Mechanism of action of hormones (babajimi joseph b.i. et al)modified

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MECHANISM OF ACTION OF HORMONES

ANDASSAY OF HORMONES.

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF HORMONES

Hormones are classified in several ways, one of

which is according to their mechanism of

action. The basis of this classification is

dependent on their solubility either in lipid or

water. They are classified as follows:

I. Lipophilic (lipid-soluble)

II. Hydrophilic (water-soluble) 2

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Lipophilic hormones get transported to their target

cell by associating with carrier proteins in the

plasma since they cannot dissolve in plasma. This

process circumvents the process of solubility while

it also prolong the half-life of the hormones. Their

lipophilic nature makes it easy for them to diffuse

across the plasma membrane of the target cell to

bind with their specific receptors in the cytoplasm

or nucleus.

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Lipophilic hormones, which include steroid

hormones, iodothyronines, retinoids and

calcitriols are relatively small molecules (300-

800 Da). With the exception of the

iodothyronines, they are not stored by hormone-

forming cells, but are released immediately after

being synthesized. Via intracellular receptors,

they mainly act on transcription. They diffuse

across the cell membrane and bind with their

receptor in the cytoplasm (steroids) or in the

nucleus (thyroid hormones).

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Hydrophilic hormones get transported to

their target site freely in the plasma since

they are soluble in it. On getting to the target

cell, they are unable to pass through the

plasma membrane because of their

hydrophilic nature which contrasts with the

hydrophobic nature of the membrane interior.

As a result of this, there is need for a second

messenger that will relate the message

carried by the hormone to the cell.

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The second messenger system is of three types:

Adenylyl cyclase-cAMP second messenger

system

Phospholipid second messenger system

Calcium-calmodulin second messenger

system.

All these systems are utilized by hydrophilic

hormones. It should be noted that a specific

hormone can utilize more than just one of

these systems in its action.

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  GROUP I GROUP II

TYPESSteroids, 

iodothyronines, calcitriol, retinoids

Polypeptides, proteins, glycoproteins, 

catecholamines

Solubility  Lipophilic  HydrophilicTransport proteins Yes No

Plasma half-life Long (hours to days) Short (minutes)

Receptor Intracellular Plasma membrane

MediatorReceptor-hormone complex

cAMP, cGMP, Ca2+, metabolites of complex

phosphoinositols,kinase cascades

General features of hormone classes.

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ASSAY OF HORMONES

Most hormones are present in the blood in extremely

minute quantities; some concentrations are as low as

one billionth of a milligram (1 picogram) per milliliter.

Therefore, it was very difficult to measure these

concentrations by the usual chemical means. An

extremely sensitive method, however, was developed

about 40 years ago that revolutionized the measurement

of hormones, their precursors, and their metabolic end

products. This method is called radioimmunoassay.

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The method of performing radioimmunoassay is as

follows:

First, an antibody that is highly specific for the

hormone to be measured is produced.

Second, a small quantity of this antibody is mixed with

a quantity fluid from the animal containing the

hormone to be measured and mixed simultaneously

with an appropriate amount of purified standard

hormone that has been tagged with a radioactive

isotope.

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Note: There must be too little antibody to bind

completely both the radioactively tagged hormone and

the hormone in the fluid to be assayed. Therefore the

natural hormone in the assay fluid and the radioactive

standard hormone compete for the binding sites of the

antibody. In the process of competing, the quantity of

each of the two hormones, the natural and the

radioactive, that binds is proportional to its

concentration in the assay fluid.

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Third, after binding has reached equilibrium, the

antibody-hormone complex is separated from the

remainder of the solution, and the quantity of

radioactive hormone bound in this complex is

measured by radioactive counting techniques. If a

large amount of radioactive hormone has bound with

the antibody, it is clear that there was only a small

amount of natural hormone to compete with the

radioactive hormone and therefore the concentration

of the natural hormone in the assayed fluid was small.

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Conversely, if only a small amount of radioactive

hormone has bound, it is clear that there was a large

amount of natural hormone to compete for the binding

sites.

Another method for measuring the concentration of

hormones in the body is through the Enzyme-Linked

Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). This method can be

used to measure almost any protein including

hormones. This test combines the specificity of

antibodies with the sensitivity of simple enzyme

assays. The figure below shows the basic elements of

this method.

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AB1 & AB2 are antibodies that recognize the hormone (H) at different binding sites, and AB3 is an antibody that recognizes AB2.

E is an enzyme linked to AB3 that catalyzes the formation of a coloured product (P) from a substrate (S). The amount of the product is measured using optical methods and is proportional to the amount of hormone in the well if there are excess antibodies in the well.

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This method is often performed using a plastic plate with

96 small wells.

Each well is coated with an antibody AB1 that is

specific for the hormone being assayed.

Fluid containing the hormone is added to each of the

wells followed by a second antibody AB2 that is also

specific for the hormone but bind to a different site of

the hormone molecule.

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A third antibody is added that recognizes AB2 and is

coupled to an enzyme that converts a suitable

substrate to a product that can be easily detected by

colorimetric or fluorescent optical methods.

In contrast to competitive radioimmunoassay methods,

ELISA methods use excess antibodies so that all hormone

molecules are captured in antibody-hormone complexes.

Therefore the amount of hormone present in the sample

is proportional to the amount of product formed.

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The ELISA method has become widely used in

clinical laboratories because:

1. It does not employ radioactive isotopes

2. Much of the assay can be automated using 96-

well plates

3. It has proved to be a cost-effective and accurate

method for assessing hormone levels.

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