Metaphor-based psychoanalysis
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The increasing importance of metaphor within the cognitive sciences Estimated number of publications in the
last three decades 40’000
The increasing importance of metaphor within the cognitive sciences Estimated number of publications in the
last three decades 40’000 Cognitive science fields involved in research,
publications, and conferences Linguistics Philosophy Computer sciences Psychology Psychoanalysis
The increasing importance of metaphor within the cognitive sciences Number of publications Cognitive science fields involved in
metaphor research, publications, and conferences Linguistics Philosophy increasingly Computer sciences conclude Psychology Psychoanalysis
The Brain functions
metaphorically
The increasing importance of metaphor within the cognitive sciences Number of publications Cognitive science fields involved in metaphor
research, publications, and conferences Linguistics Philosophy increasingly Computer sciences conclude Psychology Psychoanalysis
Reasons for increasing importance:
The Brain functions
metaphorically
The increasing importance of metaphor within the cognitive sciences Number of publications Cognitive science fields involved in metaphor
research, publications, and conferences Linguistics Philosophy increasingly Computer sciences conclude Psychology Psychoanalysis
Reasons for increasing importance: Increasing interdisciplinary work regarding the
understanding of the mind Driven by computer sciences’ attempts to emulate
the functioning of the mind : knowledge harvesting rather than data collecting
The Brain functions
metaphorically
Main task addressed in this presentation
Assuming that
1. Psychoanalysis is central to understanding the mind’s functioning
2. The mind works metaphorically
TASK
How do we revise psychoanalytic theory from a metaphoric point of view
without sacrificing its essential achievements ?
PSYCHODYNAMICS
CURRENTCENTRAL CONCEPTS
Transference Defense Interpretation
SUGGESTED CENTRAL CONCEPTS
Time Metaphor
Transference Defense Interpretation
organizing
In view of the importance of TIME
1) Recast from a temporal point of view
Metaphor to a
present/past
past/present
In view of the importance of TIME
1) Recast from a temporal point of view
Metaphor to Temporal Metaphor
Interpretation Transference
In view of the importance of TIME
1) Recast from a temporal point of view
Metaphor to Temporal Metaphor
2) Recast from a Temporal Metaphor point of view Interpretat
ion Transference
In view of the importance of TIME
1) Recast from a temporal point of view
Metaphor to Temporal Metaphor
2) Recast from a Temporal Metaphor point of view
Interpretation into Transference into
Defense into
Interpretation Transference
In view of the importance of TIME
1) Recast from a temporal point of view
Metaphor to Temporal Metaphor
2) Recast from a Temporal Metaphor point of view
Interpretation into Temporal Metaphor = present/past
Transference into Temporal Metaphor = past/present
Defense into Temporal Metaphor =
Interpretation Transference
In view of the importance of TIME
1) Recast from a temporal point of view
Metaphor to Temporal Metaphor
2) Recast from a Temporal Metaphor point of view
Interpretation into Temporal Metaphor = present/past
Transference into Temporal Metaphor = past/present
Defense into Temporal Metaphor =
Interpretation Transference
Explanation of terms used in this presentation
TERMS USED
‘The present’
‘The past’
TO EXPRESS
Present mentation or experience
Past mentation or experience
Explanation of terms used in this presentation
TERMS
= “Defense Complex”
REFERRING TO
Defending part of defense
Defended against part of defense
Explanation of terms used in this presentation
TERMS
= “Defense Complex”Or shortened:
REFERRING TO
Defending part of defense
Defended against part of defense
Explanation of terms used in this presentation
TERMS
= “Defense”
REFERRING TO
Defending part of defense
Defended against part of defense
How the terms are used in this presentation
TERM
‘Transference’
‘Interpretation’
TEMPORAL SENSE GIVEN HERE
Interpretation of the present by the past
Interpretation of the past by the present
The definition of metaphor
Metaphor is an equation of two ordinarily
not equatable entities (source and target)
located in different domains
The definition of metonymy
Metaphor is an equation of two ordinarily
not equated entities (source and target)
located in the same domains
The definition of metaphor
Metaphor is an equation of two ordinarily
not equatable entities (source and target)
located in different domains
“Juliet is the sun” (domains: humans + celestial bodies)
Metaphor = “ in terms of ”
Phrase indicating a metaphor :
“ in terms of ”
“Juliet is seen in terms of the sun”
“Life is seen in terms of a journey”
The definition and examples of metonymy
Metonymy is an equation of two entities
located in the same domain
“The liver goes to operating room 3” “All hands on board” “He drank the bottle”
Phrases indicating a metonymy: “stands for”, “belongs to”, “is part of”
Phrases connecting source and target indicating metaphor or metonymy
METAPHOR
“in terms of”
“Juliet seen in terms of the sun”
“Life understood in terms of a journey”
METONYMY
“stands for”, “belongs to”, “is part of”
The liver belongs to patient going to operating room 3
All hands stands for sailors to go on board
He drank the bottle = wine as part of the bottle
Linguistic, conceptual, and temporal concepts of metaphor
Linguistic, conceptual, and temporal concepts of metaphor
Linguistics: Linguistic metaphor, BASED ON LANGUAGE
Cognitive sciences: Conceptual metaphor, BASED ON THOUGHT
Psychoanalysis: Temporal metaphor, BASED ON TIME
Linguistic, conceptual, and temporal concepts of metaphor
Conceptual:Metaphor is an equation of thought entities
rather than language entities. THOUGHT NOT
LANGUAGE
Example:“The New Testament relates metaphorically to
the Old Testament: Christ’s death and resurrection relates metaphorically to the original sin and its forgiveness”
Linguistic, conceptual, and temporal concepts of metaphor
Temporal: Regardless of content and use the quality of
the temporal relationship is intrinsically
metaphorical in the optimal functioning Mind: The present is the same and not the same as the past. We understand them in terms of each othe
TIMENOT THOUGHT NOR LANGUAGE
Example:Today is informed by yesterday: it is the same and not
the same; one can be understood (in an underdetermined way) in terms of the other.
Examples of linguistic, conceptual, and temporal concepts of metaphor Linguistic:
LANGUAGE
Conceptual: USE OF THOUGHT
NOT LANGUAGE
Temporal: TIME NOT
LANGUAGE OR THOUGHT
Life is a journey
Christ’s death is metaphorically related to the original sin
Adulthood understood in terms of childhood
Neurosis
Trauma leads to a loss of metaphoricity. As a consequence past and present relate rigidly (metonymically) to each other rather than informing each other.
Neurotic defense (the present) comes metonymically to stand for the defended against (the past). The past evokes a rigid defense, thus over-determining the present rather than just informing it
Phrases connecting source and target indicating metaphor or metonymy
METAPHOR = SOURCE/TARGET INTERACTING
METONYMY= SOURCE/TARGET NOT INTERACTING
Healthy Defense
“in terms of”
past and present interact
in terms ofeach other
Neurotic Defense
“stands for”
past and present rigidly
standing for each other
Are psychodynamic concepts relevant for
the treatment setting? general psychology?
TREATMENT SETTING
Transference
Interpretation
Defense
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
Could these
psychodynamic phenomena
belong to the mind’s
normal functioning ?
Are psychodynamic concepts relevant forthe treatment setting? general psychology?
TREATMENT SETTING
Transference from analysand to
analyst as ongoing
interpretation of the present by the past
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
Transference intrapsychic
as ongoing interpretation of the present by the past
Are psychodynamic concepts relevant forthe treatment setting? general psychology?
TREATMENT SETTING
Interpretation by the analyst interpreting the past
from and by the present
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
Interpretation intrapsychic interpreting the past
from and by the present
Psychodynamic concepts relevant inthe treatment setting in general psychologyTREATMENT SETTING
Defense (as defending and
defended against)
Interpretation of transference
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
Defense:
interpretation of intrapsychic transference
Psychodynamic concepts relevant forthe treatment setting ? general psychology ?
TREATMENT
Transference
Interpretation
Defense
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Intrapsychic Transference
Intrapsychic Interpretation
Intrapsychic Defense
O n
g o
i n g
d y
n
a m
i c s
Psychoanalytic Practice versus Theory
PRACTICE
We understand the present transference in terms of the past
we understand the past in terms of the present transference
THEORY
This central part of psychoanalytic
practice
Is not sufficiently integrated by
its theory
Moving from content to time
Language and Thought Content –centered domains
Metaphor is a an equation of two conventionallynot equatable entities (source and target)
located in different domains
Time-centered domainsIn psychoanalysis the intrinsically different domains of metaphor are
temporal ones: e.g., past and present
Functions of linguistic and temporal metaphors
Influencing Informing Modeling and
Searching Interpreting Actualizing Changing Familiarizing
Forming new category
Keeping at bay (new category
organization from old category organization)
Psychoanalytic concepts viewed from a temporal point of view
PRESENT TO PAST
Defending part of defense
Interpreting
Insight (updating)
Curing
Repression
Remembering
Regressing
PAST TO PRESENT
Defended part of defense
Transference
Insight (actualizing)
Childhood neurosis
Return of the repressed
Memories
Fixation
Aspects of all temporal metaphors suggesting their synonymity
Influencing Informing Modeling and
Searching Interpreting Actualizing Changing Familiarizing
Forming new category
Keeping at bay (new category
organization from old category organization)
Psychoanalytic terms viewed as potential synonyms regarding
their temporal function
POTENTIAL SYNONYMS (PRESENT TO PAST)
Defending part of defense
Interpreting
Insight (updating)
Curing
Repression
Remembering
Regressing
POTENTIAL SYNONYMS(PAST TO PRESENT)
Defended part of defense
Transference
Insight (actualizing)
Childhood neurosis
Return of the repressed
Memories
Fixation
Corresponding aspects between linguistic and temporal metaphors
LINGUISTIC
Interpreting of one domain by another domain.( Life is a journey)
Transferring aspects of the source to the target
Maintaining tension, holding source at bay from the target while still relating to it
TEMPORAL
Interpreting of one temporal domain by another temporal domain.
Transferring: aspects of the past (source) transferred to the present (target)
Maintaining tension, holding past as source at bay from the present as target while remembering the former
Aspects of temporal metaphors as used by psychoanalytic terms
TEMPORAL METAPHORS
Interpreting of one temporal domain by another temporal domain.
Transferring: aspects of the past (source) transferred to the present (target)
Maintaining tension, holding past at bay from the present while remembering it
PSYCHOANALYTIC TERM
‘INTERPRETATION’. Interpretation of past by
present.
‘TRANSFERENCE’ Interpretation of present by past .
‘DEFENSE’ (as the defending part of defense)
The holding at bay of previous organizations of issues while remembering them.
Synonymous functions of psychodynamic concepts regarding their functioning in time
Highlight synonymous functions of our psychodynamic concepts even though differing in temporal direction of influence
Interpretation Temporal Metaphor =present/past Transference Temporal Metaphor =
past/present
Defense Temporal Metaphor = present/past + past/present
Aspects of temporal metaphors
Therefore Interpreting TransferringDefendingAre all functions of all temporal
metaphors.
This establishes the basic synonymity between the psychodynamic concepts transference, interpretation, and defense
Healthy and neurotic forms of temporal metaphors
HALTHY = METAPHOR
Past and Present INFORM
each other like source and target of a
metaphor
NEUROTIC = METONYMY
Past and present DETERMINE
each other like source and target of
a
metonymy
Healthy and neurotic forms of temporal metaphors
METAPHOR INFORMS
INTERPRETATION informs past
TRANSFERENCE informs present
DEFENSE Defending and
defended against inform each other
METONYMY STANDS FOR = DETERMINES
INTERPRETATION Does not inform past thus
determines it as immutable
TRANSFERENCE Does not inform but
determines present as repetition
DEFENSE Defending and defended
against can not inform but determine each other by standing for each other
Is psychoanalysis generalizable to become the basis for a psychodynamic psychology ?
SYMPTOM – CENTERED VIEW
Transference Defense Interpretation
No generalization to dynamic psychology of the mind outside treatment setting
Psychoanalysis has little standing in academia
TEMPORAL METAPHOR-CENTERED VIEW
Transference Defense Interpretation
Generalization from treatment to general psychology becomes possible
Chance to improve academic standing
Is psychoanalysis generalizable to become the basis for a psychodynamic
psychology ?
SYMPTOM - CENTERED Psychodynamic terms
centered on treatment setting
Transference and interpretation are phenomena, in the main, reserved for the treatment setting
CENTERED – ON GENERAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING
Psychodynamic terms centered on general psychological functioning
Transference and interpretation seen as part of general psychological functioning, including in the treatment setting
Is psychoanalysis generalizable to become the basis for a psychodynamic psychology ?
CONVENTIONAL VIEW
Transference Defense Interpretation
Time implicitly and not centrally integrated in theory
TEMPORAL METAPHOR-CENTERED VIEW
Transference Defense Interpretation
Time explicitly and centrally integrated in theory
Is psychoanalysis generalizable to become the basis for a psychodynamic psychology ?
CONVENTIONAL VIEW
Transference Defense Interpretation
Not primarily defined in terms of relations between the present and the past
TEMPORAL METAPHOR-CENTERED VIEW
Transference Defense Interpretation
Primarily defined in terms of relations between the present and the past
The three main psychodynamic concepts transference, defense, interpretation
CONVENTIONAL VIEW
Transference Interpretation
Not extended beyond treatment setting
TEMPORAL METAPHOR-CENTERED VIEW
Transference Interpretation
Extended beyond treatment setting as
Intrapsychic transference
Intrapsychic interpretation
The three main psychodynamic concepts transference, defense, interpretation
CONVENTIONAL VIEW
Transference
Neurotic enactment of past unconscious conflicts transferred to the analyst and experienced in terms of a now relevant relationship
TEMPORAL METAPHOR-CENTERED VIEW
Intrapsychic transference
Ongoing interpretation of the present by the past, in and outside the treatment setting – neurotic or healthy, conscious or unconscious
Psychodynamic concepts relevant for
TREATMENT SETTING
Transference
(from analysand to analyst)
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
Intrapsychic - Transference
as ongoing interpretation of present by the past
Summary
TREATMENT SETTING
Transference Observed in the
treatment setting Interpretation Carried out by the analyst
Defense Healthy : “Sublimation”
Neurotic: Mentation used to bar unconscious conflicts from becoming conscious
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
Transference Ubiquitous phenomenon in
and outside the treatment setting
Interpretation Carried out by the mind in an
ongoing way as a reinterpretation of the past
Defense Healthy: Present and past
interpret each other Neurotic: When the
present can not interpret the past the analysts interpretation is needed
Is psychoanalysis generalizable to become the basis for a psychodynamic psychology
?
CONVENTIONAL VIEW
Transference Defense Interpretation
These concepts are only functionally
related to each other
TEMPORAL METAPHOR-CENTERED VIEW
Transference Defense Interpretation
These concepts are related not only
functionally but more closely as aspects of each other
The quality of the temporal relationship
HEALTHY PAST PRESENT RELATIONSHIPS ARE OF METAPHORICAL QUALITY
Transference
Informing present
Defense
The defending part and the defended against part
inform each other in an ongoing way
Interpretation The present updates and thus
changes the narrative influence the past has on the present
NEUROTIC PAST PRESENT RELATIONSHIPS ARE OF METONYMICAL QUALITY
Transference
Determining present
Defense
The defending part stands for the defended-against part. No mutual informing
possible.
Interpretation intrapsychic interpretation can
not reach the unknown (repressed) past. The analyst’s interpretation is needed
Is psychoanalysis generalizable to become the basis for a psychodynamic psychology
?
TEMPORAL METAPHOR-CENTERED TREATMENT
Analyst’s interpretation
Interpretation is metaphorizing lost metaphoricity
TEMPORAL METAPHOR-CENTERED GENERAL FUNCTIONING
Intrapsychic interpretation
Interpretation is metaphorizing lost metaphoricity
Structure of healthy defenseWe are using the interpreting aspect of metaphor
which is already used in psychoanalytic practice. The present transference is understood in terms of
past experience; the past is understood in terms of present
transference experience.
SUMMARY:
1. Present interprets metaphorically the past2. = Interpretation3. The past interprets metaphorically the
present4. =Transference
Structure of healthy defense
We are using the interpreting aspect of metaphor which is already used in psychoanalytic practice. The present transference is understood in
terms of past experience; the past is understood in terms of present
transference experience.
SUMMARY:
1. = Interpretation
2. =Transference
Structure of healthy defenseWe are using the interpreting aspect of metaphor
which is already used in psychoanalytic practice. The present transference is understood in
terms of past experience; the past is understood in terms of present
transference experience.
SUMMARY:
1. = Interpretation2. of3. =Transference
Structure of healthy defense
SUMMARY:
= Interpretation of
Transference
Structure of healthy defense
We are using the interpreting aspect of metaphor which is already used in psychoanalytic practice. The present transference is understood in
terms of past experience; the past is understood in terms of present
transference experience.
SUMMARY:
1. Present interpretation of the past2. The past interprets metaphorically the
present
Structure of healthy defense
We are using the interpreting aspect of metaphor which is already used in psychoanalytic practice. The present transference is understood in
terms of past experience; the past is understood in terms of present
transference experience.
SUMMARY:
1. Present interpretation of the past2. The past interprets metaphorically the
present
Structure of healthy defenseWe are using the interpreting aspect of metaphor
which is already used in psychoanalytic practice. The present transference is understood in terms of
past experience; the past is understood in terms of present
transference experience.
SUMMARY:
1. Present interprets metaphorically the past2. = Interpretation3. The past interprets metaphorically the
present4. =Transference
Structure of healthy defense
The past informs metaphorically the presentThe present interprets metaphorically the past
Defense is Interpretation of Transference
1. Metaphor and Metonymy
2. Defense, Interpretation, and Transference are all Temporal Metaphors (when functioning optimally) or Temporal Metonymies (when functioning sub-optimally)
3. Suggested Theoretical Integration
4. Summary and Outlook
Interpretation
Articulates present +
past
Transference
Articulates past + present
DefenseArticulates
interpretation + transference
First order
First order
Second order
First and second order temporal metaphors
Second order metaphor defense
First order metaphor
transference past – present
experiences
First order metaphor
interpretation present –
past experiences
Scaling of fractal hierarchy of temporal metaphors
Narrative Defense
Defending Interpretation
Present experiences interpret
Past experiences
Defended against interpretation = transference
Past experiences interpret
Present experiences
Second order articulation
First order articulation
Superego + Ego
ID Received view
Superego+Ego +Id
Superego+Ego + Id
Suggested view
Defending part Defended against part
PRESENT
PAST
AGENCIES AT WAR
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