Map Composition & Module 8 OR Making a Cool map. esf Laboratory for Applied GIS 2 Steps to Creating a Map Define the Purpose of the map –Audience? Professionals?
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Map Composition &Module 8
ORMaking a Cool map
esf Laboratory for Applied GIS
2
Steps to Creating a Map
• Define the Purpose of the map– Audience? Professionals? Lay public?– How will map be used?
• Restate into a design problem• Visualize the map• Design solution - arrangement of map’s
image elements to facilitate communication– Sort of an outline
• Graphic design
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Map Elements used in design
• Main map• Smaller scale inset maps showing location• Larger scale inset maps showing detail• Title of the map (usually prominent) • Subtitles• Legend• Scale• North Arrow
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Map Elements used in design
• Graticule • Various text (notes, metadata, etc.)• Borders and neatlines• Symbols• Place names and labels • Photographs, Graphics• Mapped and unmapped areas (white
space)
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The elements one-by-one
• Title– Draws attention by virtue of its size (big!)– Focuses attention on primary purpose of
content of map– Not always needed
• Legend– Principle reference to symbology– MUST be there
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The elements one-by-one• Scale
– A MUST!– Types
•graphic -- the scalebar• verbal -- 1” = 1 mile (watch this one)• a ratio 1/24,000 (this one too)
– Because of ubiquitous nature of Xerox machines the graphic scale is a must, the others are optional
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The elements one-by-one• Scale
– A MUST!– Types
•graphic -- the scalebar• verbal -- 1” = 1 mile (watch this one)• a ratio 1/24,000 (this one too)
– Because of ubiquitous nature of Xerox machines the graphic scale is a must, the others are optional
If nothing else these indicate …Accuracy!
esf Laboratory for Applied GIS
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The elements one-by-one
• Credits– another, older, term for metadata– Some metadata can be placed on
map• Data source• Statement of accuracy, both spatial and
attribute• Date data collected, date map made• Your name, assignment # etc…
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The elements one-by-one
• Credits– another, older, term for metadata– Some metadata can be placed on
map• Data source• Statement of accuracy, both spatial and
attribute• Date data collected, date map made•Your name, assignment # etc…
esf Laboratory for Applied GIS
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The elements one-by-one• Mapped and unmapped areas
– Objects, land, water, and other geographical features important to the purpose of the map
– makes the composition a map rather than a diagram
– The most prominent map element
• Graticule & Grids– Graticule – geographic coordinates
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The elements one-by-one
• Borders and neatlines– Borders serve to restrain eye movement
and focus attention on the map. A Border surrounds all the elements of a map.
– A fill color can substitue for a border– Neatlines are:
• finer than borders• drawn inside borders• mainly decoration• Used to highlight objects (like legends) and to
help balance a map
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Composition• You have all the data • You have the symbolization plan• Now you have to visualize the map
– A creative process– Trial and error process
• Where to put borders, neatlines• What style of borders, neatlines• Where does the legend go?• The title• And so on
Composition• How does the eye traverse the map• Balance of map – will it fall over?• Organization of map elements• Where is important stuff?• Division of space for interest• White space• Borders & neatlines• Text• Color
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Focus
Field
Movement of reader’s eye - upper left to lower right
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Composition: Planar Organization
• Balance – visual impact of arrangement
• is the map “heavy” at top, bottom, sides???
Geometriccenter
Visual center:5% of total
height aboveGeometric center --
Arrange contentaround
this point
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Balance: Visual weight• Depends on location
– obj weight increases with distance from center
– obj at top are heavier than those at bottom– obj on right are heavier than those on left
• Depends on size (Duh!)• Depends on color, interest, and isolation
– Red>Blue, Bright>dark
– complex > simple– isolated > groups
• For Example …
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Which is better balanced?
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Using Eye Movement Eye goes left to right
Generally you want the reader to see the map BEFORE seeing the legend – can’t
always do it
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Unequal divisions of space more interesting than equal divisions
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•St. Louis too far from visual center, balance not bad, however•Hard to read name
Better, but a heavy on right
Balance with legend etc.
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Location of St, Louis
Legend
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adfafffdsf
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Location of St, Louis
Don’t really need
since countries
are labeled
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Size / white space problems
Is this a better balanced map?
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Borders or Not
• A dark fill works better than a light fill in establishing a border
Location of St, Louis
Legend
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Location of St, Louis
Legend
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adfafffdsf
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Borders or Not
• A dark fill works better than a light fill in establishing a border
Location of St, Louis
Legend
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adfafffdsf
Location of St, Louis
Legend
-adf asdf
adfafffdsf
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Text• No more than two fonts
– Serif text, Sans Serif text
• In each use the following to define hierarchy– Normal. italic, bold, spacing, color– UPPER and lower case
• ALL UPPER CASE IS HARD TO READ• No fancy fonts• Big print for important stuff• Little print for not so important stuff
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Using Color
• Color is complex and tricky• There are definite color preferences• There are definite color combination
preferences• There are standard color codes (like
for planning)• The map should NOT be garish!
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So
• Creating maps is a creating a document for a specific purpose -- to communicate something to the reader
• It is an iterative process• There are some basic rules or guides
that can be used – described above an in the on-line course module.
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Summary of Guidelines1) Map layout – where are the pieces going
to go – major pieces – visual center – eye path – uneven juxtaposition of parts
a) The map area and what’s in itb) Legend placement (usually to right of map)c) Scale bar, North Arrowd) Balancee) White space
2) Map Title – Large – may not be needed
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Summary of Guidelines3) Credits (Metadata) usually present4) For FOR357/557- Author’s name,
Exercise #, & date!5) Borders and neatlines.
a) Border around ALL map pieces or solid fillb) Neatlines (or fill) around (in) various
pieces
6) Color – tricky – but not garish!
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4 0 4 8 12 16 Miles
BlewHylewRdlewis
N
EW
S
Lewis Roads and Hydro
4 0 4 8 12 16 Miles
BlewHylewRdlewis
N
EW
S
Lewis Roads and Hydro
esf Laboratory for Applied GIS
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4 0 4 8 12 16 Miles
BlewHylewRdlewis
N
EW
S
Lewis Roads and HydroLewis Roads and Hydro
N
EW
S
BlewHylewRdlewis
10 0 10 Miles
Blah balh blahBlah blah blahBlah blah blah
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By Eustis B. Nifkin , Inc. Syracuse NY 10/10/05
Lewis Roads and Hydro
N
EW
S
BlewHylewRdlewis
10 0 10 Miles
Blah balh blahBlah blah blahBlah blah blah
HydrologyLewis County
Hydrology
State & Cnty Highways
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By Eustis B. Nifkin , Inc. Syracuse NY 10/10/05
Lewis Roads and Hydro
N
EW
S
BlewHylewRdlewis
10 0 10 Miles
Blah balh blahBlah blah blahBlah blah blah
HydrologyLewis County
Hydrology
State & Cnty Highways
This map illustrates the a;dj;fa a;dljf a;dlfj aljdf a;sdf asdjf a;sdufdafdsf paseuef a;df;a ap[ef a;sduf asdfo aosdf [asdfi asdoif a[dsf [asdifdfi asdifd asdf
esf Laboratory for Applied GIS
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Things I discovered
• The next maps you see took several hours for the basic map
• A really good map takes time• Turning on labels is ok but you have
no control (or limited control)• Convert to annotation allows
individual manipulation of the labels
esf Laboratory for Applied GIS
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£¤3HARRISVILLE
WEST TURIN
TURIN
LEYDEN
HARRISVIL
LE
DIANA
PICKNEY
DENMARK
CROGHAN
GREIG
WATSON
LEWIS
OSCEOLALYONSDALE
MARTINSBURG
NEW BREMEN
MONTAGUE
LOWVIL
LE
LOWVILLE
CONSTABLEVILLE
LYONS FALLS
CROGHAN
PORT LEYDEN
£¤26
£¤12
£¤12
£¤12D
£¤410
£¤26
£¤12
£¤26
£¤177
£¤812
£¤126
• The basic map as it appears in map view
• Questions– Legend– Title– N arrow– Scale bar– Metadata– Neatlines
• Lewis is a bad shape because of upper left
esf Laboratory for Applied GIS
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Making a map
• The basic map w/ title and N arrow
• Where’s the edge?
• It was saved as Transparent
£¤3HARRISVILLE
WEST TURIN
TURIN
LEYDEN
HARRISVIL
LE
DIANA
PICKNEY
DENMARK
CROGHAN
GREIG
WATSON
LEWIS
OSCEOLALYONSDALE
MARTINSBURG
NEW BREMEN
MONTAGUE
LOWVIL
LE
LOWVILLE
CONSTABLEVILLE
LYONS FALLS
CROGHAN
PORT LEYDEN
£¤26
£¤12
£¤12
£¤12D
£¤410
£¤26
£¤12
£¤26
£¤177
£¤812
£¤126
-Lewis County, NY: Towns and Villages
esf Laboratory for Applied GIS
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Making a map
• The basic map w/ title and N arrow
• Where’s the edge?
• It was saved as Transparent
£¤3
HARRISVILLE
WEST TURIN
TURIN
LEYDEN
HARRISVIL
LE
DIANA
PICKNEY
DENMARK
CROGHAN
GREIG
WATSON
LEWIS
OSCEOLALYONSDALE
MARTINSBURG
NEW BREMEN
MONTAGUE
LOWVIL
LE
LOWVILLE
CONSTABLEVILLE
LYONS FALLS
CROGHAN
PORT LEYDEN
£¤26
£¤12
£¤12
£¤12D
£¤410
£¤26
£¤12
£¤26
£¤177
£¤812
£¤126
-Lewis County, NY: Towns and Villages
0 4 8 12 162Miles
0 4 8 12 162Miles
esf Laboratory for Applied GIS
41
Making a map
• Added more stuff but background is still transparent
• Balance does not look too bad
£¤3
HARRISVILLE
WEST TURIN
TURIN
LEYDEN
HARRISVIL
LE
DIANA
PICKNEY
DENMARK
CROGHAN
GREIG
WATSON
LEWIS
OSCEOLALYONSDALE
MARTINSBURG
NEW BREMEN
MONTAGUE
LOWVIL
LE
LOWVILLE
CONSTABLEVILLE
LYONS FALLS
CROGHAN
PORT LEYDEN
£¤26
£¤12
£¤12
£¤12D
£¤410
£¤26
£¤12
£¤26
£¤177
£¤812
£¤126
-Lewis County, NY: Towns and Villages
0 4 8 12 162Miles
0 4 8 12 162Miles
This map showsthe Lewis County
Towns and Villagesserved by State
hightways. It was generatedfrom 1998 NFLII data (towns)and 2005 ALIS data. Map wasprepared by E.B. Nifkin andAssociates, Syracuse, NY10/10/2005
esf Laboratory for Applied GIS
42
Making a map
• Oops!• Put in neatline
around map• In properties set
fill color to yellow• And where did the
second scale come from?
£¤3
HARRISVILLE
WEST TURIN
TURIN
LEYDEN
HARRISVIL
LE
DIANA
PICKNEY
DENMARK
CROGHAN
GREIG
WATSON
LEWIS
OSCEOLALYONSDALE
MARTINSBURG
NEW BREMEN
MONTAGUE
LOWVIL
LE
LOWVILLE
CONSTABLEVILLE
LYONS FALLS
CROGHAN
PORT LEYDEN
£¤26
£¤12
£¤12
£¤12D
£¤410
£¤26
£¤12
£¤26
£¤177
£¤812
£¤126
-Lewis County, NY: Towns and Villages
0 4 8 12 162Miles
0 4 8 12 162Miles
This map showsthe Lewis County
Towns and Villagesserved by State
hightways. It was generatedfrom 1998 NFLII data (towns)and 2005 ALIS data. Map wasprepared by E.B. Nifkin andAssociates, Syracuse, NY10/10/2005
esf Laboratory for Applied GIS
43
Making a map
• Oops!• Graphic problem• Clicked on yellow
and got this£¤3
HARRISVILLE
WEST TURIN
TURIN
LEYDEN
HARRISVIL
LE
DIANA
PICKNEY
DENMARK
CROGHAN
GREIG
WATSON
LEWIS
OSCEOLALYONSDALE
MARTINSBURG
NEW BREMEN
MONTAGUE
LOWVIL
LE
LOWVILLE
CONSTABLEVILLE
LYONS FALLS
CROGHAN
PORT LEYDEN
£¤26
£¤12
£¤12
£¤12D
£¤410
£¤26
£¤12
£¤26
£¤177
£¤812
£¤126
-Lewis County, NY: Towns and Villages
0 4 8 12 162Miles
0 4 8 12 162Miles
This map showsthe Lewis County
Towns and Villagesserved by State
hightways. It was generatedfrom 1998 NFLII data (towns)and 2005 ALIS data. Map wasprepared by E.B. Nifkin andAssociates, Syracuse, NY10/10/2005
• Clicked on “Send to back” and ……
esf Laboratory for Applied GIS
44
Making a map
• Better• But kind of garish• But
– Balance good– Not too much yellow
space for 8.5x11
£¤3
HARRISVILLE
WEST TURIN
TURIN
LEYDEN
HARRISVIL
LE
DIANA
PICKNEY
DENMARK
CROGHAN
GREIG
WATSON
LEWIS
OSCEOLALYONSDALE
MARTINSBURG
NEW BREMEN
MONTAGUE
LOWVIL
LE
LOWVILLE
CONSTABLEVILLE
LYONS FALLS
CROGHAN
PORT LEYDEN
£¤26
£¤12
£¤12
£¤12D
£¤410
£¤26
£¤12
£¤26
£¤177
£¤812
£¤126
-Lewis County, NY: Towns and Villages
0 4 8 12 162Miles
0 4 8 12 162Miles
This map showsthe Lewis County
Towns and Villagesserved by State
hightways. It was generatedfrom 1998 NFLII data (towns)and 2005 ALIS data. Map wasprepared by E.B. Nifkin andAssociates, Syracuse, NY10/10/2005
esf Laboratory for Applied GIS
45
Making a map
• Aaah• Better• Still don’t like the
hole where the N arrow is
• Could put a legend there but this map does not need a legend
£¤3
HARRISVILLE
WEST TURIN
TURIN
LEYDEN
HARRISVIL
LE
DIANA
PICKNEY
DENMARK
CROGHAN
GREIG
WATSON
LEWIS
OSCEOLALYONSDALE
MARTINSBURG
NEW BREMEN
MONTAGUE
LOWVIL
LE
LOWVILLE
CONSTABLEVILLE
LYONS FALLS
CROGHAN
PORT LEYDEN
£¤26
£¤12
£¤12
£¤12D
£¤410
£¤26
£¤12
£¤26
£¤177
£¤812
£¤126
-Lewis County, NY: Towns and Villages
0 4 8 12 162Miles
0 4 8 12 162Miles
This map showsthe Lewis County
Towns and Villagesserved by State
hightways. It was generatedfrom 1998 NFLII data (towns)and 2005 ALIS data. Map wasprepared by E.B. Nifkin andAssociates, Syracuse, NY10/10/2005
esf Laboratory for Applied GIS
46
Making a map
• Here is another approach
• Landscape• Harder to do
because map has to be smaller
• So– Added more text– Added a highway
legend after classifying the highways
• Ech
£¤3HARRISVILLE
WEST TURIN
TURIN
LEYDEN
HARRISVIL
LE
DIANA
PICKNEY
DENMARK
CROGHAN
GREIG
WATSON
LEWIS
OSCEOLA LYONSDALE
MARTINSBURG
NEW BREMEN
MONTAGUE
LOWVIL
LE
LOWVILLE
CONSTABLEVILLE
LYONS FALLS
CROGHAN
PORT LEYDEN
£¤26
£¤12
£¤12
£¤12D
£¤410
£¤26
£¤12
£¤26
£¤177
£¤812
£¤126
-
0 4 8 12 162Miles
This map shows the Lewis CountyTowns and Villages served by Statehightways. It was generated from 1998NFLII data (towns) and 2005 ALIS data.Map was prepared by E.B. Nifkin andAssociates, Syracuse, NY 10/10/2005asd -aea 'aekr ' sda apeora 'fkgl;dieoaod apdope apdap pao[g[g[o[s[pprsgspf spopgisr pfigpiriri9rei;spsirpiprpsgpg-r-e-erfkks;vkpspsptiskkkkbspitipspsriti
Lewis County, NY
State Highway Numbers
Statehighways
HWY_NUM
12
126
12D
177
26
294
3
410
812
esf Laboratory for Applied GIS
47
• Hummmm
£¤3HARRISVILLE
WEST TURIN
TURIN
LEYDEN
HARRISVIL
LE
DIANA
PICKNEY
DENMARK
CROGHAN
GREIG
WATSON
LEWIS
OSCEOLA LYONSDALE
MARTINSBURG
NEW BREMEN
MONTAGUE
LOWVIL
LE
LOWVILLE
CONSTABLEVILLE
LYONS FALLS
CROGHAN
PORT LEYDEN
£¤26
£¤12
£¤12
£¤12D
£¤410
£¤26
£¤12
£¤26
£¤177
£¤812
£¤126
-
0 4 8 12 162Miles
This map shows the Lewis CountyTowns and Villages served by Statehightways. It was generated from 1998NFLII data (towns) and 2005 ALIS data.Map was prepared by E.B. Nifkin andAssociates, Syracuse, NY 10/10/2005asd -aea 'aekr ' sda apeora 'fkgl;dieoaod apdope apdap pao[g[g[o[s[pprsgspf spopgisr pfigpiriri9rei;spsirpiprpsgpg-r-e-erfkks;vkpspsptiskkkkbspitipspsriti
Lewis County, NY
State Highway Numbers
Statehighways
HWY_NUM
12
126
12D
177
26
294
3
410
812
esf Laboratory for Applied GIS
48
0 3 6 9 121.5Miles
This map shows the Lewis CountyTowns and Villages served by Statehightways. It was generated from 1998NFLII data (towns) and 2005 ALIS data.Map was prepared by E.B. Nifkin andAssociates, Syracuse, NY 10/10/2005asd -aea 'aekr ' sda apeora 'fkgl;dieoaod apdope apdap pao[g[g[o[s[pprsgspf spopgisr pfigpiriri9rei;spsirpiprpsgpg-r-e-erfkks;vkpspsptiskkkkbspitipspsriti
Lewis County, NY
State Highway Numbers
12
126
12D
177
26
294
3
410
812
£¤3
HARRISVILLE
WEST TURIN
TURIN
DIANA
CROGHAN
GREIG
WATSON
LEWIS
OSCEOLALYONSDALE
MARTINSBURG
NEW BREMEN
MONTAGUE
LOWVILLE
CONSTABLEVILLE
LYONS FALLS
CROGHAN
PORT LEYDEN
£¤26
£¤12
£¤12
£¤12D
£¤410
£¤26
£¤12
£¤26
£¤177
£¤812
£¤126
-
esf Laboratory for Applied GIS
49
£¤3
HARRISVILLE
WEST TURIN
TURIN
LEYDEN
HARRISVIL
LE
DIANA
PICKNEY
DENMARK
CROGHAN
GREIG
WATSON
LEWIS
OSCEOLALYONSDALE
MARTINSBURG
NEW BREMEN
MONTAGUE
LOWVIL
LE
LOWVILLE
CONSTABLEVILLE
LYONS FALLS
CROGHAN
PORT LEYDEN
£¤26
£¤12
£¤12
£¤12D
£¤410
£¤26
£¤12
£¤26
£¤177
£¤812
£¤126
-Lewis County, NY: Towns and Villages
0 4 8 12 162Miles
0 4 8 12 162Miles
This map showsthe Lewis County
Towns and Villagesserved by State
hightways. It was generatedfrom 1998 NFLII data (towns)and 2005 ALIS data. Map wasprepared by E.B. Nifkin andAssociates, Syracuse, NY10/10/2005
But maybe this, a simple white or no fill is better after all
esf Laboratory for Applied GIS
50
Booby Trap• When you make scale bar it is grayed out?• Why?
– You didn’t set map and distance units
• If there are no map units then ArcGIS has no idea what they are probably no metadata
• If map units are m and you don’t want scale bar in meters then you have to set the distance units
• Where?
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