MELJUN CORTES computer organization_lecture_chapter11

Chapter 11Removable Media

MELJUN CORTESMELJUN CORTES

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OverviewIn this chapter, you will learn to

Explain and install floppy disk drives

Demonstrate the variations among flash drives and other tiny drives

Identify and install optical-media technology

Troubleshoot removable-media drives

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What Is Removable Media?Floppy drives

Traditional floppy

Flash drivesUSB thumb drives to flash memory

Optical mediaCD-ROMs to DVDs

External drivesAny drive that connects via an external cable

Floppy Drive Basics

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Floppy DrivesFloppy disk inserts into floppy drive

Lit LED indicates data is being read or written to disk

3½-inch 1.44 MBdisappearing

5¼-inchlegacy

Installing Floppy Drives

Essentials

CompTIA A+Essentials

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Installing Floppy DrivesFloppy drives designated A: or B:

Floppy drives connect to the computer via a 34-pin ribbon cable

Cables supporting two floppy drives use a seven-wire twist

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Inserting Ribbon CablesConnect Pin 1 on cable to Pin 1 on

motherboardPin 1 on cable has red stripeMany connectors are notched

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Installing Floppy DrivesPower

3½-inch use mini-connector

CMOSUsually configured to use 3½ inch, 1.44 MBCan disable Boot Up Floppy SeekCan change boot order to boot off floppy

Flash Memory

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Flash Memory Same type of memory used in CMOS

Two different families

1. USB thumb drives

2. Memory cards

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USB Thumb DrivesCommonly used as replacement for floppy

disks to transport data

AKA jump drive or flash drive

Hot-swappable

Cross-platform compatibility

Can create bootable thumb drives

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Memory or Flash CardsCompact Flash (CF)

Use simplified PCMCIA busTwo sizes: CF I and CF IISome are actually micro hard

drives with platters and heads

SmartMediaWas competitor to CFReplaced by Secure Digital

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Memory or Flash CardsSecure Digital

Most common todaySize of postage stampSD and SDIO versionsMini and micro forms availablePopular in cell phones

Memory StickSony proprietary formatUsed in Sony devices that

use flash memory

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Memory or Flash CardsxD Picture Card

Developed by Olympus (proprietary)Used almost exclusively in Olympus

and Fujifilm digital camerasVersion available in USB housing

Card ReadersAllow reading the different types of memory

cardsAvailable separatelyOften installed in PC

Optical Drives

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CD-MediaIncludes CD- and

DVD-media

Generically called optical discs

Drives called optical drives

IncludesCD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD, DVD+RW, HD-DVD

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How CDs WorkStores data in microscopic pits

Burned in with power laser on glass masterCopies made on plastic copiesCovered with reflective metallic covering

Data on top under labelWritten in “pits” and “lands”

Standard CD holdsabout 650 MB

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CD FormatsCD-Digital Audio (CDDA)

Music CDs

CD-ROMAdded file support and

directory structure for PCsMany different types

ISO-9660 defines CD File System (CDFS)

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CD FormatsIUSO-9660 Extensions

Joliet Microsoft’s extensionSupported by Mac and Linux

Rock RidgeOpen standard for UNIX

El ToritoEnabled bootable CDs

Apple ExtensionsProprietaryCan’t be read by Windows

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CD-ROM SpeedsFirst CD-ROM had speed of 150 KBps

All others multiples of 150 KBps

1X 150 KBps 10X 1500 KBps 40X 6000 KBps2X 300 KBps 12X 1800 KBps 48X 7200 KBps

3X 450 KBps 16X 2400 KBps 52X 7800 KBps

4X 600 KBps 24X 3600 KBps 60X 9000 KBps

6X 900 KBps 32X 4800 KBps 72X 10800 KBps

8X 1200 KBps 36X 5400 KBps

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CD-R (CD-Recordable)Gave users ability to record or burn CDs

CD-Rs come in two sizes74-minute 650 MB 80-minute 700 MBMost CD-R burners now support 80-minute CDs

Single-session and multi-sessionSingle-session data can be added only onceMulti-session allows data to be added multiple

times (all modern CD-Rs are multi-session)Two speeds: read speed and write speed (8x/24x)

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CD-RW (CD-Rewritable)CD-R drives have been replaced by

CD-RW (CD-Rewritable) drives

CD-R discs sill around (cheaper)CD-R can be written to only onceCD-RW disks allow data to be written and

overwritten

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CD-RW (CD-Rewritable)CD Rewritable (CD-RW) works by

Using a laser to heat an amorphous (non-crystalline) substance

When cooled slowly becomes crystallineThe crystalline areas are reflective The amorphous areas are not

The MultiRead method allows regular CD-ROM drives to read CD-RW discs

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CD-RW (CD-Rewritable)Most CD-RW drives today utilize a function

called packet writingUses special format called the Universal Data

Format (UDF) Replacement for ISO-9660All movie DVDs use this

Packet writing and UDF give drag-and-drop capabilities to CD-RW drives

CD-RW drive specs have three multiplier values: write, rewrite, read (8x4x32)

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Windows and CD-mediaAll optical drives ATAPI-compliant

Means they plug into ATA controllers

Windows XP supports drag-and-drop for burning data onto CDsThird-party software needed

to create bootable CDs or CDs from ISO images

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Music CDsDifferent format—Music CD-R

Can record to a Music CD-R or CD-RWCan not record from oneDesigned to restrict duplication of

copyrighted music

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Digital Video Discs (DVD)

Developed by a consortium of electronics and entertainment firmsReleased as digital video discs (DVD) in 1995 DVD uses smaller pits than CD-media and packs them

more densely, creating much higher data capacitiesBoth single-sided (SS) and dual-sided (DS) formatsSingle-layer (SL) and dual-layer (DL) formats

DVD Version CapacityDVD-5 (SS/SL) 4.37 GB (> 2 hours of video)

DVD-9 (SS/DL) 7.95 GB (@ 4 hours of video)

DVD-10 (DS/SL) 8.74 GB (@ 4.5 hours of video)

DVD-18 (DS/DL) 15.9 GB (> 8 hours of video)

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DVD-VideoDVD-Video can store two hours of video on

one side

Supports TV-style 4:3 aspect ratio screens as well as 16:9 theatre screensSome producers distribute both on opposite sides

of the DVD

Uses MPEG-2 video and audio compression standardUp to 1280x720 at 60 frames per second with CD-quality

audio

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DVD-ROM & Recordable DVDDVD-ROM

Similar to CD-ROM data format

Can store up to 16 GB of data

Support DVD-video and most CD-ROM formats

Recordable DVDDVD-R and DVD+R

May write to them like CD-R Cannot erase

DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM Written and rewritten like CD-

RW

Combo drives can do all of these - look for DVD Multi on the label

Not all players read all formats

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Installing Optical DrivesMost look the same from a distance

Most also install the same way

Most use PATA or SATA & support ATAPI

Typically set up as slavewhen using PATA

Some are SCSI or USB

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Installing Optical DrivesDoes Windows recognize the CD-ROM?

Check Device Manager

To disable Autoplayon XP, use Group Policy

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ApplicationsCD-ROM drive installation does not require

applications

CD-R and CD-RW require applications for burning capabilities

Nero Burning ROM

Roxio’s Easy Media Creator

CDBurnerXP Pro

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ISO FilesComplete copy of CD or DVD

Can download ISO image and burn to CDProvides fully functional CD

Commonly used to share copies of bootable CDs

Troubleshooting Removable Media

CompTIA A+Technician

IT Technician

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Floppy Drive Maintenance Floppy drives frequently fail

Exposure to outside environment and mechanical damage are common causes

Floppy drive cleaning kits can be used to clean drivesCan also use cotton swab with denatured

alcohol

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Repairing Floppy Drives1. Check for a bad floppy disk2. Check for data errors on the disk3. Check the CMOS settings4. Blame the floppy controller5. Check the cable6. Replace the floppy drive

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TroubleshootingConnectivity problems

Occur if the power connector is not plugged in, cables are inserted incorrectly, or the jumpers have been misconfigured

CDs may be dirtyDon’t believe someone who says

CDs can be cleaned in dishwasher

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TroubleshootingMost modern CD-media drives have a built-in

cleaning mechanism

CD-media discs can be easily cleaned using a damp cloth or mild detergent

Problems such as stuck discs can be resolved with paper clipFind the small hole on the front of the CD driveInsert a small wire (paper clip) in the hole to

manually eject the CD-media from the drive

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Burning IssuesKnow what it can do

Check out technical documentation before making a purchase

Type review and the model number in a search engine to get other opinions

Media issuesMedia quality is based on speed and inks

Check for a manufacturer guarantee on speed

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Buffer UnderrunMost often occurs when copying from CD-ROM

to CD-R or CD-RW

Inability of the source device to keep the burner loaded with data

Make sure your CD-RW drive has 2 MB or larger buffer

Create an image file—one big file on the hard drive first because any hard drive can keep up with a CD burner

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Firmware UpdatesMost drives come with an upgradeable

Flash ROM chip

Check the manufacturer’s Web site for updates

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Beyond A+Color books

Different specifications identified by colorsRed, yellow, green, orange, white, blue

High-Definition Optical DrivesHD DVD and Blu-ray DiscHigher capabilities in size and timeHigher capabilities in resolution

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