Mengenal Reaktor Nuklir
Post on 18-Nov-2014
1898 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Transcript
Physics Study ProgramFaculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesInstitut Teknologi Bandung
FI-4241Topik Khusus Fisika Reaktor
Mengenal Reaktor Nuklir
Abdul Waris, Ph.D
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Basics of a Power Plant The basic premises for the majority of
power plants is to: 1) Create heat 2) Boil Water 3) Use steam to turn a turbine 4) Use turbine to turn generator 5) Produce Electricity
Some other power producing technologies work differently (e.g., solar, wind, hydroelectric, …)
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Nuclear Power Plants use the Rankine Cycle
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Create Heat Heat may be
created by: Burning coal Burning oil Other combustion Nuclear fission
1) oil, coal or gas 2) heat3) steam 4) turbine 5) generator 6) electricity 7) cold water8) waste heat water9) condenser
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Boil Water The next process it
to create steam. The steam is
necessary to turn the turbine.
Westinghouse Steam Generator
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Turbine Steam turns the turbine.
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Generator As the generator is
turned, it creates electricity.
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Heat From Fission
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Fission Chain Reaction
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Nuclear History 1939. Nuclear fission discovered. 1942. The world´s first nuclear chain reaction takes place in Chicago
as part of the wartime Manhattan Project. 1945. The first nuclear weapons test at Alamagordo, New Mexico. 1951. Electricity was first generated from a nuclear reactor, from
EBR-I (Experimental Breeder Reactor-I) at the National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho, USA. EBR-I produced about 100 kilowatts of electricity (kW(e)), enough to power the equipment in the small reactor building.
1970s. Nuclear power grows rapidly. From 1970 to 1975 growth averaged 30% per year, the same as wind power recently (1998-2001).
1987. Nuclear power now generates slightly more than 16% of all electricity in the world.
1980s. Nuclear expansion slows because of environmentalist opposition, high interest rates, energy conservation prompted by the 1973 and 1979 oil shocks, and the accidents at Three Mile Island (1979, USA) and Chernobyl (1986, Ukraine, USSR).
2004. Nuclear power´s share of global electricity generation holds steady around 16% in the 17 years since 1987.
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Reaksi fisi nuklir
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Contoh reaksi fisi
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Neutron induced fission
Inti berat dapat pecah jika ditumbuk Tumbukan menyebabkan
nucleon kehilangan keadaan
setimbangannya Tumbukan yang keras
merupakan kondisi terbaik untuk menginduksi fisi
Neutrons merupakan proyektil ideal untuk menginduksi fisi
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Klasifikasi Reaktor Nuklir Berdasarkan perbedaan spektrum energi neutron
(reaktor cepat, reaktor termal) Berdasarkan jenis material yang digunakan
sebagai moderator dan pendingin (Magnox, AGR, LWR, HWR, RBMK, HTGR)
Bardasarkan fungsi (reaktor riset, converter,
reaktor daya)
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Klasifikasi Reaktor Nuklir …
Berdasarkan perbedaan spektrum energi neutron (reaktor cepat, reaktor termal)
Berdasarkan jenis material yang digunakan sebagai moderator dan pendingin (Magnox, AGR, LWR, HWR, RBMK, HTGR)
Bardasarkan fungsi (reaktor riset, converter,
reaktor daya)
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Klasifikasi Reaktor DayaReactor types
Reactor names
Moderator Coolant
Thermal Magnox GCR Graphite CO2
reactors AGR Graphite CO2
PWR H2O H2O
BWR H2O H2O
BLWR(FUGEN) D2O H2O
PHWR(CANDU) D2O D2O
HTR Graphite He
THTR Graphite He
RBMK Graphite H2O
Fast reactor LMFBRs None Na or
Pb/Pb-Bi
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Evolusi Reaktor Daya
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Diagram Skematik dari PLTN
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Reaktor Nuklir di Jepang Nuclear power plants
generate a significant portion of Japan’s electricity. Japan has pursued nuclear power as a source of energy in part to limit imports of petroleum. More than 50 nuclear power plants are scattered throughout the country, such as this plant in Fukui Prefecture, Honshū Island.
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Kapal Induk Bertenaga Nuklir
Nuclear power propels the huge bulk of the Abraham Lincoln through the water. Part of the fleet of the U.S. Navy, the Abraham Lincoln provides a flight deck for high-performance planes. By naval standards the ship is very long, but its runway is still shorter than most air strips on land. To compensate for this, incoming planes use hooks on their undersides to catch arresting cables on the ship’s deck.
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Kapal Selam nuklir
Nuclear submarines consume a relatively small amount of energy and make very little noise. Because they carry their energy source with them, nuclear submarines are able to travel at least 640,000 km (400,000 mi) without refueling. The nuclear reactor provides energy in the form of heat, which is converted to electricity by the generators in the engine compartment. A propeller is used to send the submarine through the water, whereas rudders (horizontal rudders are also called diving planes) guide the submarine through maneuvers. The periscope and other monitors mounted on the sail give the crew information about the surface while the submarine stays safely beneath. A modern submarine is capable of carrying several missiles, torpedos, or nuclear warheads that may be fired from beneath the water to strike targets sometimes thousands of miles away (launching tubes not shown here).
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Vendor PWR
Awal, Westinghouse Bettis Atomic Power Lab. Untuk kapal perang
Westinghouse Nuclear Power Div. U/ komersial, Shippingport NPP (Duquesne Light, sampai 1982)
Vendor yg menyusul Westinghouse : Asea Brown Boveri Combution Eng. (ABB-CE),
Framatome, Kraftwerk Union, Siemens, Mitsubishi
Babcock & Wilcox (B&W) dengan vertical once-through SG
Lebih 60% PLTN di dunia menggunakan PWR
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
NSSS (Nuclear Steam Supply System)
Blok utama dari sebuah PLTN adalah apa yang disebut sebagai sistem penyuplai uap bertenaga nuklir, yaitu sebuah teras reaktor nuklir dan sistem pendingin primer
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Hubungan antara suhu & tekanan air
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
PWR Core (Teras PWR
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
PWR Fuel Assembly
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Cooling Tower
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Evolution of PWR Core
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
PWR Steam Generator
(Heat Exchanger)
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
PWR Primary Coolant Pump
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
PWR Schematic
Size
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
PWR Size (Review, Oconee (South Carolina U.S.A.).)
Keluaran kalor (MWt) 2568
Suhu air masuk teras (oC) 290
Suhu keluar (oC) 319
Suhu elemen bakar maks (oC)
2343
Tekanan operasi (Pa) 1,5 x 107
Jumlah fuel Assembly 177
Batang elemen bakar tiap assembly
208
Assembly batang kendali 69
Massa UO2 (kg) 94100
Laju alir pendingin (kg/s) 16546
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Vendor BWR
Awal, Allis-Chambers & General Electric (GE)
Selanjutnya hanya GE yang bertahan. Vendor yang menyusul GE : Asea Atom,
Kraftwerk Union, Hitachi, 20 % PLTN di dunia adalah BWR
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
BWR
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
BWR Schematic Diagram
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
BWR Fuel Assembly
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
CANadian Deuterium Uranium (CANDU, PHWR)
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
VVER (Russian PWR)
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
RBMK (Chernobyl type reactor)
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
RBMK (Schematic diagram)
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
RBMK Core
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Future Reactor Designs
Research is currently being conducted for design of the next generation of nuclear reactor designs.
The next generation designs focus on: Proliferation resistance of fuel Passive safety systems Improved fuel efficiency (includes breeding) Minimizing nuclear waste Improved plant efficiency (e.g., Brayton
cycle) Hydrogen production Economics
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Advanced Reactor
Dasar pemikiran:
One-step license
Standardization
Passive or inherent safety
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Jenis –jenis advanced reactor
Yang telah mendapat sertifikat dari NRC ABWR APWR AP600 System 80+
Advanced reactor yang lain EPR GT-MHR
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Generation IV
At the beginning of 2002, 438 nuclear power reactors were in operation in 31 countries around the world, generating electricity for nearly 1 billion people. They account for approximately 17 percent of worldwide installed base load capacity for electricity generation and provide half or more of the electricity in a number of countries. These reactors are generating electricity in a reliable, environmentally safe and affordable manner without emitting noxious gases into the atmosphere.
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Generation IV…
Concerns over energy resource availability, climate change, air quality, and energy security suggest an important role for nuclear power in future energy supplies. While the current Generation II and III nuclear power plant designs provide an economically, technically, and publicly acceptable electricity supply in many markets, further advances in nuclear energy system design can broaden the opportunities for the use of nuclear energy.
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Generation IV…
To explore these opportunities, the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology has engaged governments, industry, and the research community worldwide in a wide-ranging discussion on the development of next-generation nuclear energy systems known as "Generation IV". This has resulted in the formation of the Generation-IV International Forum (GIF), a group whose member countries are interested in jointly defining the future of nuclear energy research and development.
In short, "Generation IV" refers to the development and demonstration of one or more Generation IV nuclear energy systems that offer advantages in the areas of economics, safety and reliability, sustainability, and could be deployed commercially by 2030.
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Goal for Generation IV
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Generation IV International Forum (GIF)
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Selected Six Systems
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR)
Thermal neutron spectrum
Once-through uranium cycle
Helium-cooled core Potential H
production
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactor (SCWR)
Operates above the thermodynamic critical point of water
Two fuel cycle options: Open cycle with a
thermal neutron spectrum.
Closed cycle with a fast-neutron spectrum reactor with full actinide recycle.
Thermal efficiency approaching 44%
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Supercritical Water Cooled Reactor
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor (LFR)
Ability to seal core Refueling 15-20 years Relative small
capacity Use of MoX fuel
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Molten Salt Reactor (MSR)
Thorough fuel burnup Fuel cycle variability
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Molten Salt Reactor
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR)
Actinide burning Capable of
burning weapons grade fuel capable (to get rid of nuclear stockpile)
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Membuat A-BOMB
1. Initial neutron source2. Fissionable material (allowing
induced fission)3. Fissions must release additional
neutrons4. Material must use fissions efficiently
(critical mass)
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Fissionable Materials
235U and 239Pu are fissionable materials
235U is rare and must be separated from 238U
239Pu is made by exposing 238U to neutrons
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Gadget & Fat Man
239Pu sphere below critical mass (6 kg)
Crushed by explosives to above critical mass
Shell of 238U assisted implosion
Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung
PHYSI S
Little Boy
235U hollow sphere below critical mass (60 kg)
Cannon fired plug through sphere to exceed critical mass
Tungsten-carbideshell containedexplosion initially
top related