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Carnegie Mellon1
Materials Science and Engineering
Professor of Materials Science and EngineeringCarnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Posted Presentation (useful for the quiz):Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering Concepts
Demonstrations and Discussion (fun for the day):Scanning Electron Microscopy Frozen Marshmallows
Supersaturation of Water with CO2 Nucleation of CO2 Bubbles
Shape Memory Alloys ???
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Materials Science and Engineering
Materials Engineers work to understand and control the properties and performance of “solids”
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Materials Science and EngineeringMaterials Scientists and Engineers produce
“solids” with controlled properties for use in all engineered devices and structures
Materials technologies have always influenced civilization.
Stone Age, Bronze Age,
Iron Age, Silicon Age,!???
All technologies are based around some material.Can you think of something, anything,
that does not require a material?3
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Materials Engineers created InP solar panels for the ISS that have greater efficiency and longer life
The International Space Station: Energy is A Materials Challenge
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Materials Engineers created InP solar panels for the ISS that have greater efficiency and longer life
The International Space Station: Energy is A Materials Challenge
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Materials Science and Eng. has only been around as a formaldiscipline for 50+ years. The discipline exists at the interface of:
Metallurgy, Ceramics, Mineralogy
Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics
Engineering: Chemical, Mechanical, Civil, Environmental, Biomedical, Electrical, Computer
Materials Science and EngineeringMaterials Science and Engineering is Interdisciplinary
Materials Science and Engineering involves the discovery and application of fundamental principles.
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Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering
Materials Engineers work withmedical researchers to develop new implant and tissue replacement materials
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Recently the steel industry has developed an optimized automotive steel structure which is 24% lighter, 34% stronger, and $154 less expensive than auto body structures on the road today. (>3 years old)
Materials Engineering in Automobiles
Fuel cells : Energy / EnvironmentElectric generation : Energy / EnvironmentCatalytic converters : Environment
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Structure
Properties
PerformanceProcessing
Materials Science Tetrahedron
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Structure
Properties
PerformanceProcessing
Materials Science Tetrahedron
Structure: arrangement of internal components on something
(ranges from atomic to and macroscopic shape)
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Structure
Properties
PerformanceProcessing
Materials Science Tetrahedron
Properties: the kind and magnitude of a response to an external stimulus.
Structure: arrangement of internal components on something
(ranges from atomic to and macroscopic shape)
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Structure
Properties
PerformanceProcessing
Materials Science Tetrahedron
Properties: the kind and magnitude of a response to an external stimulus.
Structure: arrangement of internal components on something
(ranges from atomic to and macroscopic shape)Processing:
the methods used to prepare materials for application
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Structure
Properties
PerformanceProcessing
Materials Science Tetrahedron
Properties: the kind and magnitude of a response to an external stimulus.
Structure: arrangement of internal components on something
(ranges from atomic to and macroscopic shape)Processing:
the methods used to prepare materials for application
Performance: how a material achieves the requirements of a specific applications
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Internal Structure:•Electronic•Atomic•Molecular arrangement•Microstructure•Grain Size•Precipitate Size
Properties:•Electrical•Thermal•Mechanical•Optical•Magnetic•Deteriorative
Performance:•Service Life•Failure Mode•Environmental Compatibility•Recycling•Quality•Cost
Processing:• Synthesis• Purification• Annealing• Forming• Polishing• Time
Materials Science and Engineering
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Structure (Composition)
Properties
Performance
Processing How do you make a material?How do you make it in a specific shape?How do you make it do what you want?What and How do you get the structure you want?Every material has a hierarchy of structural levels.How do you characterize these?How do you get the structure you want?
Why do materials have the properties they do?How can you exploit these?How do you ensure these get transferred to technologies?
How to ensure that materials don’t limit technology? How long do materials last?How do materials fail?How do you ensure that materials do not limit technology?
Materials Science and Engineering
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Materials Engineers Work Across Length Scales
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Structure of Solids Two types of Atomic Order
Disordered (Amorphous)
Ordered (Crystalline)
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Demonstration: Metallic Glass vs Nanocrystalline
Discussion / Notes
Structure Properties PerformanceProcessing
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Atomic Arrangements: The crystal structures of Iron
Face Centered Cubic Body Centered Cubic
From “Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction, 6th Ed.” W. J. Callister, John Wiley & Sons (Powerpoints Files)
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Atomic Arrangements: The crystal structures of Iron
Face Centered Cubic Body Centered Cubic
From “Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction, 6th Ed.” W. J. Callister, John Wiley & Sons (Powerpoints Files)
Carnegie Mellon14
Atomic Arrangements: The crystal structures of Iron
Face Centered Cubic Body Centered Cubic
From “Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction, 6th Ed.” W. J. Callister, John Wiley & Sons (Powerpoints Files)
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Demonstration: Piano Wire Phase Change
Discussion / Notes
Structure Properties PerformanceProcessing
From “Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction, 6th Ed.” W. J. Callister, John Wiley & Sons (Powerpoints Files)
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Demonstration: Shape Memory Alloys
Discussion / Notes
Structure Properties PerformanceProcessing
http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~database/MEMS/sma_mems/sma.html
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Scale of our material world, from galaxies to atoms
1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter
Properties are Length Scale Dependent
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http://invsee.asu.edu/Modules/size&scale/unit3/unit3.htmhttp://www.powersof10.com/
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What Color are Gold and Silver?
Properties are Length Scale Dependent
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Stained-Glass as Ancient Nanotechnology
Gold and silver salts were used in medieval times to color glass used in church windows. For example, silver particles were used to stain glass yellow, while gold particles were used to stain glass red. The aggregation of metal into nanoparticles with surface-plasmon resonances which variously affected their spectral transmissivity is only today's 20-20 hindsight analysis of archaic technology.
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Properties are Length Scale Dependent
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New biocompatible quantum dots are set to revolutionize biological imaging. In (a) a frog embryo has been imaged using conventional organic-dye techniques, and the signal is seen to fade in time. (b) Specially prepared quantum dots that were injected into another frog embryo at the same time fluoresce brightly for much longer.
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Properties are Length Scale Dependent
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Classification of Materials
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Classification of MaterialsMetals:
Solids or compounds composed of metallic elements
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Classification of Materials
Polymers: Materials having large molecules whose basic repeating unitis based upon carbon, hydrogen, other non-metallics
Metals: Solids or compounds composed of metallic elements
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Carnegie Mellon
Classification of Materials
Polymers: Materials having large molecules whose basic repeating unitis based upon carbon, hydrogen, other non-metallics
Metals: Solids or compounds composed of metallic elements
Ceramics: Compounds between metallic and non-metallic elements(and covalently bonded elements at the boundary)
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Classification of Materials
Polymers: Materials having large molecules whose basic repeating unitis based upon carbon, hydrogen, other non-metallics
Metals: Solids or compounds composed of metallic elements
Ceramics: Compounds between metallic and non-metallic elements(and covalently bonded elements at the boundary)
Composites: Materials that contain a number of different materials designed toget the best combined property / performance/
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1A
2A
3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 11B 12B
3A 4A 5A 6A 7APeriodic Table of the Elements
Los Alamos National Laboratory Chemistry Division
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1
3 4
12
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
55 56 57
58 59 60
72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
87 88 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96
104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
61 62 63 64 65 66 67
97 98 99
68 69 70 71
100 101 102 103
114 116 118
31
13 14 15 16 17 18
32 33 34 35 36
49 50 51 52 53 54
81 82 83 84 85 86
5 6 7 8 9 10
2
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Fr
Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Ra
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au
Ac~ Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh Uuo
B C
Al Si P S
Ga Ge As Se
In Sn Sb Te I
Tl Pb Bi Po At
39.10
85.47
132.9
(223)
9.012
24.31
40.08
87.62
137.3
(226)
44.96
88.91
138.9
(227)
47.88
91.22
178.5
(257) (260) (263) (262) (265) (266) (271) (272) (277) (296) (298) (?)
50.94
92.91
180.9
52.00
95.94
183.9
54.94
(98)
186.2
55.85
101.1
190.2 190.2
102.9
58.93 58.69
106.4
195.1 197.0
107.9
63.55 65.39
112.4
200.5
10.81
26.98
12.01
28.09
14.01
69.72 72.58
114.8 118.7
204.4 207.2
30.97
74.92
121.8
208.9 (209) (210) (222)
16.00 19.00 20.18
4.003
32.07 35.45 39.95
78.96 79.90 83.80
127.6 126.9 131.3
140.1 140.9 144.2 (147) (150.4) 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
232.0 (231) (238) (237) (242) (243) (247) (247) (249) (254) (253) (256) (254) (257)
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
hydrogen
barium
francium radium
strontium
sodium
vanadium
berylliumlithium
magnesium
potassium calcium
rubidium
cesium
helium
boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
aluminum silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
scandium titanium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
lanthanum hafnium
cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
actinium
thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium
1.008
6.941
22.99
Lanthanide Series*
Actinide Series~
1s1
[Ar]4s23d104p3[Ar]4s23d3[Ar]4s13d10
[Ne]3s23p6[Ne]3s23p4
[Ar]4s1[Ar]4s23d10
1s2
[He]2s1 [He]2s2
[Ar]4s23d7
[Ne]3s23p5
[He]2s22p1[He]2s22p2 [He]2s22p3
[Ar]4s23d5
[He]2s22p4 [He]2s22p5 [He]2s22p6
[Ar]4s23d104p5
[Ne]3s1 [Ne]3s23p1 [Ne]3s23p3[Ne]3s23p2
[Rn]7s25f146d2
[Ne]3s2
[Ar]4s2 [Ar]4s23d1 [Ar]4s23d2 [Ar]4s13d5[Ar]4s23d6
[Ar]4s23d8 [Ar]4s23d104p1 [Ar]4s23d104p2 [Ar]4s23d104p4 [Ar]4s23d104p6
[Kr]5s1 [Kr]5s2 [Kr]5s24d1 [Kr]5s24d2 [Kr]5s14d4 [Kr]5s14d5 [Kr]5s24d5 [Kr]5s14d7 [Kr]5s14d8 [Kr]4d10 [Kr]5s14d10 [Kr]5s24d10 [Kr]5s24d105p1 [Kr]5s24d105p2 [Kr]5s24d105p3 [Kr]5s24d105p4 [Kr]5s24d105p5 [Kr]5s24d105p6
[Xe]6s1 [Xe]6s2 [Xe]6s25d1
[Xe]6s24f15d1 [Xe]6s24f3 [Xe]6s24f4 [Xe]6s24f5 [Xe]6s24f6 [Xe]6s24f7 [Xe]6s24f75d1 [Xe]6s24f9 [Xe]6s24f10 [Xe]6s24f11 [Xe]6s24f12 [Xe]6s24f13 [Xe]6s24f14 [Xe]6s24f145d1
[Xe]6s24f145d2 [Xe]6s24f145d3 [Xe]6s24f145d4 [Xe]6s24f145d5 [Xe]6s24f145d6 [Xe]6s24f145d7 [Xe]6s14f145d9[Xe]6s14f145d10
[Xe]6s24f145d10 [Xe]6s24f145d106p1 [Xe]6s24f145d106p2 [Xe]6s24f145d106p3 [Xe]6s24f145d106p4 [Xe]6s24f145d106p5[Xe]6s24f145d106p6
[Rn]7s1 [Rn]7s2 [Rn]7s26d1
[Rn]7s26d2 [Rn]7s25f26d1 [Rn]7s25f36d1 [Rn]7s25f46d1 [Rn]7s25f6 [Rn]7s25f7 [Rn]7s25f76d1 [Rn]7s25f9 [Rn]7s25f10 [Rn]7s25f11 [Rn]7s25f12 [Rn]7s25f13 [Rn]7s25f14 [Rn]7s25f146d1
[Rn]7s25f146d3 [Rn]7s25f146d4 [Rn]7s25f146d5 [Rn]7s25f146d6 [Rn]7s25f146d7 [Rn}7s15f146d9
Classification of Materials
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Property ClassificationElectrical
Magnetic Optical Thermal Mechanical Deteriorative
Primary Material ClassificationMetal
Ceramic Polymer Composite Alternate (application oriented)
Electronic Biomedical Nanomaterials Aerospace Glasses etc…
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Classification of Materials
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Metals• Electrical Conductors• Thermal Conductors• Opaque• Ductile• Strong • Crystalline except under conditions
of rapid cooling
General Features of Materials
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Ceramics• Oxides, Carbides, sulfides and nitrides• Insulating to heat and electricity (most)• Resistant to High Temperatures• Resistant to Corrosive Atmospheres• Hard• Brittle• Crystalline but can form glasses easily under
condition of rapid cooling
General Features of Materials
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Polymers• Low Density• Low temperature applications• Ductile to brittle transitions as
temperature decreases• Visco-elastic at higher temperatures• Large molecular structures• Glasses but can form crystals
Classification of Materials
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Composites• Metal-Ceramic Polymer-ceramic• Ceramic-ceramic Metal-polymer
• Crystalline-amorphous Foams (gas -solid)• Emulsion (liquid-liquid)
• Wood Concrete
• Tailored properties Strong but light• Directional properties Fiber-glass
Classification of Materials
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Autonomous Windows Due to their special Coating these windows stay clean without much outside interference.
Sheeting Water The hydrophilic coating causes water to sheet of the window and take all the dirt with it.
Self Cleaning Windows
Researchers have developed these windows and they are now available for sale. One of a few companies selling windows with this technology is Pilkington. The glass is covered with a thin film of a special compound that does the actual cleaning.
The windows are powered by UV light, which helps the compound break down any dirt that accumulates on the glass. The compound is also hydrophilic which causes the water to sheet off the window instead of forming beads of water.
Nanocomposite TiO2-glass coating
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The Space Shuttle: Protection is A Materials Challenge
Materials Engineers created Ceramic Panels for the Shuttle that higher heat resistance and mechanical strength
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The Space Shuttle: Protection is A Materials Challenge
Materials Engineers created Ceramic Panels for the Shuttle that higher heat resistance and mechanical strength
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Clothing / Insulation: Protection is A Materials Challenge
Bob Gore invented GORE TEX in frustration
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Structure Determination: Scanning Electron Microscopy
http://www.mse.iastate.edu/microscopy/proimage.html
High MagnificationLarge Depth of FieldRelatively SimpleMore information than TopographySample (environment) must conductVacuum Technique
Carnegie Mellon32http://www.mse.iastate.edu/microscopy/proimage.html
Structure Determination: Scanning Electron Microscopy
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Demonstration:Scanning Electron Microscopy
Marshmallows: A Materials Challenge?
Discussion / Notes
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Demonstration:Scanning Electron Microscopy
Marshmallows: A Materials Challenge?
Discussion / Notes
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DemonstrationFrozen Marshmallows
http://brands.kraftfoods.com/Jetpuffed
Structure Properties PerformanceProcessing
Discussion / Notes
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Processing Affects StructureNucleation and Growth
• Nucleation: the initial formation of a new phase from an environment that does not contain that phase
• Growththe increase in size of existing nuclei into a different medium
From “Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction, 6th Ed.” W. J. Callister, John Wiley & Sons (Powerpoints Files)
Carnegie Mellon36
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aC-KOYQsIvU&NR=1
Video DemonstrationNucleation and Growth
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Polycrystal
Most Materials
Single Crystal
Gem StonesGaAs LaserSi wafers
NiAl Turbine Blades
Microstructure of MaterialsMicrostructure is defined in two ways:
the structure you observe when viewing a material under a microscopethe structure of a material on the micron-scale (0.5 to 100)
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• Eutectoid composition, Co = 0.77wt%C • Begin at T > 727C • Rapidly cool to 625C and hold isothermally.
Adapted from Fig. 10.5,Callister 6e. (Fig. 10.5 adapted from H. Boyer (Ed.) Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, American Society for Metals, 1997, p. 28.)
EX: COOLING HISTORY Fe-C SYSTEM
Adapted from Fig. 10.5,Callister 6e. (Fig. 10.5 adapted from H. Boyer (Ed.) Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, American Diagrams, American DiagramsSociety for Metals, 1997, p. 28.)
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Processing Affects StructureFe-Fe3C (Steel)
From “Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction, 6th Ed.” W. J. Callister, John Wiley & Sons (Powerpoints Files)
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- Smaller !T:colonies arelarger
- Larger !T:colonies aresmaller
• Ttransf just below TE --Larger T: diffusion is faster --Pearlite is coarser.
Two cases:
• Ttransf well below TE --Smaller T: diffusion is slower --Pearlite is finer.
Adapted from Fig. 10.6 (a) and (b),Callister 6e. (Fig. 10.6 from R.M. Ralls et al., An Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, p. 361, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1976.)
PEARLITE MORPHOLOGY
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Processing Affects StructureFe-Fe3C (Steel)
From “Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction, 6th Ed.” W. J. Callister, John Wiley & Sons (Powerpoints Files)
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Dendrite Formation in Tin
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Nucleation Demonstration:CO2 Injection into Water and Release
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKoB0MHVBvM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LjbJELjLgZg&feature=related
Structure Properties PerformanceProcessing
Watch During Set-Up
DefineSupersaturationSupercooling
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Nucleation Demonstration:CO2 Injection into Water and ReleaseDiscussion / Notes
“Diet Coke and Mentos: What is really behind this physical reaction?” T. S. Coffey, Am. J. Phys. 76, 2008.
• Nucleation:
• Growth
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Turbine Blades
In aircraft engines, a nickel-based alloy called Alloy 718 is used extensively for compressor and turbine parts.
Materials Engineering for Aircraft
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Engineering Materials of the Future
Structure
Properties
PerformanceProcessing
Materials Science Tetrahedron
• To understand the fundamentals of Materials' Structure, Properties, Processing, and Performance.
• To understand the relationship between these items, and how they are exploited for sample engineering applications.
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Careers in Materials Engineering
AutomotiveAeronauticalBiologicalElectronic
EnvironmentalAthletic EquipmentChemicalMining/refining
Mean starting salary, class of 2009 = $ 64.2 K2008: (MSE= 59K, CEE = 54k, ME= 58k, BME= 63k, ChE=66.5k, ECE = 68.5k)
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Mean Starting SalariesEvery year, roughly half of our students enter doctoral programsData for CMU, Class of 2008, Bachelors DegreeSource: CMU career center
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
CEE ME MSE ECE ChE
CMUMEAN
NationalAVERAGE
Ann
ual S
alar
y, $
2009 MSE Values:Maximum Mean Median Minimum$85,000 $64,182 $63,397 $50,000
2008
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