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Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 1
NanotechnologyOpportunities and Challenges in
a Changing WorldAndrew D. Maynard
Chief Science Advisor
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 2
Imagine…
A material where strengthis governed by atomicbonds…
… that can be woven intosuper-strong strands andropes…
Nanotechnology is turning fiction to reality…
… and used to build anelevator to space!
Single Walled Carbonnanotubes
www.liftport.com
NanotechnologyScience Fiction or Science Fact?
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 3
Nanotechnology
! Definition
• Development/engineering of new devices and materials whichdemonstrate unique properties asociated with structures on ananometer length-scale
• Nanometer scale: less than ~100 nm
! Includes:
• Engineered nano-scale surface layers
• Engineered nano-scale structures (discrete or heterogeneous)
• Engineered nano-scale devices
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 4
Nanotechnology in context
Nanomaterials
Nanoscalestructures inunprocessed
form
Nanointermediates
Intermediateproducts with
nanoscalefeatures
Nano-enabled products
Finished goodsincorporating
nanotechnology
Nanotools
Capital equipment and software usedto visualize, manipulate and model
matter at the nanoscale
Maynard
Carbon Nanotubes
NC
I &
R.
Kopelm
an
Multifunctional nanoparticles
East
on
Nanocomposite parts
JEO
LElectron MicroscopyConcept: Lux Research
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 5
Nanotechnology development and implementation
PassiveNanostructures
• Nanoparticles
• Nanotubes
• Nano-composites
• Nano-coatings
• Nanostructuredmaterials
1stGeneration
1st Gen
2nd Gen
4th Gen
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040
ActiveNanostructures
• Electronics
• Sensors
• Targeteddrugs
• Adaptivestructures
2ndGeneration
Systems ofnanosystems
• Guidedmolecularassembly
• 3D networking
• Robotics
• Supra-molecules
3rdGeneration
Molecularnanosystems
• Molecules ‘bydesign’
• Hierarchicalfunctions
• Evolutionarysystems
4thGeneration
3rd Gen
Adapted from Roco, MC (2004) AIChE J. 50 (5)
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 6
$4.6 billion$3.8 billion
$0.2 billion
Source: 2004 Lux Research Reference Study: “The Nanotechnology Report 2004”
Nanotechnology Investment and ImpactGlobal R&D Investment in 2004
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 7
Nanomaterials Nanointermediates Nano-enabled products
2004:
Selectivedeployments
proliferate
2005 - 2009:
Commercial breakthroughsopen market
2010 - 2014:
Nanotechnology becomescommonplace
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
US
$ t
rillio
ns
Year
Nanotechnology Investment and ImpactGlobal forecast of products sold incorporating nanotechnology
Source: 2004 Lux Research Report: “Sizing nanotechnology’s value chain”
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 8
NanoclayComposite
ww
w.w
ilson.c
om
Nano fibers
ww
w.n
anote
x.c
om
Carbon NanotubeComposite
ww
w.e
asto
nbik
e.c
om
Nanosilica Composite
ww
w.3
M.c
om
Nanotechnology is ‘Now’Selected consumer products
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 9
• Nanotechnology - The Motivation
• Purposely engineered nanostructured materials and devicesdemonstrate new, unique and non-scalable properties and behavior
• Sustainable Nanotechnology - The Challenge
• Does the nature of engineered nanostructured materials and
devices present new health and environmental risks?
• How can the benefits of nanotechnology be realized whileproactively minimizing the potential risk?
• How can public trust in the technology be maintained?
SustainabilityNanotechnology and risk
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 10
Nanotechnology in Poplar Culture
Over 20 science fictionnovels since 1982,including MichaelCrichton’s Prey
Variety of filmsincluding Spiderman II
Console video games
Na
no
bre
ake
r for P
SII
Product branding
iPo
d N
an
o
Public protests
TH
ON
G
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 11
Public PerceptionsMacoubrie, September 2005
! 80 - 85% of public has heard “little”or “nothing” about nanotechnology
! Perceived benefits outweigh risks
! Top perceived potential benefitsinclude:! Disease detection and treatment
! Environmental remediation
! National Security
! Improved human abilities
! Cheaper, longer lasting consumerproducts
! Top concerns include:
! Military uses
! Long term health effects
! Environmental impacts
! Loss of freedom and privacy
! Low trust in both government andindustry to manage risk
From: Macoubrie, J. “Nanotechnology: Public Concerns, Reasoning, and Trust in Government”
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 12
Potential Impact of NanotechnologyConcerns
ETC Group 2003
VDI (Germany) 2004
SwissRe 2004
Environmental Health Perspectives 2004
Royal Society 2004
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 13
Handling unprocessed single walled nanotube material
Nanomaterial safety - challenging assumptions
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 14
Ph
ysic
al
Str
uctu
reL
ow
Hig
h
Compositional StructureLow High
Conventional Understanding
Unconventional Understanding
Influence of structure on potential health impact
Nano-Materials & Devices
Macro-Materials
Liquids
Gases & Vapors
Size
Shape
Surface Area
Surface Activity
Nano-Structure
Mass
Composition
Potential Health ImpactWhat makes ‘nano’ different?
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 15
Oberdörster, G., Z. Sharp, V. Atudorei, A. Elder, R. Gelein, W. Kreyling and C. Cox (2004). Inhal. Toxicol. 16(6-7): 437-445.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 2 4 6 8
!g
13C
/gra
m o
rga
n
Days after exposure
Cerebellum
Control
Significant data point
Cerebrum
Lung
Olfactory bulb
Unanticipated exposure routes…Translocation to the brain following inhalation in rodents
13C labeled 36 nm diameter particles
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 16
Nanomaterials in the environmentRoutes of exposure, uptake, distribution and degradation
Oberdörster et al. (2005) EHP. 113(7):823-839
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 17
J. Golden
Material
Processing
Remanufacture
Reuse
Recycle
Manufacturing Distribution UseRecovery
Management
Life Cycle AssessmentTaking a systems approach to environmental protection
Disposal
(Air Emissions, Liquid and
Solid Wastes)
Raw Materials
(Energy, Renewable Resources,
Nonrenewable Resources)
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 18
• Goal 4: Support responsibledevelopment ofnanotechnology:
• Environmental, health and safetyimplications
• Ethical, legal and all other societalissues
• Program Component Area 7:Societal Dimensions
• Environmental, health and safetyresearch
• Education
• Broad societal implications
www.nano.gov
National Nanotechnology InitiativeStrategic Plan
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 19
Interagency Coordination of ActivitiesNanotechnology, Environment and Health Working Group (NEHI)
! Working group of the Nanoscale Science, Engineering andTechnology subcommittee (NSET)
! Membership from all relevant regulatory and research agencies,Office of Science and Technology Policy, and Office ofManagement and Budget
! Goals of Working Group:
• Provide for exchange of information among agencies
• Facilitate the identification/prioritization of research and other activitiesrequired for responsible nanotechnology
• Promote communication of information related to the environmentaland health implications of nanotechnology
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 20
2006 National Nanotechnology Initiative investmentSocietal Implications
Estimates of 2006 NNI Investments within Societal Dimensions Program
Component Area
$42.6 million$38.5 millionTOTAL*
DHS
$1.5 millionDOJ
$3.1 millionHHS (NIOSH)
$4.0 millionEPA
$0.5 million$0.5 millionUSDA
NASA
$0.9 millionDOC(NIST)
$5.0 million$3.0 millionHHS(NIH)
$0.6 million$0.5 millionDOE
$1.0 million$1.0 millionDOD
$35.5 million$24.0 millionNSF
Education and Ethical, Legal, and
other Societal Issues
Environmental, Health, and
Safety R&D
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 21
National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthIntegrated research into the health impact of carbon nanotubes
‘Dustiness’
Dose
Exposure
Toxicity
Risk Control Reduced risk/impact
Exposure routes
Health Effects
Characterization
Shvedova, Baron, Maynard
0
100
200
300
400
500
107
108
109
1010
1011
1012
14:00:00 15:00:00
MassNumber
Mas
s C
on
cen
trat
ion
(!
g/m
3)
Nu
mb
er Co
ncen
tration
(particles/m
3)
Time
Averaging period: 30 seconds
Purging air in tent a b c d e g
a: Entering tentb: Emptying CNT into bucketc: Tipping CNT from bucket to bucketd: Scooping spilt CNT off tablee: Cleaning tent with vacuum cleaner (vacuum inside tent)f: Further cleanup and PPE removalg: Leaving tent
f
Exposure routes Exposure
80
160
240
320
400
480
560
0.01 0.1 1 10
No Agitation
18% Agitation
36% Agitation
64% Agitation
91% Agitation
Par
ticl
e n
um
ber
co
nce
ntr
atio
n
(dn
/dL
og
(d)
- ar
bit
rary
un
its)
Diameter / !m
Characterization
20 Gauss
Ascorbate
Ascorbate/CNT
Ascorbate/CNT/DFO
DFO pretreated CNT+Ascorbate
Health Effects
Toxicity
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 22
Environmental Protection Agency
! Focus on Nanotechnology:• Potential for environmental improvement
• Possibility for harmful effects on human health/environment
• EPA’s regulatory responsibilities
o Toxic Substances Control Act, Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act,Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation andLiability Act/Superfund
! Science to Achieve Results program (STAR)• 2004 Program: Environmental and Human Health Effects of
nanomaterials
o $7 million, joint with NSF and NIOSH
o 18 Grants Awarded – 14 EPA, 2 – NSF, 2 – NIOSH, To beannounced
• 2005 Program: Environmental and Human Health Effects ofnanomaterials. Announcement expected Fall 2005
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 23
National Science FoundationCenter for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology - Rice University
! Highlights:• $12.4 million from NSF, $5.3 million from Rice, over 5 years
• > 200 invited “center” presentations; > 200 accepted publications
• Research, education, knowledge transfer, commercialization
• First observation of carbon nanotube emission and its first application tobiological imaging.
• Near-infrared nanoparticles demonstrated to shrink tumors usingphotothermal therapy.
• First publications in the area of nanotechnology and environmental impact.
Nanoshell-heated cancertissue
Ecotoxicology andnanocarbons
Nanotube fluorescence
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 24
Department of Defense (MURI program)Physicochemical characteristics and toxicological properties of nanoparticles
Correlating Physico-Chemical and Toxicological Properties
of Nanoparticles
Nanoparticle (physico-chemical characterization:
size, external surface area, BET surface area[porosity], crystallinity, chemical composition,
surface charge)
biocompatibleacellular assays
solubility
subcellular assays
cellular assays
in vivo assays
biocompatible cytoskeletal function
metabolic effects
biocompatible oxidative stress Res
ult
s f
or
model
in
pu
ts Su
rface m
odifica
tion
model
test
ing
protein binding
cytotoxicity
Oberdörster, Pui and Biswas University of Rochester, University of Minnesota, Washington University St. Louis
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 25
Europe Asia
Industry
Non-Government
Organizations
USA
Academia
Partnerships
Sustainable NanotechnologyGlobal initiatives
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 26
Woodrow Wilson International Center for ScholarsProject on Emerging Nanotechnologies
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 27
Project on Emerging NanotechnologiesAbout the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
• Living memorial to Former President Wilson established by
Congress in 1968
• Non-partisan institution, supported by public and private
funds
• A lively, neutral, domestic and international forum for free
and informed dialogue
• Integrated into the Smithsonian Institute
• 200 staff, fellows, and scholars
• Annual budget of $30m
• Directed by Former US Congressman Lee Hamilton
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 28
Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies
Government
Business
Academia
NGO&
Non-Profit
WilsonCenter
! Goal• Ensure government and
private sector address therisks as well as thebenefits ofnanotechnology
! Budget• $3 million over 2 years
! Programs• Meetings, research,
polling, outreach
Created in partnership with the Pew Charitable Trusts
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 29
Project on Emerging NanotechnologiesCurrent activities include…
! Database of federally funded research on environmental,safety and health implications• Providing an overview of research focuses and gaps
! Review of airborne nanomaterial exposure measurementrequirements• Evaluating current capabilities and research/development needs
! Use of gene arrays in ecotoxicity screening• Developing rapid, cost-effective screening assays for early detection
of potential issues
! Facilitating domestic and international partnerships
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 30
www.liftport.com
Looking to the FutureSuccessful implementation of sustainable nanotechnologies
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 31
Summary
! Nanotechnology is a revolutionary technology
! Significant societal and economic benefits are anticipated
! Conventional risk management models are being challenged
! Successful development and implementation ofnanotechnology will require an integrated approach to risk
! Global, interdisciplinary and cross-sector partnerships areessential to developing sustainable nanotechnologies
Woodrow Wilson Center, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 32
Contact Information
Dr Andrew D. MaynardChief Science Advisor
Project on Emerging NanotechnologiesWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars at the Smithsonian Institute
One Woodrow Wilson Plaza
1300 Pennsylvania Ave. NW
Washington DC 20004
Tel: 202 691 4311
Email: andrew.maynard@wilsoncenter.org
URL: www.wilsoncenter.org
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