Margins group 1 part 1
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- 1. Group Case Study: Margins 1Stefan MartinovicEric
PhillipsMollie SpurlockMichelle Woodruff
D.C./ London/ Brussels/ Sao Paulo
2. 2
Washington, D.C.
Brussels, Belgium
Margins
Sao Paulo, Brazil
London, England
3. Educational Attainment Barriers
3
And in inner London the problems of urban education seem
particularly acute, with exam results much lower and truancy much
higher than the national average.But so far repeated initiatives
have struggled to make a significant impact on standards which the
prime minister has conceded remain "unacceptably low(BBC,
2003).
So Paulo has enjoyed better performance on educational indicators
than other regions, but it still faces major challenges to
educating all of its citizens equitably. (UN-HABITAT, 2010.)
Brusselsis characterized by impoverished neighborhoods and an
inherent overrepresentation of people with a lower diploma level.
The fact that the educational level of young people strongly
correlates to that of their parentsillustrates the fact that the
level of education is still carried over from one generation to the
other and that the social mobility of education in Brussels is
rather limited. (Brussels Studies, 2009)
DCs graduation rate both the state-reported and the
independently-reported demonstrates how the education system is not
working for all students. (American Youth Policy Forum, 2011)
4. Tertiary Attainment by Country
4
*Population that has attained at least tertiary education (OECD,
2007)
5. Education Completion Rates Worlds Apart
5
Secondary/ High School
Primary School
71% in Brussels
72% in Washington D.C.
85% in London
66% in Sao Paulo
6. Education and Income Disparity
GINI Coefficient: Measures inequality of income
6
7. Global Cities Face Unique challenges.
Brussels:
- Secondary school graduates are lower in Brussels than in Belgium.
8. 17% of individuals ages 20-24 do not have secondary education
diplomas in Belgium, whereas Brussels rate rises to 28%.
London:
- The boroughs in outer London face significant variation in secondary school completion rates.
9. Ranging from 69% to 89% among 17 year olds.Sao
Paulo:
- Discrepancies between public and private education
10. Spending by pupil is minimal 11. SaoPaulo spends $800 per
pupil compared to New York City $11,000 per pupil each
yearWashington D.C.:
- Level of education varies significantly by school districts
7
12. Education by Region
8
Brussels
District of Columbia
Educational Needs Index. (2011). ENI Calculations for District of
Columbia.
R. Janssens, D. Carlier and P. Van de Craen, Citizens forum of
Brussels. Education in Brussels, Brussels Studies, Synopsis nr.5,
19 january 2009.
13. Education by Region
9
Sao Paulo
London
Distribution of poverty & literacy rate
Participation of local areas in higher education
Geocommons. (2011). Distribution of poverty and literacy rate in
Sao Paulo, Brazil.
14. Washington DC
10
The average income of the top fifth of the Districts households
$186,830 in 1999 was 31 times higher than the average income of the
bottom fifth of households $6,126.The gap between high-income and
low-income households in the District is as wide or wider than in
any of the central cities of the nation's 40 largest metro areas
(Lazere, 2004).
15. Washington DC Spatial Income and Racial Distribution
11
DC% Change by Ward 1980-2009
Washington, D.C., on the other hand, is significantly more unequal
(0.537), which is reflected in the spatial division of the U.S.
capital by both wealth and race factors, with its significant, and
largely poor, African American and Hispanic communities
concentrated in certain areas.
16. Sao Paulo
12
A rapid process of peripheral development continued through the
1980s, creating two distinct social spaces differentiated
geographically and economically: a tale of two cities. Lower-class
workers were pushed out to the undeveloped periphery, while the
middle and upper classes enjoyed the well-developed services of
some parts of the city centre. (UN-Habitat, 2010)
the elite society[imposed] a permanent break on development,
resulting in lower per capita income and a very high income
concentration in the So Paulo Metropolitan RegionThis leads to
marked spatial differentiation over the metropolitan area, as
reflected, for example, in the spatial segregation of the
population according to income. (Carmona, 2001)
17. Sao Paulo Spatial Considerations of Housing Inequity
13
the explosion of favelas and densification of cortios brought poor
citizens into closer proximity with wealthy city dwellers
(UN-Habitat, 2010)
18. London
14
One of the defining features of London is that low incomes sit
alongside very high incomes. While boroughs in Outer London tend to
have either rich or poor wards, Inner London boroughs tend to have
both rich and poor wards. (Trust for London, 2010)
I didn't bid for the Olympics because I wanted three weeks of
sport.I bid for the Olympics because it's the only way to get the
billions of pounds out of the Government to develop the East
End.It's exactly how I played it to ensnare the Government to put
money into an area it has neglected for 30 years. (Beattle,
2008)
19. Brussels
15
The concentration of Muslim populations in Brussels is then due to
the
social-spatial and residential structure of Brussels as an urban
area. In fact,
Muslim migrants have moved into affordable, working class urban
residential areas. (Torrekens, 2007)
20. Contrasting Manifestations of Inequality
16
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