt Mgrogzb cgm @brbmb) 8 ^bstgmbe ge tgmgc bcgvb vg
krafebzftrdr. @bcabsfyfre `gyeb kcfrfo fdcfedrcr.Okmutcfr yrtmgo, lgsfpcfr yfpmfo vg
vgrbcgrb okkrdbeg gtmgo bbe 4, 0 vg :4 `btcbo szno uzuecuocfredf fcr.
Lfjzf 8 PFM, PKM, YPKM, GYPKM, GGYPKM vgyf `uecfre lgrlfeab `br `brcgbmb kcf`bcbr. @u
`brbm, prkarfm vg vgrb dgpkcfmfo bbe ouccfecr.
Ksbcftr 8 Mborkbcgmnbebe dzae fcf`bcmgsb bbe agrgocb kcfe gcgmfecfrdfe `brbdbr. Argvb? vgrb
vg okmutcfre NYW 'yf fcemfsedf, yrtcmgsbedg, ofyt gdbcmgsbedg, skeucfre
lgsfpcfemfsedf vg otcfre bcabcb `brbmcgrg aedgrbcmgsbedg agrgocb kcfe sfft dfr`gcgrbeb
rgtmgotbr. Ksbcftr, jfroc `bcggecgrdge kcuf`bcgngb ab`b lfzr yfpcm `br mkdc dg kcf`bcbr.
Dbgr dgvrgcgr 8 Mborkbcgmnb bcg `fcfetc dbgr dgvrgcgr? sbstgmbe obcbtcgemgsbeb ecgmgyg
oftodf `ucuefe Qftnldka Tbmgr, mfeto ffmfcfre `kzmfdfe `brdge jfzcf ykeafee `br `brbeg
`fcfemfse sfcfyfe fdrgs vg vgrb ykccfr (@W^) bbe tfmpke (`ujjgr), fye @W^ 'f`fcfem
dgvrgcgrdge `brbeb sgmgyb sfcfyfe, fdrgs vg B/K bbe okd zn gcgmfecfr (dgnkdgr).
Mborkbcgmnbebe fcmfs8 @br mborkbcgmnbebe fcmfsedf ,oketrkc `brbmb tfrfjedfe ygrbeg
agtbrbcge vg gobc 0.7dg astgrbcge tgmgc bob bcgm vfrdr. Okmut koumf (jgtnl) vg okmut
yrtmg (gxgnutg). Okmut koumf,mborkbcgmnbebe lfjzfdfe `br bcgm okdu (kpgrftbke nkdg-
kpnkdg) fcp okmut sfocfynsef (Bestruntbke Pgabstgr BP) agtbrmg bcgmbeg dgebr. Okmut
sfocfynsef agcge okmut bcg lfeab bcgmbe yfpcfnf okmut okd zns tfrfjedfe
`gcbrcgebr.Agrgoge sbeyfccgmg oketrkc `brbmb tfrfjedfe rgtbcbr.Ggr okmut bcg `gcbrcgege bcgmbbe,`fz bcgm vgrbsbeg (kpgrfed) agrgo vfr bsg,`u vgrbcgr lfjzfdfe koueur.
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
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^ke kcfrfo okmutue yrtcmgsb agrgocgtbrbcbr. @br okmutue yrtcmgsb `bttbotge skerf,
`gezgrb gobcdg? tgorfr okmut koumf vg yrtmg bcgmcgrb,skesuz `br gvrbm bbedg, `br durmf
(lfct) okmutu yrtcengyg ofdfr yfpcr. Mborkbcgmnbebe fcmfsee durdurfe `u okmut bcg
bcgmnb `br en durumf abrgr vg `u durumdfe of`bcmgsb bbe `br dkefem sjrcfmfs (rgsgt)
agrgobr.
gobc 0.78@br mborkbcgmnbdgob okmut koumf vg yrtmg gvrbmcgrb
rego8 @br mborkbcgmnbebe prkarfm lfjzfsedf `ucuefe prkarfme fctrcmfs
4J
7J
Yrkarfm Lfjzfs
990>
9900
9904
kp-nkdgfdrgs
gobc-0.:.Yrkarfm yoc ucuefe lfjzf
6.Yrkarfm sfyfn k fedf fcfe okmutue fdrgsbeb zgrbeg fcr. YN =_9900]
0.Okmut ofyts, k fedf fcfe okmutu zgrbedg ucuedurur. Br = 4J
>.Oketrkc ebtgsb `u okmutf arg uyaue gcgotrkebo sbeyfccgrb uyaue ygrg aedgrgrgo okmutu
fctrr. 4J bbe F fomcftre sjrcfyn bfrgt aedgrbr.
4.Dflf skerf YN `br skerfob fdrgsg aggr vg fye bcgmcgr tgorfrcfer.
Okmut
Koumf
(Jgtnl)
Rrtmg(Gxgnutg)
Durmf
(Lfct)
Okmut mborkbcgmnbdg
Okmut yrtmgsb `btgr
Durmf(Lfct) OkmutuPG^GT
Dkefem sjrcfmfskcmfd srgng dur
PG^GT
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
12/143 60
MOPK@CA^FRFP (MOPKDGEGTCGRN, MNPKNKETPKCCGP) `br
`bcabsfyfr bgrbsbedg `ucuemfs agrgoge tgmgc `bcggecgrdge Lfjzf, B/K ebtgsbebe tgo `br
nlbp(ykeaf) zgrbedg rgtbcmb bbmbeg dgebr.
B/K @gccgo
YBN
MborkdgegtcgybnbsbGZPG GC
ETGCGPCfm`f, mktkr,CND, s,osgesr v`.
gobc0.1 8@br mborkdgegtcgybnb sbstgmbebe tgmgc `bcggecgrb
Mborkbcgmnb bcg oketrkc gdbcg`bcgngo `br sbstgmb ourmfo bbe ge fzedfe u ebtgcgr`ucuemfcdr? NYW, PFM, Abrb/o ebtgsb vg `u ebtgcgr frfsedf vgrb/fdrgs fc vgrbbeb
sfcfmfo bbe `bcab bcgtbm ykccfr (DFTF @W^) agrgomgotgdbr. @u ebtgcgrb ygrcgtbrmgo bbe `fso
dgvrg krafebzfsykeu df egmcb `br ffmfdr. Mborkdgegtcgybnb bcg oketrkc gdbcg`bcgngo sbstgmdg bsg
yuofrdf sfydmz ebtgcgrbe ygrbeg tgo `br ykeaf (mborkdgegtcgybnb) ouccfemfoygtgrcb kcfnfotr.
Tgo `br ykeaf ouccfemfo bcg, mfcbygt dgngo, ouccfem vg prkarfmcfmf okcfyc sfcfefnfotr. @u
fvfetfhcfrdfe dkcfy ske zfmfecfrdf `bcabsfyfr oketrkc agrgotbrge gcgotrkebo uyaucfmfcfrdf
agcbmb mborkbcgmnb (Gm`gdgd prkngsskr)ouccfemf gbcbmb azcgembtbr.
PFM PKMA/
Ykrtu
NYW(Agegc fmfcMborkbcgmnb)
Tbmgr^grb,
Yfrfcgc,pkrt
Zgrb ykcu
Fdrgs y kcu
Tgo nlbp
f) Agegc fmfc mborkbcgmnb sbstgmb
PFM PKM
A/Ykrtu
NYW
Tbmgr^grb,
Yfrfcgc,pkrt
Tgo nlbp
`) Mborkdgegtcgybnb sbstgmb
gobc 0.
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
13/143 6>
Aemz mborkdgegtcgybnbcgrb ktkmk`bccgrdg, ofmgrfcfrdf, ngp tgcgjkecfredf, jfx- mkdgm
nblfzcfredf, jktkokpb, rfdyk, TZ, `fz kyuenfocfr ab`b sfycfmfyfnfo ofdfr pgo ko fcfedf
ouccfecmfotfdr.
Mborkdgegtcgybnbcgr 6229c yccfrdfe skerf ffdfob bltbyfcfrf ngvfp vgrg`bcmgo bbe
agcbmgyg fcfmcfrdr. Agcbbm sg`gpcgrb?
Ofrmfo nblfzcfr df dflf yosgo pgrjkrmfesf bltbyf duyucmfs
Dflf ageb fdrgs fcfeef sflbp kcmfs
N ab`b yosgo sgvbygdgob dbccgrdg prkarfmcfmf dgstgbebe sfcfemfs
Qbedkws fctedf fcfe agcbmb zgccbocgrg sflbp prkarfm agcbtbrmg krtfmcfree kcmfs
Dflf fz a togtbmb vg arctee kcmfs
@yo agcbtbrmg yftrmcfr vg yfzcm avgecbb fsedfe vfrkcfe gbtcb prkarfmcfre
ouccfecmfs
^bstgm jbyftcfree unuz kcmfs
Abrb/oFDNDFNYQM
LfjzfPFM
GYPKMGGYPKM
NYW
4 `bt< `bt
6: `bt>0 `bt
Xfmfecfyn Ksbcftr
FDPG^ FDPG^
DFTF
gobc 0.28Mborkdgegtcgybnb sbstgm
Tgoekckhbo agcbmgcgrcg `brcbotg mborkbcgmnbcgrdg zfmfecf agcbmgyg `fcfmcfrdr. @gcbrcb `br
srgdg gcg fcefe `bt sfysef `focfrfo mborkbcgmnbebe ac kcup kcmfd `gcbrcgebr. @bt
uzuecuocfref arg < `bt, 6: `bt, >0 `bt vg :4 `btcbo mborkbcgmnbcgr `ucueur.
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
14/143 64
0.>. @fsbttge Ofrmff Mborkbcgmnb Rfps
0.>.6. fef `cmdge mgydfef agcmbtbr.
MFP
M@P
YNDFP
BP
FFCWDP
Okmut okdzn
Xfmfecfmf vgoketrkc `brbmb
@gccgo
Dbgr NYWgcgmfecfref
Dflbcb vgrb ykcu
Dflbcb fdrgs ykcuFdrgs ykcu
Zgrb ykcu
Oketrkc ykcuP/Q
gobc 0.69 8 @fsbt `br
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
15/143 67
ofydgdbnbsb), M@P (Mgmkry @ujjgr Pgabstgr- @gccgo vgrb ofydgdbnbsb), DFP(Dftf Fddrgss
Pgabstgr- Zgrb fdrgs ofydgdbnbsb) vg DP (Dftf rgabstgr- Zgrb ofydgdbnbsb) kcfrfo gcg fcef`bcbr.
Frbtmgtbo vg Mfeto @brbmb8FCW mborkbcgmnbcgrdg frbtmgtbosgc vg mfetosfc bcgmcgrbebe
yfpcdge egmcb `brbmdbr. Frbtmgtbosgc bcgmcgr dgebcbeng focf `ftf tkpcfmf, ofrmf, frpmf
vg `cmg agcbr. Okmutcfrcf `brcbotg `u bcgmcgrb, mfeto ofpcfr, `u ofpcfre kcuturduu
tkpcfyncfr, ofrncfr vg jcbpjckpcfr agrgocgtbrbr. Mfetosfc bcgmcgrg dg FED, KP, G\KP vg
EKT ab`b bcgmcgrb rego vgrg`bcbrbz.
@GCCGO
F DP
@fyrfocfr
FCW
Dflbcb vgrb ykcu
FCW
gobc 0.66 8 Frbtmgtbo vg mfeto `brbmb
Xfmfecfmf vg Dgegtbm @brbmb8 @u osm sbtgmbe tm bcgybbedge vg bcgmbe zfmfeedf
yfpcmfsedfe skrumcu kcfe `brbmdbr. @u `brbm `gccgotg prkarfm `cmedg `ucuefe okmut
okdueue fcep agtbrbcmgsb, okdueue zcmgsb, FCW tfrfjedfe bcgebp, skeunue fcep `gccgg
yocgemgsb bbe agrgocb kcfe dgegtbm sbeyfccgrb rgtbr.
cgtbbm ykccfr8 Mborkbcgmnb mbmfrbsbeg abrmgsg dg bcgmnbycg fyrcmfz `br pfrf kcuturfe
bcgtbbm ykccfr ogedb frfcfredf g fyrcr. Fdrgs ykcu? okmut vgyf vgrbebe `gccgotg `ucueduu
fdrgstge fcep agtbrbcmgsb vgyf fdrgs `bcabsbebe sfocfedykcdur. Zgrb ykcu bsg bcgmnbdge `gccgg
vgyf Abrb/o`brbmcgrbeg vgrb ykccfmfdf yfdf tgrsb bcgmcgrdg ouccfecr. Oketrkc ykcubsg sbstgmg
`fc `brbmcgrbe dgegtcgemgsbeb sfcfyfe zgc sbeyfccgrbe kcuturduu `br yfpyf sflbptbr.
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
16/143 6:
0.>.0. 6:-@btcbo Mborkbcgmnbcgr8 6:-`btcbo mborkbcgmnbcgr `fsbt kcfrfo .>. >0-@btcbo Mborkbcgmnbcgr8 >. oufo mborkbcgmnbcgrdbr. Dbgrcgrbedge jfroc kcfrfo bgrbsbeg
JYW (Jckftbea Ykbet Webt- Ofyfe ekotf `brbmb) dgebcge vg mftgmftbo bcgmcgrbedge skrumcu kcfe
`br `brbm gocgembtbr. @u agcbmb bcgmnb :4-`btcbo ageb `br lfrbnb vgrb ykcuef sflbptbr. Ageb vgrb
ykcu, bcgmnbebe `br gvrbmcbo zfmfedf dflf ko vgrb tfmfs vg dkcfysycf yfpfnf argvb dflf
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
17/143 61
osf zfmfedf yfpmfs dgmgotbr. @u, bcgmnbebe `br tocfemfsycf, bcgmnb bcg `gccgo frfsedf vgyf
bcgmnb bcg A/ `brbmcgrb frfsedf, 8 >0-`btcbo mborkbcgmnb mbmfrbsb
0.4. Mborkdgegtcgybnbcgrbe (Mbork`bcabsfyfrcfre)Agcbbmb
NYW, @gccgo vg Abrb/o `brbmcgrbebe br frfdf `ucuemfs mborkdgegtcgybnbyb zgccbocg
gedstrbygc oketrkc uyaucfmfcfredf ac br dbhbtfc bcgmnb lfcbeg agtbrmbtbr. Mborkdgegtcgybnbcgr
zgccbocgktkmk`bccgrdg mktkr oketrkc, gcgotrbo vg b pfegc oketrkc? ofmgrfcfrdf, o vg kdfocfmf
oketrkc ab`b fmfcfrdf ouccfecmfotfdr. @bcabsfyfrcfr, tgcgjke vg mkdgm ab`b gbtcb lf`grcgmg
nblfzcfr, ND tgoekckhbsb, jktkokpb vg jfos nblfzcfr, rfdyk, TZ, tgyp, kyuenfocfr, zgc fmfc
gcgotrkebo ofrtcfr vg sfycmfyfnfo ofdfr ko fcfedf , mborkdgegtcgybnbcgr ouccfecmfotfdr. @u
ofdfr ageb `br uyaucfmf fcfe kcfe mborkdgegtcgybnbcgr ffdf srfcfefe gbtcb zgccbocgrg
sflbptbrcgr.
- Yrkarfmcfef bcbr sfysfc pfrfcgc abrb / o
- Yrkarfmcfef bcbr fefcka abrb / o
- ^grb abrb / o (sgeorke, fsgeorke vg nblfz dgegtbmb ab`b)
- Mktkr/sgrvk oketrkc bbe dfr`g bfrgt o (YQM ab`b)
- Lfrbnb abrb bcg ogsmg
- Xfmfecfyn (Tbmgr) bcg ogsmg
-
Lfrbnb `gccgo frf`brbmb- Lfrbnb @W^ frf`brbmb (YN B^F ab`b)
- Dflbcb `gccgo tbpb sggegocgrb (PKM, YPKM, GYPKM vg GGYPKM)
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
18/143 6. Gedstrbygc Wyaucfmfcfr be Yrkarfmcfef`bcbr Oketrkc ebtgsb .
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
21/143 06
@CM >. MMFPCGP
>.6. Mborkdgegtcgybnb / Mbork`bcabsfyfr Tfsfrm Rfpcfr
@bcabsfyfre yocgege tm argvcgrb ko osf zfmfedf ygrbeg agtbrmgsbedg yftfe fef uesur
`bcabsfyfre tfsfrm mbmfrbsbdbr. @br mborkbcgmnb, mbmfrb ygtgegocgrb vg tfsfrm jgcsgjgsbycggobccgebr.
>.6.6. Zke Egumfe (Yrbengtke) Mbmfrbsb
@bcabsfyfrcfrdf bco ouccfecfe mbmfrbdbr. co `bcabsfyfrcfr Zke Egumfe yfpsedfe ykcf
ocfrfo agcbtbrbcmbtbr. Agcbtbrbcge `u `bcabsfyfr `g `brbmdge kcumfotfyd. @u `brbmcgr?
frbtmgtbo vg mfetosfc `brbm, oketrkc `brbm, `gccgo, abrb-o `brbmb vg `u `brbmcgr frfsedf
bcgtbbmb sfcfyfe ykcfrdfe kcuur.
@GCCGO
OKETPKC@PM
FCWA/
@brbmb
NCO
Durum @bcabsb
Zgrb
Fdrgs vgOketrkc
Okmut
gobc >.6.Zke Egumfe mbmfrbcb `bcabsfyfr sbstgmb
@u mbmfrbdg vgrb vg okmutcfr `gccgotge tgo `br ykcdfe mborkbcgmnbyg agtbrbcgrgo bcgemgotgdbr.
Yrkarfm vg vgrb fye `gccgotg `ucueduuedfe, okmut vg vgrb agrgocb kcduuedf fye bcgtbbm
ykcueu ouccfemfotfdr. @u durumdf, okmut bbe `br fcagtbr sfyoc,skerf vgrb bbe dbgr `br fcagtbr
sfyoc agrgomgotgdbr.
Yrkarfm
vg
Zgrb
@gccgb
NYW< `bt
gobc >.0. Zke Egumfe mbmfrbsb
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
22/143 00
Zke Egumfe mbmfrbsbeg sflbp `br `bcabsfyfr ffdfob srfc fdmcfr agrgocgtbrbr.
6. Yrkarfm sfynsee astgrdbb fdrgstge (`gccgotge)okmutu fcagtbr.
0. Yrkarfm sfynsee bgrbbeb `br frtr.
>. Agtbrbcge okmutue okdueu oketrkc `brbmbeb ouccfefrfo z. Oketrkc `brbmb, `bcabsfyfre agrb
ofcfe brbmcgrbeg sbeyfc aedgrgrgo fz kpgrfsykecfr yfpmfse sfcfr.
4.
6. fdmf agrb decr.
rego>.68
Mkv fnn, rga
6. np 8 Okmut kour
0.,.. np 8 Zgrbyb kour vg fnnyg ftfr.
Zke Egumfe mbmfrbsbedg, vgrb `gccgotge fcep bcgdbotge skerf tgorfr `gccgg aedgrbcmgsbedgko zfmfe lfrnfer. @uedfe `fof, vgrb vg okmutcfr fye `gccgo `brbmbedg dgpkcfededfe,
yfeccocf okmut dbyg vgrb fcfeedfe okd agtbrbcmgsb soetcfrf sg`gp kcmfotfdr. @u mbmfrb
yfocfmf sflbp kcfe `bcabsfyfrcfr aemzdg, vgrbcgrbe bcgemgsbedg, `bcabebe dgrcgemgsbedg vg
sfysfc prk`cgmcgrdg kcduu ofdfr gedstrbygc dgegtbmcgrdg `ffrc `br gobcdg ouccfecmfotfdr.
>.6.0. Lfrvfrd Mbmfrbsb
Lfrvfrd mbmfrbcb `bcabsfyfr sbstgmcgrbebe Zke Egumfe mbmfrbsbedge jfro vgrb vg okmutcfrefyr fyr `gccgocgrdg tutucmfsdr. @uef arg, vgrb vg okmut fotfrmedf bcgtbbm ykccfr df `br
`brbedge `fmsz yfpdf ucuemfotfdrcfr.
Zgrb
@gccgb NYW
Yrkarfm
@gccgb< bt 64 bt
gobc >.>. Lfrvfrd Mbmfrbsb
Okmutcf `brcbotg vgrb fye sfyocdf jfroc bcgtbbm ykcuedfe bcabcb `gccgocgrdge fcep bcgmnbyg
agtbrbcg`bcbr. Agtbrbcge okmut bcgebp bcabcb vgrbsb vgrb `gccgbedge fceroge srfdfob okmut, okmut
`gccgbedge fcep agtbrbcg`bcbr. @u edge fcp agtbrmg bcgmb, dfccfemf lfrbnbedg lz bob oftef
ofrf`bcmgotgdbr.
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
23/143
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
24/143 04
Rosgo Dzgycb Dbc
Mbork-okd
Ofydgdbnbcgr, FCW vg dbgrcgrb
Mfobef Dbcb
Dkefem
Rfzcm
Dgrcgmg
cgmg
zmg
gobc >.7. NB^N tf`fec `br bcgmnbebe fcmf `bbmb
NB^N mbmfrbsb ko ofdgmgcb bcgmg mkdgcbeg dfyfemfotfdr. co ofdgmg, yosgo sgvbygcb dbcbe
yfzcd ygrdbr. ^kerfob ofdgmgyb bsg mfobeg dbcb kcuturur. @urfdf yosgo sgvbygcb dbcbe
dgrcgemgsb bcg `br dbzb okmutcfr mfobeg dbcbeg gvrbcbr. @br skerfob ofdgmgdg mfobeg dbcbeg gvrbcge
okmutcfre okdcfr zcgrgo , mborkokdcfrf gvrbcbr. Ge ske kcfrfo df bcgege okdcfr agrgocb kcfe
argv ygrcgrbeg aedgrbcbr.
NB^N Mbmfrbsbebe Fvfetfhcfr
Mborkprkarfmcfmf fssgm`cy dbcbebe yrtcmgsb ofdfr okcfydr vg sbstgmdgob oketrkc
`brbmbedge dflf unuzdur.
Rgeb agcbtbrbcge mbork`bcabsfyfr `br engobebe fssgm`cy dbcbeb dgstgocgmgotgdbr.
Zgrbcge `br argvb yrtmgo bbe dflf fz okmut ouccfecr. @ycgng `gccgo dflf gtobcb
ouccfecr.
Mborkprkarfm okmut omgcgrb, yosgo sgvbygcb dbccgrbe yfpcfref `gezgr `bbmdg
yfzcdedfe dgrcgybnb ofrmfo kcmfo zkruedf dgbcdbr.
NB^N Mbmfrbsbebe Dgzfvfetfhcfr
Agcbge lgr mborkbcgmnb bcg `brcbotg okmut okdu vg ykeaf dkefem dflf ofrmfo `br
lfcg agcmbtbr.
Lgr okmutue gvbrbm srgsb fye dgbcdbr. Jfroc okmutcfr jfroc gvrbm srgcgrbedg
fctocfr bbe mfobefee pgrjkrmfese drgngotbr.
@br prkarfm bgrbsbedg mgvnutokmutcfre lgpsb ouccfecfmfz.
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
25/143 07
Okmutcfr bgebroge `fyrfo `btcgrbebe dbooft gdbcmgsb agrgobr. @udf go zfmfe srgsb
dgmgotbr. Mborkbcgmnbebe fcmfse gtobcgmgotgdbr.
>.0.0. PB^N ( Pgdungd Bestruntbke gt Nkmputgr) Mbmfrbsb
PB^N mbmfrbsb B@M, Fppcg vg Mktkrkcf ab`b jbrmfcfrnf sbstgmftbo `br gobcdg agcbtbrbcmbtbr.
PB^N mbmfrbsbebe tfrfjtfrcfr, `bcabsfyfr mbmfrbsbebe abttbog dflf ofrmfo lfcg agcdbbeb vg
lgpsbebe `br ogefrf `rfocp ge `ftf ygebdge `fcfmfo jborbedgydbcgr. 19cb yccfre `fedf B@M
jbrmfs bco PB^N mbmfrbsbeb tfemcfyfe brogt kcdu. @u mbmfrbdg `gccgo lz frttedfe vg yosgo
sgvbygcb dbccgr fssgm`cy dbcbebe ygrbeb fcdedfe, NB^Nbe `fcnf stecocgrb aggrsbz kcmfyf
`fcfd. PB^Nbe jgcsgjgsb tgmgc prgesb`g dfyfer.
@te okmutcfr tgo `br gvrbmdg fctrcmfcdr8 Lgr `br okmutue jfroc gvrbmdg
fcmfs bcgmnb pgrjkrmfese gtobcgyge ge egmcb egdgecgrdge `brbdbr. Okmutcfre tgo `br
gvrbmdg pgrjkrmfes gbtcbbeb sfcfr.
@gccgg sfdgng ckfd vg stkrg okmutcfrycf grbbcmgcbdbr.Ggr `br okmut dbrgot kcfrfo
`gccgb ogedb fmfn dkructusuedf yecgedbrbcbrsg keu fctrmfo bbe `brko sfyoc aggr.
Okmut fcep agtbrbcbr vg `gccgo azdge agbrbcbr.PB^N bcgmnbsbycg, `gccgg ygrcgmb vgrb
`br ofydgdbnbyg yocgebr, ofydgdbnb azdge agbrbcbr vg ske kcfrfo ofydgdbnbebe bgrbb fef
`gccgg yfzcr.
@te bnrf `brbmcgrb mborkokd ouccfemfdfe dkefemdfe fctrcmfcdr. Mborkokd
ouccfem, dbzb vg `gezgrb vgrbcgrb yocgmgo bbe ko sfydf gvrbm dgmgotbr. @uyzdge tgogvbrbmcb bnrf `brbmcgrbebe yrtcmgsbedg okcfy ouccfecmfz.
Fef `gccgo
e `gccgo
Oketrkc @brbmbMborkokd PKM
Okmut vg Zgrb ykcu
Fef `gccgo
Okmute `gccgb
Zgrb e `gccgb
Dkefem Oketrkc @brbmb
Zgrb ykcu
f) `)
gobc >.:. f)Mborkokd dgegtbmcb NB^N mbmfrbsb? `)Dkefem dgegtbmcb PB^N mbmfrbsb
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
26/143
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
27/143 01
Frbtmgtbo vg Mfeto @brbmbedg bcgmg tf`bb tutucur vg drden fdmdf df skeu ofydgdbnbyg
yfzcfnfotr. @ycgng `br okmutue bcgmgsb bbe lgr `br `fsfmfo `br sfft gvrbmb agrgotbrbrsg, drt
gvrbmcg (fdmdf) agrgocgmb kcmfotf vg `br fdm `btmgdge dbgrb fcfyfmfmfotfdr.
Ofefc tgoebb bcg fcfe bcgmnbcgrdg `brbenb fdmdf okmut okdu zcr, bobenb fdmdf
`brbenb okmutue zgrbedg fcfnf vgrb (bcgege) ofydgdbnbdge fceroge, srfdfob bobenb bcgegngokcfe okmutue okdu zcr. en fdmdf bco okmutue argvb FCWdf ygrbeg agtbrbcbroge, bobenb
okmutue bcgygngb bcgege fcep agtbrbcbr. @u fedf srfdfob en okmutue okdu zcr vg bcgm
`ycgng dgvfm gdgr.
Ofefc (Ybpgcbeg) tgoebbedg gvrbm zfmfee dmgsb bbe okmut okdcfree lzc zcmgsb
agrgocbdbr. PB^N mbmfrbsbedg tm okmutcfr 6 `brbm uzuecuotf kcduocfr bbe okmut okdueu zmg
bcgmb okcfycfr. ^bstgmdg ouccfecfe ofydgdbnbcgrbe sbmgtrbo `br yfpdf kcmfs, dgrcgmg bcgmbeb
okcfycftrmfotfdr. PB^N bcgmnbcgrdg `gccgg yfcez yocg vg dgpkcf okmutcfrycf ucfcr. @fz
gsob NB^N mbmfrbsbedg dg kcmfsef rfmge PB^N mbmfrbsbebe sf`bt uzuecuotfob `fsbt okmutcfrcf
fcmfs pbpgcbeg sbstgmbeb dflf byb ouccfemfsef sg`gp kcmfotfdr. @u yzdge lgsfpcfmf
krfecfree `brbenb engcbo frz gttbb ygrcgrdg b-bstfsykecfr vg dftncfrdf ko tgrnbl gdbcmgotgdbr.
Trfesbstr sfys8 NB^N mbmfrbsbedg ouccfecfe trfesbstkr sfys PB^Ng efzfrfe dflf jfzcfdr.
Trfesbstr sfysee `br ygrdg ko kcmfs jfzcf ygrcgbm fcfe vg fyrnf jfzcf s dgmgotbr. @uedfe
dkcfy df jfzcf s rgtbmb skutmf kcfye aedgmg agtbrmgotgdbr. NB^N tf`fec Ygetbumbcgmnbcgrdg ofro s dftns vgyf skutmf jfecfr ouccfecmfotfdr.
PB^N mbmfrbsbedgob egmcb stecocgrg ofr `fz mflzurcfr krtfyf omfotfdr. PB^N
mbmfrbsb, NB^Nbe ac okmutcfredfe ykosuedur vg fye bcgmb yfpmfo bbe dflf jfzcf okmut
bcgemgsbeb agrgotbrbr. @uedfe dkcfy df PB^Nbe `fet agebcbb frtfr. @u sbstgmdg ac okmutcfre
ykocuu bobenb `br yfrdmn bcgmnbycg yf df bcgmnb bbedg kcuturucfnfo fyr `br pbpgcbeg
`cmycg abdgrbcg`bcbr. Okmut e-`gccgbebe ouccfecmfs yosgo okmut fcp agtbrmg bcgmbeb
fzfctmfotfdr. PB^N mbmfrbsb dbgrbeg efzfrfe dflf okmpcgos yfzcmcfrf bltbyf duyfr.
PB^N (Lfrd-wbrgd Nketrkc Webt) NB^N (Mbnrkprkarfmmgd Nketrkc Webt)
Lzc Ebspgtge yfvf
Wnuz Yflfc
Rgebdge dbzfye zkr Gsego
Dflf fz okmut (bestruntbke) Dflf jfzcf okmut (bestruntbke)
Dflf jfzcf sfocfyn `gccgo (rgabstgr) Dflf fz sfocfyn `gccgo (rgabstgr)
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
28/143 0.0.>. GYBN Mbmfrbsb
@u mbmfrb PB^N vg NB^N mbmfrbsbebe ste yecgrbebe `br frfdf `ucutuu `br mbmfrb trdr.
GYBN mbmfrbsb, bcgmnbebe lfeab okmutcfre pfrfcgc fcf`bcdbbeb dgegtcgmgsb ygrbeg, GYBN
dgrcgybnbsbedge fo kcfrfo lfeab okmutcfre pfrfcgc fcf`bcdbbeb `bcdbrmgsbeb bstgr. ko uzue
okmut ogcbmgsb (ZCBQ) ouccfefe `bcabsfyfrcfr, yfzcme pfrfcgccbbeg bcbobe ogsbe `bcab sfcfefe
mbmfrb regocgrdbr. GYBN vfrkcfe ZCBQ mbmfrbsbebedfccfemf skruecfre zmgyg fcfrfo dflf
tgsbeg abtmgyb lgdgjcgmgotgdbr. Dgrcgybnb prkarfmdfob pfrfcgccbb tfemcfr vg lfeab bcgmcgrbe `br
`fofsedfe `fmsz kcduueu `gcbrcgygrgo dkefemf `bcdbrbr. GYBN mbmfrbsbebe bco regb, BF-:4
mbmfrbsbeg dfyfc Btfebum bcgmnb fbcgsbdbr.
GYBN Mbmfrbsbe stecocgrb
Yfrfcgc fctrmf (gvrbm `fef `brdge ko okmut fctrmf)
Tflmbe ouccfem
^pgocfsyke ouccfem
Dgrcgmg feedf pfrfcgcbzmb tfeyfe dgrcgybnbcgr
@yo br ofydgdbnb omgsb
Dfccfemf tflmbeb vg `gccgo agnbomgsb prk`cgmcgrbeg ofr ste `ffr
Agcbmg bcg `brcbotg gsobyg ofr uyumcucuo
>.0.4. D^Y (Dbhbtfc ^baefc Yrkngssbea -Dbhbtfc ^beyfc bcgmg)
Dbhbtfc ^baefc Yrkngssbea (Dbhbtfc ^beyfc bcgmg) sznocgrbebe `br osfctmfsdr. 6219'cgrbe
skecfredf mbork-bcgmnbcgrbe krtfyf omfsycf, D^Y ouccfem ageb `br uyaucfmf fcfe
`ucmutur. Ouccfem fcfecfr, ngp tgcgjkecfredfe `bcabsfyfrcfrf, vbdgk fcncfrdfe mkdgmcgrg
ofdfr ko ageb `br fcfef yfycmfotfdr. D^Y ykeafcfr, mbork-bcgmnbcgr ab`b prkarfmcfef`bcbr
sbstgmcgr kcup, sfebygdg mbcykecfrnf bcgm agrgocgtbrg`bcbr. D^Y ofrtcfr, zgrcgrbedgob D^Y'cgr
sfygsbedg fye fedf `br ko gjgot uyaucfyf`bcbr. zgccbocg mkdgmcgrdg `ucueurcfr. ko yosgo
lzcfrdf ofyfe ekotf mftgmftbosgc bcgmcgrb yfpmfo zgrg agcbtbrbcmb `br dkefemdr. Dbgr
`brko gybe yfesrf D^Y dkefem sgs vg aret sbeyfccgrbebe agrgo zfmfec sotrmf vg fmf
bcgmcgrb bbe ouccfecf`bcbebr.
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29/143 02
FDN DFN
D^Y
Fef@bcabsfyfr
^bstgmb
dbhbtfcvgrb
dbhbtfc vgrb
fefckavgrb
fefckavgrb
gobc >.1. D^Y sbstgm vg gcgmfecfr
>.>. @cm Ofyefocfr
6. K. Fcte`ffo, 0996. Mborkdgegtcgybnbcgr vg YBN Yrkarfmcfmf, Ftcf Rfyenco, stfe`uc.0. E. Afrdegr, 622. K. Wrlfe, M.Ogmfc Acc, 0994. Lgr Reycg YBN6:J:0. Mborkbcgmnbcgr vg Mborkdgegtcgybnbcgr, ^gobe
Rfyenco, Feofrf.7. R. @kdur, 0996. Fdm Fdm YBNmbnrk Yrkarfmcfmf,ejkaftg.:.
.Ofcec, 0996. ^baefc Yrkngssbea Qbtl D^Y.
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30/143 >9
@CM 4. @FFPBM CTCGP
Jfroc tr `bcabsfyfrcfre pgrjkrmfese dggrcgedbrg`bcmgo, `u mfobegcgr frfsedf ge byb
sgbm vgyf fefltfr gtmgedbr. Ygrjkrmfes cmedgob ofroco `brko tgmgc gtmgedge dkfr.
Okmut tfom vg `u okmutcfr tfmfmcfyfe dkefem egmcb fef gtmgecgrdbr. Fye dkefemf vg
okmut tfomef sflbp bob `bcabsfyfr `bcg `gccgo vg abrb/o ratcgemgsb, vg dg bcgtbm sbstgmcgrb
egdgebycg yf df sfdgng tgstcgrdg jfroc bob dgrcgybnb ouccfecdedfe dkcfy jfroc `ffrmcfr
vgrg`bcbr. @u gtmgecgrbe `ffrm efsc gtobcgdbbeb `gcbrcgmgo, mfobegebe `gcbrcb yecgrbebe
tfsfrmee dfyfef kcfe fef ady fecfmfo fsedfe ko egmcbdbr.
Rkcnu ufocfrycf bcabcb `br rego vgrgcbm. Ffdf mgvnut ufocfrcf bcabcb `bcabcgr
vgrbcmbtbr. @uef arg? 7999 ykcnuyu Egw Rkrotfe Yfrbsg (6799 om) tfmfmz agrgotbbeg arg
lfeab uf ouccfemfcyz;
WfoY8
Rkcnu
ofpfsbtgsb
P8
Wu mgezbcb(om)
^8
Wu lz(om/sfft)
(Y*^)
Rkcnu aedgrmg lz
@kgbea 1>1-699 696 6999 6999 696999
@kgbea 111 >17 1499 6999 >17999
@kgbea 141 419 ::79 6999 4:9:99
@FN/^ud Nkenkrdg 6>0 :499 0099 029499
Dkuacfs DN-
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31/143 >6
Xfmfe pfycfmc ko-ouccfenc ko- argvcb `br `bcabsfyfrdf, `brprkarfme `fcfeanedfe
`btbbeg ofdfr agge tkpcfm zfmfef tkpcfm yrtmg srgsb dgebr. Agegccbocg abrb/o bcg
prkarfmmze bcgmgsb bbe agge srg fyr fyr sfycr.@uecfr bbmbzbe NYW srgsb vg Abrb/ o
bcgm srgsb kcfrfo fdcfedrcr. Xfmfe pfycfmc fef`bcabsfyfrcfrdf dbgr ouccfencfre bcgrb
frfsedf fcfe prkarfme fcmf srgsb NYW srgsbedge dflf uzuedur. Ouccfencfr agegcdg `u
fcmf srgsb bcabcgedbrbroge, `bcabsfyfr mgrogzbebe yegtbnbsb `bcabsfyfre tkpcfm b `btbrmg
lzycf (tlrkualput) bcabcgebr.
Yrkarfmcfre NYW srgcgrbeb fzfctmfo bbe gbtcb yetgmcgr vfrdr. @uecfrdfe focf bco agcge
`bcabsfyfr fye tbp dflf lzc srmycg dgbtbrmgotbr. @u yetgm `ffrm osmge frttrr. @gccb
`br argvdg , \ `bcabsfyfree `ffrm tgmgc kcfrfo prkarfme fcmf zfmfeycf tgrs krfetcdr.
srgsbfcmf\be
6=@ffrm\be
@u df, \ vg R `bcabsfyfrcfree `ffrm fcmf zfmfeycf tgrs krfetcdr dgmgotbr.Rebe fcmf ^rgsb 5 \be fcmf ^rgsb
bsg\be @ffrm5Rebe @ffrm
dgmgotbr. Ebngc kcfrfo,
e=^rgsbfcmfbe\
^rgsbfcmfebeR=
@ffrmebeR
@ffrmbe\
bsg \ be R dge e oft lzc kcduu sycgebr.
4.0. cmg Okuccfr vg cmg @brbmcgrb
ko argvcb vg ko ouccfenc `br `bcabsfyfr krtfmedf yrtmg srgsb vg `gccb `br b bbe
lfrnfefe bcgm srgsb jfroc ofvrfmcfrdr.
Yrkarfme `fcftcmfsef `btbbeg ofdfrob zfmfef tkpcfm yrtmg srgsb, yfet zfmfe,
agge srg yfdf duvfr srgsb dgebr.
Yrkarfm bcgmgsbedg NYW tfrfjedfe lfrnfefe zfmfe dbcbmcgrbebe tkpcfmef NYW yrtmg
srgsb yfdf `fsbtg NYW srgsb dgebr.
NYW srgsb dflf df fyrfrfo prkarfm NYW srgsb vg sbstgm NYW srgsbeg `cer. ^bstgm
NYW srgsb bbedg abrb/o, dbso grbbmb vg `gezgrb dbgr gbtcb sbstgm argvcgrb yfpcr.
Yrkarfm NYW zfmfe bsg yfceznf prkarfm okdueue yrtcmgsb bbe agge egt srgdbr.
Xfmfe agegccbocg sfebyg(s) `brbmbycg ccr. Fenfo sfft de srgsb, yfeb `bcabsfyfrepgrykdu kuecuocf efeksfebyg (efek=6/6 999 999 999 ) ouccfecfrfo ccr. Agegcdg
`bcabsfyfrcfre lzcfr vgrbroge sfft lz(=6/sfft-de) tgrnbl gdbcbr. ^fft lzee `brbmb Lgrtz (Lz)
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32/143 >0
dbr. Lgrtz sfebygdgob de sfysef gbttbr. Dflf lzc sfftcgr bbe Obck-Lgrtz, Mgaf-Lgrtz yfdf
Abaf-Lgrtz tgrbmcgrb ouccfecr.
Tf`ck 4.0. Xfmfe @brbmcgrb
Xfmfe @brbmcgrb ^febyg Mbcb-sfebyg Mbork-sfebyg Efek-sfebyg
Osfctmfs s Ms s es
^febyg gdggrb 6 9.996 9.999 996 9.999 999 996
Tf`ck 4.>. Jrgofes `brbmcgrb
Jrgofes @brbmcgrb Lgrtz Obck- Lgrtz Mgaf- Lgrtz Abaf- Lgrtz
Osfctmfs Lz OLz MLz ALz
^febygdgob de 6 6999 6 999 999 6 999 999 999
@bcabsfyfrcfre ffrmcfre ofrcftrroge, agrgotg ouccfecfnfo uyaucfmf prkarfmcfree
b-`btbrmg lz ske dgrgng egmcbdbr. @br prkarfme NYW yrtmg srgsbeb `gcbrcgyge tgmgc bjfdg?
NYW-yrtmg-srgsb= NYW-sfft-de-sfys ^fft de srgsb?
@bbmbedgdbr.
NYW-sfft-de-sfys bsg?
NYW-sfft-de-sfys= okmut sfys okmut `fef krtfcfmf de sfys
Okmut `fef krtfcfmf de sfys agegccbocg NYB(nyncg-pgr- bestruntbke) dbyg fdcfedrcr.
PEGO4.68 F vg @ fye okmut tfomef sflbp bob mfobeg kcsue. Lgrlfeab `br prkarfm bbe Fee
sfft de 69es vg NYB sb 0.9 ccm, fye prkarfm bbe @ebe sfft de 09es vg NYBsb 6.0
ccmtr. @u prkarfm fsedfe lfeab mfobeg of oft lzcdr.;
zm4.68 Yrkarfmdfob okmut sfysee B kcduueu vfrsfyfcm. @u durumdf?
NYW-srgsb-F = NYW-sfft-de-sfys-F sfft- de srgsb F
=B 0.9 69 es = 09 B es
NYW srgsb @=B 6.0 09 es = 04 B es
NYW-srgsb-F 3 NYW srgsb @ , k lfcdg F dflf lzcdr.
e=F^rgsbfcmf
@^rgsbfcmf=
@@ffrm
F@ffrm
e = 04 B es / 09 B es = 6.0
F mfobegsb @ dge 6.0 oft dflf lzcdr.
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33/143 >>
4.>. Rfyae Ouccfecfe Rfectn @ffrm ctcgrb
MBY^ vg MJCKY^, sbstgm `ffrme ofrcftrmfo bbe so ouccfecfe `ffrm ctcgrbdbr. @u
bob `ffrm ct `brko durumdf yfectn kcf`bcbr.
4.>.6. MBY^ @ffrm cm
MBY^ sfebygdg mbcyke okmut bbe osfctmfdr. @br prkarfmdf,
:
:
69
=
=
69=
NYBsfysOkmut
lzsfftsfysOkmut
69srgsbde-sfftsfys-de-sfft-NYW
^fysOkmut
^rgsbRrtmg
^fysOkmutMBY^
:
`urfdf NYW sfft de sfys = okmut sfys NYBkcduuedfe
:
::
:
69MBY^
sfysOkmut^rgsbfcmf
69NYB69lz^fft
sfysOkmut
lz^fft
NYBsfysOkmut^rgsbfcmf
MBY^)(dkfc69NYB
lz^fftMBY^
=
/=
=
=
`u gbtcbg arg lzc mfobegebe MBY^ dggrbyosgotbr dbyg`bcbrbz.
MBY^ cme Ouccfemfee ^foenfcfr
Fye b ouccfecfe okmut sfycfr jfroc kcfnfedfe jfroc okmut tfomcfref sflbp
`bcabsfyfrcfr MBY^ ouccfefrfo ofrcftrfmfyz.
Fye `bcabsfyfr df fctrcfe jfroc prkarfmcfr jfroc MBY^ dggrcgrb vgrbrb. @br
mfobegebe tgo `br MBY^ dggrb kcfmfz.
@fz durumcfrdf MBY^ agrgo pgrjkrmfesf tgrs yedg dgbg`bcbr.
4.>.0.MJCKY^ bcg @ffrm cm
MJCKY^ sfebygdg mbcyke ofyfe ekotfc bcgm fecfmef agcbr. Lgr zfmfe mgafjckps dbyg
koueur.
:69srgsbRrtmg
sfysbcgmcgrekotfcofyfebprkarfmdfo@brMJCKY^
=
MJCKY^ prkarfmf `fcdr. Okmutcfr ygrbeg frbtmgtbo bcgmcgrbe zgrbedg tfemcfededfe,
MJCKY^ jfroc mfobegcgrb ofrcftrmfdf dflf byb `br ct kcmf gbcbmbedgdbr. Fenfo, jfroc
mfobegcgrbe ofyfe ekotfc bcgm tfomcfr `br`brbeg `gezgmgz vg agrgotg fye b bbe agrgoge
ofyfe ekotfc bcgm sfys lgr mfobegdg jfroc kcf`bcbr.
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34/143
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35/143 >7
^KEW
Dkru `ffrm cs pfrfmgtrgyb8okmut sfys,NYB, vg sfft lz-e u gobcdg bgrmgcbdbr
lz^fft
NYBsfysOkmut^rgsbRrtmg
=
@br tfsfrm jfroc yecgrbebe `u fefltfr fefltfr pfrfmgtrgcgrbe lgr `brbeb efsc gtobcgdbbeb
fecfmfmz agrgobr8regbe,
-Okmut tfom tfsfrm okmut sfyse efsc gtobcgr,
-Frdo dzge vg `gccgo sbstgmcgrb NYB dggrbeb efsc gtobcgr,
-^fft lz tgoekckhb vg krafebzfsykef efsc `fcdr.
^fdgng `ffrmf `fomfmz ygtmgz, mfcbygtb dg demgmbz agrgobr. Mfcbygt uecfr ofpsfr8
-
Yfrf mfcbygtb- Mfobegyb yfpfnfo b an
- Frftrmf vg agcbtbrmg abdgrcgrb
- ^ft, pfzfrcfmf, ofr, vs.
4.4. @cm Ofyefocfr
6. M. @kdur, PB^N Dkefemef AP, @bcgbm Rfyegvb
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36/143 >:
@CM 7. ZKE EGWMFE ZG NB^N MMFPCMOPKCGMN
7.6. MN:0st`
NNP
FCWDftf @us
rgsgt
BPV
EMB
ZMF
P/Q
lfct
@F
st` G F67
F1
Fomcftr (fnnumucftkr, `brbog, F, @) 8 F vg @ kcmfo zgrg bob tfegdbr. Dftf unu ofdfr `btg
sflbptbr (< `bt). FCW tfrfjedfe ouccfecrcfr. Agegcdg k fedfob dftfcfr vgyf bcgm skeucfre
zgrbedg ucuedururcfr.
edbs ofyts (bedgx rgabstgr, \) 8 6: `btcbotbr. Ouccfecfnfo agrgo lfjzf ygrbeb `gcbrcgmgo bbe
`u ofyt bbedgob dggr, okmutcf gcbrtbcge fdrgsg gocgebr.
Re astgragnb (stfno pkbetgr, ^Y) 8 6: `btcbotbr. Lfjzfdfob lgrlfeab `br lnrg fdrgsbeb zgrbedg
`ucuedurur. Lgrlfeab `br dfccfemf fct prkarfmcfrf abtmg vg ogsmg bstgocgrb feedf mborkbcgmnbebe
k fedfob `bcabcgrbeb de feedf ouccfemfo zgrg sfocfmfo agrgobr. @ueue bbedg agbnb kcfrfo
ye astgragnbebe PFM zgrbedg astgrmb kcduu fdrgstge agrbyg dkru `br dftf ye
kcuturucur. ^Y bsg `u dftf yeee kcuturucfnf fdrgs `fcfeane zgrbedg tutfr. Ref ske
ftcfe `bcab bco fcer. Ree ofpfsbtgsbeg `fc kcfrfo bb bg dfccfemfcfr yfpcf`bcbr. Ggr yee
ofpfsbtgsb ygtgrsbz bsg ye tfmfs (stfno kvgrjckw) prk`cgmb krtfyf ofr.
Redfe `br koumf/yfzmf yfpcfnfosf, ^Yebe bfrgt gtmb kcduu lfjzf lnrgsbedge
koueur/yfzcr.
^Yebe dggrb mborkbcgmnb tfrfjedfe ktkmftbokcfrfo frttrcr yf df fzfctcr.
Re trcgrb8
-
CBJK (Cfst-Be Jbrst-Kut)8 Ref ske ftcfe `bcab bco fcer.
- JBJK (Jbrst-Be, Jbrst-Kut) 8 Ref bco ftcfe `bcab bco fcer.
@br YW^L okmutuycf vgrb, yef ftcroge, YWCC okmutu bcg vgrb yedfe fcer.
NNP
YNL
YNC
@
F
^Y
PFM zgrbedg
gobc-7.0.Re
Re ko dzgycb ogsmgcgrbe okcfynf agrgocgemgsbeb, sersz sfydf fct prkarfme b bg
agbrbcg`bcmgsbeb vg `brko vgrb bcgmg trcgrbebe `fsbtcgtbrbcmgsbeb sfcfr.
Mborkbcgmnbebe fef prkarfmdfe fctprkarfmf abttbb zfmfe fef prkarfmf agrb degngb
fdrgsb sfocfd fdrgs azee fdrgsbeb bgrbr. Fef prkarfmdfe fct prkarfmf abdbcdbb zfmfe
YN dg k fedf fef prkarfm okmut sftree fdrgsb vfrdr.
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- > durumcu oketrkc
- @F (@W^ fvfbcf`cg) 8 ykc ouccfecf`bcbr.
-
DFTF @W^ gef`cg
Lfct 8 @u u ckhbo-9 kcduuedf :
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40/143 49
BPV
PG^TFPT
PG^TFPT
EMB
EMB
^QB
^QB
BPV
JJJ ytgdge kcuur.
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47/143 41
rego 8
Fssgm`cy kp-nkdg yfpt b=================================
CDF F $47 2: 47 F = _9947]
CDF F $9947 @: 9947 F = _9947]
CD\ $
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48/143 4> Feedf > F = F + >>
FDD F $>> Dkrudfe 2@ >> F = F + _>>]
FDD F $96>> Agebcgtbcmb @@ 96 >> F = F + _96>>]
FDD F $9:,\ edbscb F@ 9: F = F + _\ + 9:]
F@F Fecfcr 6@ F = F + @
CDF @ #$JJ Feedf N: JJ @ = JJ
CDF @ $77 Dkrudfe D: 77 @ = _77]
^TF F $60>7 Agebcgtbcmb @1 60 >7 _60>7] = F
BEN F Fomcftr (Fecfcr) 4N F = F + 6
CD\ #$9966 Feedf NG 99 66 \ = 9966
CD\ $79 Dkrudfe DG 79 \ = _9979, 9976]
HMY $96
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DG\ Fecfcr 92 \ = \ - 6
NMY F #$79 Feedf F@ F9
F = 00
_96N>] = F = 00
\ = 960>F=F+_\+F9]=00+_960>+F9]=00+_96N>]=00+00 = 44
4. ms 4 ms
C-6
zz CDF F #$96^TF F $ mscbo deaee dggrb, `u dea bgrbsbedg `ucuefe okmutcfree fcmf
srgcgrbedge ofrcr 8
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BE\4 + EKY0 + NY\> + @EG4 = 6> np? NYW6 Mlz bsg 6>np = 6> s
xx dea mbotfr = >ms/6> s = (0>6)69 =(99G1)6:
@gezgr gobcdg 4ms cbo yy deasee dggrb 8
yy deas mbotfr = 4 ms / 6> s = (>94)6:
7. Okpyfcfmf prkarfm 8 6999L...0999Lfrfsedfob `bcabcgrb >999L....4999Lfrfsef okpyfcfyfe `br
fssgm`cy prkarfm yfzez.
CD\ #$6999
^T\ $999
^T\ $
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CDF @ #$>4
Y^L F
Y^L @
CD\ $1G
^QB
4
>:
>1
DG 1G
>J
^Y = 991J
F = 0>
@ = >4
_991J] = 0>
_991G] = >4
\ = _991G, 991J] =>40>
2. ob tfeg bob `ytg co sfyy tkpcfmfo bbe fssgm`cy prkarfm yfzez. ^fycfrdfe `brb
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53/143 7>
dgv 8 Ffdf kpgrfsykegc okdcfr vgrbcge prkarfme fssgm`cy dbc ofrce yfzfrfo eg byfpte ucueuz;
NG9999DJ
794J7J2@76D2799J
N) FCT YPKAPFM
Fef prkarfm
---------------
---------------
---------------
@^P / H^P
---------------
GED
Fct Yrkarfm
---------------
---------------
---------------
PT^
6. Fct prkarfmf abdgroge agrb decgngo
fdrgs dggrb yef ftcr.
0. Fct prkarfm ouccfecfnfosf ye
astgragnbebe (^Y) `fcfea fdrgsbeb fef
prkarfme `fedf mutcfof vgrmgcbybz vg
vgrbcge `u fdrgsbe PFM zgrbedg kcmfsef
dbooft gdbcmgcbdbr.
rego 8 9>99L ....9:99L fdrgscgrb frfsef 90 yfzfe vg `br fct prkarfmdf bsg `uecfr tkpcfyfrfo
skeunu 9
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54/143 74
CD^ #$991J
CD\ #$9>99
CDF F #$90
DKEAW6 ^TF F $99,\
BE\NY\ #$9:96
@EG DKEAW6
@^P DKEAW0
^QB
DKEAW0 NCP F
NCP @CD\ #$9>99
DKEAW> FDD F $99,\
FDN @ #$99
BE\
NY\ #$9:96
@EG DKEAW>
^TF F $9
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55/143 77
7. BPV ogsmgsb ouccfecfnfo bsg, NNP dgob B `btb 9
yfpcmfcdr. @br BPV ogsmgsb agcdbotge skerf,
bobenb `br BPV ogsmgsbeg bzbe vgrmgmgo bbe B `btb 6
yfpcmfcdr.
rego 8 @br engob fct prkarfm regbeb BPV ogsmg fct prkarfm bcg yfpez.
CD^ #$991J
CD\ #$9>99
CDF F #$90
DKEAW6 ^TF F $99,\
BE\
NY\ #$9:96
@EG DKEAW6
NCB
QFB
^QB
_JJJ99DKEAW0 FDD F $99,\
FDN @ #$99
BE\
NY\ #$9:96
@EG DKEAW0
^TF F $9
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56/143 7:
7.:. Mbork`bcabsfyfrcfrdf Abrb/o cgmb
F) YBF (Ygrbplgrfc Betgrjfng Fdfptgr)
Yfrfcgc abrb / o pkrtudur. :< sgrbsb YBF8 MN:
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57/143 71
Trfesmbttgr Gvrgesgc Fsgeorke Fcn Zgrbnb) kcfrfo tf `bcbebr. Zgrb jkrmftcfmf vg fsgeorke sgrb
frfcfre `fcfef`bcmgsb bbe oketrkc sbeyfccgrbeg sflbptbr. Agegc zgccbocgrg bsg ffdfob gobcdg
astgrbcmbtbr.
MN:
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58/143 7'
@u okmuttfe eng Q=l'96' bsg, Okmut .ZG. bcgmbeb uyaucfr. Okmut skeunu Q=l'96' kcur.
4-) FEDQJ Rfzmf bgrbbeb Q ebe bgrbb bcg FED' cg
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] FEDQJ j,d
cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg d (9,6)
cgvb 8 Q FED j(lgdgj)
^tftus gtobsb 8 X
Tfem 8 Q'ebe bgrbbm j yfzmfnee bgrbb bcg FED 'cg vg skeunu d=9 bsg Q 'yg
yocg,d=6 bsg j yg yocg.
rego8 FEDQJ j,9
@u okmut fcmfdfe eng Q=l'9>', j=l'91' bsg bcgm yfptotfe skerf Q=l'9>', j=l'91' kcur.
rego8 FEDQJ j,6
Okmut fcmfdfe eng Q=l'9>', j=l'91' bsg bcgm yfptotfe skerf Q=l'9>', j=l'9>' kcur.
^TFTW^ 'e gtobcgemgsb 8 FED bcgmb skeunu, l'99' kcsfyd, ^TFTW^ rgabstgrbe 0. `btb kcfe X `btb
6(sgt) yfpcrd.
MF^OGCGMG zgccbb 8 FED mfetosfc bcgmbebe mfsogcgmg zgccbb vfrdr. Mfetosfc
durumueue dgbmgsbeb bstgmgdbbmbz `btcgrb, 6 bcg FED 'cgrsgo, dbgr `btcgr 9 kcuroge
mfsogcgdbbmbz `btcgr dgbmgz.
7-) @NJ Rfzmfne `gcbrcgege `btbeb sjrcf(ncgfr)
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] @NJ j,`
cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg 9 ` 1bcgvb 8 9j(`)
^tftus gtobsb 8Rko
Tfem 8 j yfzmfnee `. `btbeb 9 yfp.
rego8 @NJ YKPTD,9
Okmutu fcenf YKPTD yfzmfnee bco `btb 9 yfpcr. YKPTD 'ebe 9. `btbeg `fc `br cgd
yfeykrsf, u okmutcf sedrcr.
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:-) @^J Rfzmfne `gcbrcgege `btbeb `br (sgt) yfp
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] @^J j,`
cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg 9 ` 1
bcgvb 8 6 j(`)
^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko
Tfem 8 j yfzmfnee . `btbeb 6(sgt) yfp.
rego8 @^J YKPTD,9
Okmutu fcenf YKPTD yfzmfnee bco `btb 6 yfpcr. YKPTD'ebe 9. `btbeg `fc `br cgd
yfemykrsf, `u okmutcf yfocf`bcbr. @NJ bcg @^J okmutcfr frd frdef ouccfecfrfo, `br ofrg dfcaf
sbeyfcb gcdg gdbcbr.
1-) @TJ^N Rfzmfnee `gcbrcgege `btb 9 bsg, `uedfe skerfob okmutu ftcf
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] @TJ^N j,`
cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg 9 ` 1
cgvb 8 9j(`)
^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko
Tfem 8 Rfzmfnee . `btbebe 9 kcup kcmfd oketrkc gdbcbr. Ggr sjr bsg `u
okmutue fctedfob okmut bcgemgz, `br skerfob okmutf sfpcr. Fosb durumdf bsg srfdfob okmut
uyaucfer.
rego 8
@fscf
@TJ^N YKPT@,9 ? okmut fcenf YKPT@ yfzmfnee bco `btbebe
? 9 kcup-kcmfd oketrkc gdbcbr. Ggr sjr bsg `u
? okmutue lgmge fctedfob okmut bcgemgz, `br
? skerfob okmutf sfpcr. Fosb durumdf bsg
? srfdfob okmut uyaucfer.
AKTK @fscf ? YKPT@'ebe 9. `btb 9 dgbcsg bcgegngo, tgorfr
? `ff degngo.
@^J YKPT@,6 ? YKPT@'ebe 9. `btb 9 kcuenf bcgegngo, fye `bt
? `u okmutcf 6 yfpcfnfo. Ggr pbedg cgd vfrsf
? yfefnfo. @ycgng pbedg br ofrg dfcaf sbeyfcb
? kcuur.
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106/143 69:
5YN3608665
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
107/143 691
^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko
Tfem 8 Fctprkarfm frr. eng YN' yb `br frttrr vg yee steg okyfr. ^kerf
fctprkarfm fdrgsb YN' ebe 369895 `btcgrbeg yocgebr. YNCFTL' be 348>5 `btcgrbedgob dggrcgr, YN'
ebe st `btcgrb kcfe 3608665 frfsedfob `btcgrg yocgebr. NFCC bcgmb bob sfft gvrbmb srgdg
uyaucfefe `br dfccfemf okmutudur.
rego8 PGJ6 NFCC Aedgr
@u okmutf agcbedbbedg YN `br frttrcfrfo TK^ 'f okeur. TK^ 'df PGJ6 'be fdrgsb vfr. @ycgng,
TK^ 'df okmut uyaucfedotfe skerf decgngo fdrgs kcuturucmu kcur. @uedfe skerfob ffmfdf
YN'yg Aedgr fctprkarfmee fdrgsb kcuturucur, yfeb fctprkarfmf sfpcr. Fct prkarfm okmutcfr
srfs agcdbog uyaucfefnfo fctprkarfm skecfedrfe PGTWPE bcg `brcbotg, TK^ 'dfob dggr YN' yg
agrb yocgegngotbr ob `uedfe skerfob okmut uyaucfef`bcsbe. @br NFCC okmutuycf sfpcfe okmut
tfomee `ucueduu fdrgstge de bbe, mutcfof fctprkarfme skecfedrns PGTWPEagrgobr.PGTWPE bcgrbdg dg fecftcfnfo. PGTWPE uyaucfededf TK^ dgob fdrgs YN'yg yocgebr.
YNCFTL348>5 `btcgrb bsg `gccgo sfyjfcfree dggrbeb bgrdbb bbe st `btcgrg yocgegrgo
fctprkarfme ucueduu dkru fdrgsg sfpcmfs sfcfer.
69-) NCPJ Rfzmf grbbeb sbc
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] NCPJ j
bcgcgr 8 9 j 601bcgvb 8 l'99' (j) vg 6X
^tftus gtobsb 8 X
Tfem 8 j yfzmfnee bgrbb sjrcfer vg dggrb sjr kcduu bbe stftus yfzmfnee
zgrk `btb 6 (sgt) yfpcr.
rego8 NCPJ TPB^D
D Ykrtueue yecgedbrbnbsb kcfe TPB^D yfzmfnee tm `btcgrb sjr yfpcmtr. @ycgng D Ykrtu
o kcfrfo `gcbrcgembtbr. @u pkrttf cgdcgr, vgyf CND, 1^D ...v`. `brbmcgr kcf`bcbr. TPB^D 'ebe
sjrcfemfs skeunu, stftus yfzmfn zgrk `btb dg sgt gdbcmbtbr.
66-) NCPQ Q yfzmfnee bgrbbebsbc
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] NCPQ
bcgcgr 8 Rko
bcgvb 8 l'99' (Q) vg 6 X
^tftus gtobsb 8 X
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108/143 69-) NKMJ Rfzmf bgrbbebe tgrsbeb fc(jebetmcgygeb)
^zdbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] NKMJ j,d
cgcgr 8 9 j 601 d (9.6)
bcgvb 8 (j ) (lgdgj)
^tftus gtobsb 8 X
Tfem 8 j yfzmfnee bgrbb tgrscgebr vg d dggrb sjr bsg skeuQ yfzmfnef, `br bsg
j yfzmfnef yocgebr.
rego8 NKMJ j,9
@u okmuttfe eng Q=l'90' vg j=l'96'bsg, okmuttfe skerf Q=l'JG' vg j=l'96' kcur. ^keu
tgrs fcmf bcgmbedg sjr kcmu bsg X `bt dg 6 yfpcr.
rego8 NKMJ j,6@u okmuttfe eng Q=l'90' vg j=l'96 'bsg, okmuttfe skerf Q=l'90' vg j=l'JG' kcur. X `bt
sjrcfemfz skeu 9 'dfe jfroc.
64-) DGNJ Rfzmf bgrbbeb `br fzfct^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] DGNJ j,d
cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg d (9,6)
cgvb 8 (j) -6 (lgdgj)
^tftus gtobsb 8 X
Tfem 8 j yfzmfnee bgrbb `br fzfctcr vg d dggrb sjr bsg skeu Q yfzmfnef, br
bsg j yfzmfnef yocgebr.
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rego8 DGNJ ^FRFN,9
^fyfne bbedgob dggr lgr eg bsg, `br fzfctcr vg skeu, d' ebe 9 kcmfs durumuedf Q 'yg,
fosb lfcdg bsg ^FRF yfzmfnef yocgebr. ^keu 9 bsg stftus'e X `btb 6 yfpcr.
67-) DGNJ^X Rfzmf bgrbbeb `br fzfct, 9 bsg `br okmut ftcf
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] DGNJ^X j,d
cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg d (9,6)
cgvb 8 (j)-6 (lgdgj) vg ^keu = 9 bsg ftcf
^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko
Tfem 8 j yfzmfnee bgrbb 6 fzfctcr vg skeutf kcufe dggr sjr bsg, `u okmutu
bzcgyge okmut ftcfer. ^keutf d=9 bsg Q ' yg 6 bsg j' yg yocgebr. Okmut ftcfmfycf skeucfersf,
bobenb gvrbm srgsbedg EKY uyaucfyfrfo, tkpcfm bob sfft gvrbm srgsbedg bcgebr. Ftcfmf
kcmfd durumdf uyaucfemfs `br sfft gvrbmb srgdbr.
rego8
Fzfct DGNJ^X ^FRFN,6 ? ^FRF 6 fzfctcr, skeu 9 bsg AKTK okmutu ftcfer.
AKTK Fzfct ? ^keu 9 dgbcsg Fzfct gtbogtbeg sfpcr.
@^J YKPT@,6 ? ^keu 9 bsg YKPT@'ebe P@6=6 gdbcbr.
^FRFN' be `fcfea dggrb69 bsg
yuofrdfob fzfct deas, 69 ogz tgorfr
gdbcbr. 69. tgorfrdf ^FRF dggrb
sjrcfemtr. Aktk sfpmf okmutuedfe
skerfob okmutcf dgvfm gdbcbr.
^FRFN = 69
^FRFN = ^FRFN -6
^FRFN = 9 m;
@^J YKPT@,6
lfyr
gvgt
DGNJ^X
6:-) AKTK Fdrgsg abt
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] AKTK o
cgcgr 8 9 o 0941
cgvb 8 o YN369895
YNCFTL348>5 YN3608665
^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko
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Tfem 8 AKTK okucsuz `br sfpmf okmutudur, o' ebe fdrgsb egysg YN'yg 369895
`btcgrbeg yocgebr. @gcgo sfyjfs egysg YNCFTL348>5 `btcgrb YN'ebe st `btcgrbeg yocgebr vg fdrgsg
sfpcr. @u okmut, bob sfft gvrbmb srgdg uyaucfer.
rego8 @fsf[Tfs AKTK @fs
Okmuttfe eng YN' df @fsf[Tfs gtbogtbebe fdrgsb vfrdr. Okmut fctrcdotfe skerf bsg
YN 'dg @fs gtbogtbebe fdrgsb kcuur.
61-) BENJ Rfzmf bgrbbeb`br frttr
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] BENJ j,d
cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg d (9,6)
bcgvb 8 (j) + 6 (lgdgj)
^tftus gtobsb 8 X
Tfem 8 j yfzmfnee bgrbb `br frttrcr vg d dggrb sjr bsg skeu Q yfzmfnef, `br
bsg j yfzmfnef yocgebr.
rego8 BENJ ^FRFN,9 Q = ^FRFN + 6?
^fyfne bbedgob dggr lgr eg bsg `br frttrcr vg skeu d'ebe 9 kcmfs durumuedf Q yg, fosb
lfcdg bsg j yfzmfnef yocgebr.
6
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62-) BKPCQ @br sfy bcg Q'ebe bgrbbeg KP bcgmbeb uyaucf
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] BKPCQ o
cgvb 8 (Q ) KP o (Q)
^tftus gtobsb 8 X
Tfem 8 Q yfzmfnee bgrbb o cbtgrfcb bcg KP' cfer. ^keu Q yf yocgebr.
Mfetosfc bcgm skeuedf kcufe dggr sjr bsg, stftus X `btb 6 yfpcr.
rego8 BKPCQ l'9J'
Okmut engsb Q=l'J9' bsg, okmutskerfsQ=l'JJ'kcur.
09-) BKPQJ Rfzmf bgrbb bcg Q ebe bgrbbeg KP bcgmbeb uyaucf
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] BKPQJ j,d
cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg d (9.6)
cgvb 8 (Q ) KP j (lgdgj)
^tftus gtobsb 8 X
Tfem 8 Q yfzmfnee bgrbb o cbtgrfcb bcg KP' cfer vg skeu d=9 bsg Q 'yf, d=6 bsg
j yg yocgebr.Mfetosfc bcgm skeuedf kcufe dggr sjr bsg, stftus X `btb 6 yfpcr.
rego8 BKPQJ j,9
Okmuttfe eng Q=l'69' vg j=l'96' bsg, okmuttfe skerf Q= l'66', j=l'96 'kcur.
rego8 BKPQJ j,6
Okmuttfe eng Q=l'69" vg j=l'96' bsg,okmuttfe skerf Q=l'69',j=l'66'kcur.
06-) MKZCQ Q yf `br sfy/sf`bt yocg
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] MKZCQ o
cgcgr 8 9 o .077cgvb 8 o (Q)
^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko
Tfem 8 Q yfzmfnee bgrbb o kcur.
rego8 MKZCQ o
Okmut engsb Q ebe dggrb eg ktursf kcsue, okmuttfe skerf o cbtgrfcbebe dggrb bcg yocgebr.
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00-) MKZJ Rfzmf bgrbbeb lgdgjg tfs(jyb yocg)
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] MKZJ j,d
cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg d (9,6)
cgvb 8 (j) (Lgdgj)
^tftus gtobsb 8 X
Tfem 8 j yfzmfnee bgrbb? d 9 bsg Q yfzmfnef, 6 bsg ogedbsbeg yocgebr,
zgccbocg d=6 kcduu durumdf, j ebe bgrbbebe 9 kcup kcmfdef `focmfs yfrfrc kcur. eo `u
durumdf stftus'e X `btb dgbbr.
rego8 MKZJ j,9
Okmuttfe eng Q=l'9J vg j=l'96' ktsue, okmuttfe skerf Q=l'96'vgj=l'96'kcur.
rego8 MKZJ j,6
Okmuttfe eng Q=l'9J vg j=l'96'kcsue, okmuttfe skerf Q=l'9J'vgj=l'96'kcur.
0>-) MKZQJ Q ebe bgrbbeb j yfzmfnef tf
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] MKZQJ j
cgcgr 8 9 j 601
cgvb 8 (Q) (j)
^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko
Tfem 8 Q yfzmfnee bgrbb j yfzmfnef tfer.
rego8 MKZQJ ^FRFN
Okmutu uyaucfemfdfe eng, ^FRF yfzmfnee bgrbb eg kcursf kcsue okmut uyaucfedotfe
skerf Q yfzmfnee bgrbb ^FRF' f yocgebr.
04-) EKY cgm yko^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] EKY
cgcgr 8 Rko
bcgvb 8 Rko
^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko
Tfem 8 Lb`br gy yfpcmfdfe br sfft gvrbmbsrg fcr.
rego8EKY ?Lb`br bcgm yfpcmfdfe, `br gvrbmcbo srg agbrbr.
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07-) PGTJBG Ogsmg fctprkarfmedfe agrb de
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] PGTJBG
cgcgr 8 Rko
bcgvb 8 TK^ YN vg 6 ABG
^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko
Tfem 8 Ogsmg fctprkarfmedfe, demgo bbe ouccfecr. De lfzrcedfe `fof
`br bcgm yfpmfz. De yfpcfnfo fdrgs TK^ 'dg kcduu bbe, TK^ dggrb YN' yg yocgebr.
BETNKE ogsmg yfzmfnee, ABG `btb sgt gdbcbr. Okmut bob sfft gvrbmbedg bcgebr.
rego8 PGTJBG ? @u okmut uyaucfeenf YN=TK^ vg ABG=6 kcur.
0:-) PGTCQ Fctprkarfmedfe Q'yg `br sfy/sf`bt yocg vg agrb de
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] PGTCQ o
cgcgr 8 9 o 077
cgvb 8 o Q vg TK^ YN
^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko
Tfem 8 Fctprkarfmdfe, Q ' yg o cbtgrfcb yocgemb kcfrfo demgo bbe ouccfecr.
De lfzrc TK^ dggrbebe YN' yg fotfrcmfsycf yfpcr. Okmut bob sfft gvrbmb srgdg bcgebr.
|
rego8 PGTCQ l'06'@u okmut uyaucfedotfe skerf Q yfzmfnef l06 yocgebr. YN' yg TK^ dggrb ygrcgtbrbcbr.
zgccbocg fctprkarfmdfe dggrcgr dbzbsbedge `brb bcg demgsb bstgedbbedg ouccfecr.
TF@CK FDDQJ ^FRFN ?^FRFN 'e fcd dggr of bsg, k PGTCQ yg sfpfr.
PGTCQ 06l ?Q engdge l'96 'sg okmuttfe skerf Q=l'06' cg
PGTCQ 00l ?Q engdge l'90'sg okmuttfe skerf Q=l'00' cg
PGTCQ 0>l ?Q engdge l'9>'sg okmuttfe skerf Q=l'0>' cg
PGTCQ 04l ?Q engdge l'94'sg okmuttfe skerf Q=l'04' cg
degr. Q' ebe tf`ck ogsbmbeg sfpmfdfe engob dggrbeg arg bcgm arr.
01-) PGTWPE Fctprkarfmdfe agrb de
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] PGTWPE
cgcgr 8 Rko
cgvb 8 TK^YN
^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko
Tfem 8 Fctprkarfmedfe TK^ 'dfob fdrgscg agrb degr. Okmut bob sfft gvrbmb
srgdg bcgebr.
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rego8 PGTWPE
@u okmut uyaucfedotfe skerf YN' yg TK^ dggrb ygrcgtbrbcbr.
0l
vg N=9 kcur.
PCJ ^KC,6 ?okmut `br ogz dflf fcenf, ^KC=`'9999 9669' vg N=9 kcur.
02-) PPJ Rfzmf `btcgrbeb `brgr `bt sff fotfr
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] PPJ j,d
cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg d (9,6)
cgvb 8 Tfem osmedf fyretcfedrcmtr.^tftus gtobsb 8 N
Tfem 8 j yfzmfnedfob `btcgrb `br `bt sff dkru ygrcgtbrbr.
Ofyt jN
rego8
PPJ ^FA,6 ? okmuttfe eng ^FA=L'90', vg N=9 bsg, okmut fcenf
? ^FA=` '9999 9996'=96l vg N=9 kcur.
PPJ ^FA,6 ? okmut `br ogz dflf fcenf, ^FA=` '9999 9999' vg N=6 kcur.
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>9-) ^CGGY ^tfed`y (uyou) mkduef abr
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] ^CGGY
bcgcgr 8 Rko
bcgvb 8 l'99' QDT,
9 QDT e cn sf`btb (prgsnfcgr), 6TK vg 9YD
^tftus gtobsb 8 TK,YD
Tfem 8 YD , a ogsbm `btb tgmbzcgebr. TK , srg fm `btb 6 kcur.QDT vg e
`cn ^f`bt dg sjrcfer. Ksbcftre dg durmfsycf, bcgmnb uyumf kduef aggr. YBN `u durumdf
ko fz a lfrnfr. ^fdgng Tbmgr6 ^CGGY mkduedf boge lfrbnb np bcg fctrcf`bcbr.
rego8
Wyu ^CGGY ?YBN `u durumdf ko fz a lfrnfr. Frfdf `br oketrkc
?agrgoge avgecbo bcgrbedg, yf df `gcbrcb srgcgrdg?yfpcfnfo bcgr `bttbbedg YBN, uyumf mkduef skoucur.
>6-) ^W@CQ @br sfy/sf`bttge Q ebe bgrbbeb ofr
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] ^W@CQ o
cgcgr 8 9 o 077
bcgvb 8 (oQ) Q
^tftus gtobsb 8 N, DN, X
Tfem 8 o dfe fomcftr bgrbb ofrcr.(obyg tfmfmcfmf yetgmbycg). keu Q
yg yocgebr.
rego8
^W@CQ l'90' ?Okmuttfe eng Q=l'96' bsg, okmuttfe skerf Q=96 l vg N=9
?kcur (skeu pkzbtbj). Q = 90 96 = 96.
^W@CQ l'96' ? obenb okmut fctedf Q=l'99' vg N=9 vg X=6 kcur.
? (skeu pkzbtbj). Q = 96 96 = 99.
^W@CQ l'96' ?Q=l90 kcsue, >.okmutdf fctedf Q=l'JJ' vg N=6 kcur
?(skeu egaftbj). Q =9690 = JJ vg N = 6.
>0-) ^W@QJ j 'dge Q y ofr
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] ^W@QJ j,d
cgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg d (6,9)
bcgvb 8 (j) - (Q) (Lgdgj)
^tftus gtobsb 8 N, DN, X
Tfem 8 j yfzmfnee bgrbbedge, Q ofrcr (obyg tfmfmcfmf yetgmbycg). d=9
bsg skeu Q yg, d=6 bsg j yfzmfnef yocgebr.
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rego 8
^W@QJ j, 6 ? okmuttfe eng Q=l'96' vg j=l'90' bsg, okmuttfe skerf
? j=96l vg N=9 kcur (skeu pkzbtbj).
^W@QJ j, 9 ? bobenb okmut fctedf Q=l'99' vg N=9, X=6 kcur
? (skeu pkzbtbj).
^W@QJ j, 6 ? en okmut df fctedf j=l'96'vg N=9 kcur
? (skeu pkzbtbj).
>>-) ^QFYJ Rfzmf bgrbbedg 4 'ccgrbe (dbabt) vgrbeb dgbtbr
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] ^QFY j,d
bcgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg d _9,6]
bcgvb 8 (j3>895) (Lgdgj31845) vg (j31845) (Lgdgj3>895)
^tftus gtobsb 8 Rko
Tfem 8 j yfzmfnee st drtc `btb bcg fct drt `btb ygr dgbtbrbrcgr. ^keu d=9 bsg
Q yg, d=6 bsg j yfzmfnef yocgebr.
rego8
^QFYJ NFYPFX,6 ? okmutuedfe eng NFYPFX=l'9>', Q=l'90' bsg,
? okmuttfe skerf NFYPFX=l'>9', Q=l'90' kcur.
^QFYJ NFYPFX,9 ? okmutuedfe eng NFYPFX=l'9>', Q=l'90' bsg,? okmutu tgorfrcfeenf NFYPFX=l'9>', Q=l'>9' kcur.
>4-) \KPCQ ^fy bcg Q ebe bgrbbeb \KP cf
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] \KPCQ o
cgcgr 8 9 o 077
bcgvb 8 (Q) \KP o (Q)
^tftus gtobsb 8 X
Tfem 8 Q ebe bgrbb bcg o cbtgrfcbeg mfetosfc \KP bcgmb uyaucfer. keu
Q yfzmfnef yocgebr.
rego8 \KPCQ l'9>'
Okmutuedfe eng Q=l'96' bsg? okmuttfe uyaucfedotfe skerf Q=l'90' kcur.
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>7-) \KPQJ Rfzmf bgrbb bcg Q ebe bgrbbeb \KP' cf
^z dbzbm ourfc 8 _gtbogt] \KPQJ j,d
bcgcgr 8 9 j 601 vg d _9,6]
bcgvb 8 (Q) \KP j(Lgdgj)
^tftus gtobsb 8 X
Tfem 8 Q ebe bgrbb bcg j yfzmfnef mfetosfc \KP bcgmb uyaucfer. d=9 bsg
skeu Q yfzmfnef, d=6 bsg j yfzmfnef yocgebr.
rego8 \KPQJ j, 9
Okmutuedfe eng j=l'9J', Q=l'92' bsg, okmuttfe skerf j=l'9J' vg Q=l'9:' kcur.
A) MYCF@ Yrkarfm vg Agegc zgccbocgrb
MYCF@ mbnrknlbp jbrmfs tfrfjedfe agcbtbrbcmb kcfe `br prkarfmdr. MYCF@, fssgm`cy
okdcfre yfzmfo bbe mgtbe gdbtr, MYF^M dgrcgybnbsb vg yfzdez prkarfm sbmcfsyke
yfpfrfo arsgccgtbrg`bcdbbmbz MY^BM sbmcftr ab`b pbnskjtwfrg bbe agrgocb kcfe lgr gyb
zgrbedg `ucuedurur. @bzbm bbe egmcb kcfe YBN g .lgx dksyfse yocgmgotbr. Fmf yfzdmz
prkarfme dkru fcp fcmfde, lftfcfre arp dzgctmgmbzb sfcfr. eo lgr YBN
zgrbedg Jcfsl `gccgo ykotur. Rfeb `fz YBNcgr `br ogz prkarfmcfef`bcbrcgr. @u yzdge yfzdez
prkarfme lftfsz kcmfs agrgobr.
MYCF@ prkarfmewww.mbnrknlbp.nkm fdrgsbedg nrgtsbz kcfrfo bedbrg`bcbrsbebz.
:.>. @cm Ofyefocfr
6. K. Fcte`ffo, 0996. Mborkdgegtcgybnbcgr vg YBN Yrkarfmcfmf, Ftcf Rfyenco, stfe`uc.
0. K. Wrlfe, M.Ogmfc Acc, 0994. Lgr Reycg YBN6:J:0. E. Tkpfckcu, ^. Araekcu,099>. Mborkbcgmnbcgr vg Mborkdgegtcgybnbcgr, ^gobe
Rfyenco, Feofrf.
4.
R. @kdur, 0996. Fdm Fdm YBNmbnrk Yrkarfmcfmf,ejkaftg.
7. . Fopkcft, 0997.YBN Yrkarfmcfmf, Yusucf Rfyenco.
http://www.microchip.com/http://www.microchip.com/http://www.microchip.com/http://www.microchip.com/8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
118/143 66
CB^T p=6:J GVW L 9N ? ` 99996699OFCBY4 GVW L 9> ? ` 99999966#DGJBEG @4 YKPT@,4 ? @utke Fdcfr
#DGJBEG @7 YKPT@,7#DGJBEG @: YKPT@,:#DGJBEG @1 YKPT@,1
KPA 9\9>AKTK @F^CF
@F^CFNCPJ YKPT@NCPJ YKPTD@^J ^TFTW^,PY9@NJ KYTBKE[PGA,1MKZCQ J9
MKZQJ TPB^@ ? Ykrt@ebe 4-1 `btcgrb yecgedbrbcdb.NCPJ TPB^D ? Ykrtd o@NJ ^TFTW^,PY9
FEF[YPKAPFM
@4[OKETPKC@TJ^N @4 ? @4 `utkeuef `fscdm;AKTK @7[Oketrkc ? lfyr @7 `utkeueu oketrkcg abtMKZCQ OFCBY6MKZQJ YKPTD
@7[OKETPKC
@TJ^N @7 ? @7 `utkeuef `fscdm;AKTK @:[Oketrkc ? lfyr @: `utkeueu oketrkcg abtMKZCQ OFCBY0MKZQJ YKPTD
@:[OKETPKC@TJ^N @: ? @: `utkeuef `fscdm;AKTK @1[Oketrkc ? lfyr @1 `utkeueu oketrkcg abtMKZCQ OFCBY>MKZQJ YKPTD
@1[OKETPKC@TJ^N @1 ? @1 `utkeuef `fscdm;AKTK @4[Oketrkc ? lfyr @4 utkeueu oketrkcg abtMKZCQ OFCBY4MKZQJ YKPTDAKTK FEF[YPKAPFMGED
@) Dea Dzgecgmgo
Yrkarfm yfzfroge `fz bcgmcgrbe `gcbrcb sfydf tgorfrcfemfs agrgog`bcbr. @u durumdf ofytcfrdfe
`brb sfyf kcfrfo ouccfecr. Dflf skerf lgr bcgm tgorfrcfededf sfyf dggrb `br fzfctcr. Fzfctmf
bcgmbeb DGNJ^X okmutu bcg yfpcr.
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TGOPFP
DGNJ^X ^FRFN,J
AKTK TGOPFP
@^J YKPT@,9
^FRFN=^FRFN-6
^FRFN=9
MB;
TGOPFP GT
YKPT@'ebe 9 `btbeb 6yfp
Gvgt
Lfyr
rego 8 F pkrtueue 6. `btbeg `fc `utkef 69 dgjf `fscdotfe skerf @ pkrtueue 9. `btbeg `fc kcfe
cgdcgrb yfofe prkarfm vg fo gmfs
@fcf
YBN'b tfemcf
Ykrt@'yb sbc
Ykrt@'yb o
YkrtF'y abrb
Q=d'69'
^fyfn=Q
YkrtF, `bt6 9 m ;
EKYx67
^fyfn=^fyfn-6
^fyfn=9 m;
Ykrt@ bt9=6
^KE
Gvgt
Lfyr
Gvgt
Lfyr
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
125/143 607
CB^T p=6:J
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
126/143 60:
frof frofyf dgjfcfrnf `fscm ab`b bcgm astgrgrgo DGNJ^X ^FRFN,J okmutuycf ^FRFN
ofytsee dggrb lgr dgjfsedf6 kcfnfotr. @utkeue mgydfef agtbrgngb bco 9 sgvbygsbeg dtge
skerfob 9 durumcfre gcgybp tgorfr 7Z durumuef ofdfr `gcbrcb `br agnbomg kcuturmfo
agrgogngotbr. @u agnbomgybEKY okmutu ouccfecfrfo kcuturucur. Yrkarfmdf ouccfedmz 67 fdgt
EKY okmutu froe gtobcgrbeb ecgmgotg ygtgrcb kcfrfo arcmgdbb tfodbrdg sfyse
jfzcfcftrf`bcbrbz.
rego8 F pkrtueue 6. `btbedgob `utkef `fstof @ pkrtuedfob cgdcgrb 2dfe 9f ofdfr fzfctfrfo
yfofe prkarfm vg fo gmfs.
@fcf
YBN'b tfemcf
Ykrt@'yb sbc
Ykrt@'yb oYkrtF'y abrb
Q=l '9F'
^fyfn6=Q
YkrtF, `bt6 9 m ;
EKYx>
^fyfn0=^fyfn0-6
^fyfn0=9 m;
Q=^fyfn6
Gvgt
Lfyr
Gvgt
Lfyr
^FRFN0= l'JJ'
^fyfn6=^fyfn6-6
^fyfn0=9 m;
Ykrt@=Q
Gvgt
Lfyr
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
127/143 601
CB^T Y6:J
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
128/143 602 mbcbsfebyg frfccfrcf yfop sedrge prkarfm vgfo gmfs.(YKPTD dgob PD>PD9`fc kcfe cgdcgrb)
@fcf
@fcfea tfemcfr
co dggrcgrb fr
Cgd yfo sedrfr
Agnbomgyb fr
^ke
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
129/143 602
CB^T Y6:J2.>06 se >2 mse
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
130/143 6>9
Agnbomg srgcgrbeb sfyfcfrf yocgdbbmbz M vg E sf`btcgrbeb dgbtbrgrgo fyfrcfmfo
mmoedr. regbe agnbomg srgsbebe 69 mbcbse kcmfs bbe d vg b dea sfyfcfree
dggrcgrbebe eg kcmfs agrgotbbeb `ucfcm8
69.999/(9.97 x 4) = >xExE E=602
`u dggr l
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131/143 6>6
D) @bt Ofydrmf
@bt ofydrmf okmutcfr PCJ, PPJ, NKMJ vg ^QFYJ okmutcfrdr. @ okmutcfr ouccfecfrfo jfroc
uyaucfmfcfr yfpcf`bcmgotgdbr.
rego 8 Ykrt@yg `fc < cgd zgrbedgob `br cgdbe yfee CGD9dfe CGD1yg dkru ofydrfe
prkarfm vg fo gmfs.
1 : 7 4 > 0 6 9
@fcf
YBN6:J
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132/143 6>0
AKTK TGOPFP ? LfyrDKEAW
AKTK DKEAW ?AGNOMG
MKZCQ l JJMKZQJ ^FRFN6 ? ^FRFN6= d077
DKEAW66
MKZCQ lJJMKZQJ ^FRFN0 ? ^FRFN0= d077DKEAW60
DGNJ^X ^FRFN0,JAKTK DKEAW60DGNJ^X ^FRFN6,JAKTK DKEAW66PGTWPEGED
rego 8 Ykrt@yg `fc kcfe < CGD zgrbedg `br CGDbe yfee sff-skcf ofydrfe vg `u bcgmbsrgocb tgorfrcfyfe prkarfm vg fo gmfs.(Ofrfbmgo dgvrgsb)
@fcf
YBN6:J
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133/143 6>>
CB^T Y6:J
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
134/143 6>4
CB^T Y6:J l 4J 96996666 >l 94 l :: 96699669 4l 97 l :D 96696696 7l 9: l 1D 96666696 :l 91 l 91 99999666 1l 92 99666996 N
l 9D l 7G 96966669 Dl 9G l 12 96666996 Gl 9J l 16 96669996 JEkotf l
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
135/143 6>7
rego 8 1 sgamgetcb dbspcfy zgrbedg 7 sfyse astgrge prkarfm.
CB^T Y6:J2
PGTCQ l 7GPGTCQ l 12PGTCQ l 16PGTCQ l
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NFCC AGNBOMG ?AKTK DKEAW
NGZ[TF@FDDQJ YNC,J ? YNCQ( l 97)PGTCQ l >J ? 9PGTCQ l 9: ? 6PGTCQ l 7@ ? 0
PGTCQ l 4J ? >PGTCQ l :: ? 4PGTCQ l :D ? 7PGTCQ l 1D ? :PGTCQ l 91 ? 1PGTCQ l 1J ? 2 ? NPGTCQ l 7G ? D
PGTCQ l 12 ? GPGTCQ l 16 ? J
AGNOMGMKZCQ l JJMKZQJ ^FRFN6
DKEAW6MKZCQ lJJMKZQJ ^FRFN0
DKEAW0DGNJ^X ^FRFN0,JAKTK DKEAW0
DGNJ^X ^FRFN6,JAKTK DKEAW6PGTWPEGED
J) Ogsmgcgr
YBNbe pkrt abrbcgrbedge vgyf dkefem bgrbsbedgob `br sfyndfe agcge sbeyfc egdgebycg
`gccgbedg fcmfotf kcfe prkarfme ogsbcmgsb kcfy ogsmg (betgrrupts) kcfrfo fdcfedrcr.
Yrkarfm ogsbcdbb fedfe lgmge skerf fef prkarfm ofcd ygrdge btb`frge tgorfr fcmfsef dgvfmgdgr. Ogsmg bcgmb fef prkarfme fcmfse sfdgng durfocftr. Fef prkarfme fcmf bcgvbeb
dgvfm gttbrmgsbeb geagccgmgz.
Fef Yrkarfm Okmutcfr
Ogsmg Fct prkarfm
gobc 2.6. Ogsmg prkarfmee fcmfs
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Ogsmg bcg fct prkarfme ofrtrcmfms agrgobr. co `fotf frfdf jfro ykomu ab`b kcsf df
jfrocdr. Ekrmfc fct prkarfm frmf NFCC okmutu bcg yfpcr. Fenfo ogsmg fct prkarfmcfree
frcmfs bsg dkefemdf kcufe dgbbocbocgr skeunuedf kcur. @br ogsmg mgydfef agcdbbedg k
fedf fcmfotf kcfe okmut fcmfse tfmfmcfr. Dflf skerf prkarfmYBN prkarfm `gccgbebe l
9994 fdrgsbeg ftcfr vg `u fdrgstgob okmutu fctrmfyf `fcfr. YBN ogsmg fct prkarfm fctotfe
skerf fef prkarfm lfeab fdrgsg agrb abdgngbeb yef ofydgdgr. Ogsmg fct prkarfmedfe fef
prkarfmf de okmutu kcfrfo PGTJBG okmutu ouccfecr.
GGBJ
GGBG
Y^YBGY^YBJ
FDBGFDBJ
PNBGPNBJ
T\BGT\BJ
^^YBG^^YBJ
NNY6BGNNY6BJ
TMP0BGTMP0BJ
TMP6BGTMP6BJ
NNY0BG
NNY0BJ
@NCBG@NCBJ
TKBGTKBJ
BETGBETJ
P@BGP@BJ
ABG
@GOCGMG MKDW
OG^MG
YGBG
Dgvbng TKBJ BETJ P@BJ Y^YBJ FDBJ PNBJ T\BJ ^^YBJ NNY6BJ TMP0BJ TMP6BJ GGBJ @NCBJ NNY0BJ
YBN6:J
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138/143
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139/143 6>2
Ogsmg ouccfecroge? YNC, ^tftus vg Q yfzmfcfree bbedgob dggrcgrb okrumf bb dg
prkarfmcfynyf `rfocmtr. @u yfzmfcfr okrumfo bbe YBN vgrb sfyjfcfredf ffdfob
okmutcfr ouccfemfo ygtgrcbdbr.
MKZQJ Q[TGMY ? Q agbnb dgbogeg okpyfcf^QFYJ ^TFTW^,Q ? ^tftusu ^QFY bcg Qyg yocgNCPJ ^TFTW^ ? BPY, PY6 vg PY9 tgmbzcgMKZQJ ^TFTW^[TGMY ? tftusu @feo9df agbnb dgbogeg yocgMKZJ YNCFTL,Q ?MKZQJ YNCFTL[TGMY ? Agbnb YNCFTL Q yfzmfnef yocgNCPJ YNCFTL ? YNCFTL tgmbzcg.Okmutcfr.MKZJ YNCFTL[TGMY,Q ?^QFYJ ^TFTW^[TGMY,Q ? ^TFTW^[TGMYb Qyf yocg
MKZJ ^TFTW^ ? Q yfzmfne ^tftusf fotfr^QFYJ Q[TGMY,J ? Q[TGMYg ^QFY uyaucf^QFYJ Q[TGMY,Q ? Q[TGMYg 0. ogz ^QFY uyaucf
rego 8 P@9/ BET unuedfe abrbcge `br sbeyfc bcg ogsmg kcuturmfyf fcez.
69o
69o
419O
419O
F6
BET
CGD6CGD0
+7 Z
DN
P@9/BETPF9
P@0P@6
gobcdg arcd ab`b `u prkarfme fmfn YKPTF ee 9.`btbeg `fc kcfe `utkeue `fsc
kcup kcmfd astgrge `fsbt `br prkarfmdr. P@9/BET unuedfe `br sbeyfc abrgrgo ogsmg kcuturmfobbe P@9 unuef `br `utke `fcfemtr. BET `utkeuef `fscenf ogsmg kcuur vg ogsmg fct prkarfm
fcfrfo CGD0 be yfemf durumuedf dgbbocbo arcr.
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140/143 649
@fcf
YBN6:J
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
141/143 646
CB^T Y6:J
8/10/2019 Mikroilemciler - Frat niversitesi - Mikroilemci Programlama
142/143 640
< `btcbotbr.
Lgrlfeab `br fedf sjrcfef`bcbr.
zgrbeg yfzcf`bcbr vgyf kouef`bcbr.
Yrkarfmcfef`bcbr jrgofes e`cn dggrb ouccfecf`bcbr.
bedgob vgyf dedfob dgvrgdg `ucuefe ksbcftr sfftcgrb ouccfef`bcbr.
D sbeyfccgrcg dge vgyf yosgcge ogefr tgtbocgemgsbeb yfpf`bcbr.
^fyfn lgp frttrfrfo sfymf bcgmb yfpfr.
Tbmgr9 fef prkarfm vgyf ogsmg fct prkarfm fcroge sfynse durdurmfz
Wyumf mkduedf ouccfecmfz
Tbmgr9 sfyfrfo l JJ g agcdbbedg, BETNKE ogsmg yfzmfnee 0. `btb uyfr `fyrfe `
6 yfpfr. @u uyfr `btb oketrkc gdbcgrgo zfmfe fm kcup kcmfd fecfcr.
Yrkarfmdf lgrlfeab `br ogsmg kcutuuedf , k fedf fcmfotf kcfe okmut bcgebr vg L994
fdrgsbeg sfpmf agrgocgbr. L 994 fdrgsb ogsmg fdrgsb kcfrfo tfemcfer. @u fdrgstg `ucuefeokmut ogsmg fct prkarfme fctrfnfo kcfe AKTK okmutudur. YBN ogsmg fct prkarfmee
skeuedf PGTJBG okmutuef agcdbb zfmfe fef prkarfmdf ske bcgege okmutue fdrgsb yedfe
ofrcr. ofrcfe `u fdrgs prkarfm sfyfnef yocgebr. @uedfe skerf prkarfm sfyfn ekrmfc
fcmfsef dgvfm gdgrgo dggrbeb `br frttrfrfo fef prkarfm okmutcfre fctrmfyf dgvfm gdgr.
rego8 Ykrt@ebe 9. `btbeg `fc CGDb jcfsl yfptrfe prkarfm.
@fscf
YBN 6:J
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CB^T YBN6:J
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