Transcript
c h a p t e r
55MANAGINGMANAGING
HARDWAREHARDWARE
ASSETSASSETS
LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES
• IDENTIFY HARDWARE COMPONENTSIDENTIFY HARDWARE COMPONENTS• DESCRIBE STORAGE, INPUT, DESCRIBE STORAGE, INPUT,
OUTPUT TECHNOLOGIESOUTPUT TECHNOLOGIES• COMPARE MAINFRAME, COMPARE MAINFRAME,
MIDRANGE, PERSONAL MIDRANGE, PERSONAL COMPUTERS, SUPER COMPUTERS, SUPER COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS
**
LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES• COMPARE ARRANGEMENTS OF COMPARE ARRANGEMENTS OF
COMPUTER PROCESSING: COMPUTER PROCESSING: CLIENT/SERVER, NETWORKCLIENT/SERVER, NETWORK
• ANALYZE TECHNOLOGY ANALYZE TECHNOLOGY ISSUESISSUES
**
MANAGEMENT CHALLENGESMANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
• INFRASTRUCTURE TECHNOLOGYINFRASTRUCTURE TECHNOLOGY
• SECONDARY STORAGESECONDARY STORAGE
• STORAGE INPUT & OUTPUT STORAGE INPUT & OUTPUT TECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES
• TYPES OF COMPUTERS & TYPES OF COMPUTERS & SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
• MANAGING HARDWARE MANAGING HARDWARE ASSETSASSETS
**
MANAGEMENT CHALLENGESMANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
1. CENTRALIZATION VERSUS 1. CENTRALIZATION VERSUS DECENTRALIZATION DEBATEDECENTRALIZATION DEBATE
2. MAKING WISE TECHNOLOGY 2. MAKING WISE TECHNOLOGY PURCHASING DECISIONSPURCHASING DECISIONS
**
INPUTDEVICES
SECONDARY STORAGE
PRIMARY STORAGE
COMPUTER COMPONENTSCOMPUTER COMPONENTSCPU
OUTPUT DEVICES
COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES
BUSES
• BIT:BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/NotBinary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not• BYTE:BYTE: Group of bits for one characterGroup of bits for one character
– EBCDIC- EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 or 9 bits per byte)Interchange Code (8 or 9 bits per byte)
– ASCII- ASCII- American Standard Code for American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)
• PARITY BIT:PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to extra bit added to each byte to help detect errorshelp detect errors
**
HOW COMPUTERS REPRESENT DATAHOW COMPUTERS REPRESENT DATA
EXAMPLES OF BYTESEXAMPLES OF BYTES
C:C: 1100 0011 0 1100 0011 0 100 0011 1100 0011 1
A:A: 1100 0001 1 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0100 0001 0
T:T: 1110 0011 1 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1 101 0100 1
Note how sum for each byte is an Note how sum for each byte is an EVENEVEN number number
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EBCDICEBCDIC ASCII ASCII (assume even-parity system)(assume even-parity system)
CPU & PRIMARY STORAGECPU & PRIMARY STORAGE
CPUCPUPRIMARYPRIMARY
STORAGESTORAGE
DATA BUSDATA BUS
ADDRESS BUSADDRESS BUS
CONTROL BUSCONTROL BUS
INPUT
DEVICES
OUTPUT
DEVICES
SECONDARY
STORAGE
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)(CPU)
RAMRAM
PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORYPRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY
CONTROL UNITCONTROL UNITARITHMETIC/LOGICARITHMETIC/LOGIC
UNITUNIT
ROMROMCLOCKCLOCK
ALU & CONTROL UNITALU & CONTROL UNIT
• ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT:ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: CPU CPU component performs logic and component performs logic and arithmetic operationsarithmetic operations
• CONTROL UNIT:CONTROL UNIT: CPU component CPU component controls, coordinates other parts of controls, coordinates other parts of computer systemcomputer system
**
© 2002 by Prentice Hall
STEPS NEEDED FOR SINGLE STEPS NEEDED FOR SINGLE INSTRUCTIONINSTRUCTION
• PCs & OLDER MACHINES:PCs & OLDER MACHINES: Microseconds Microseconds (millionth second)(millionth second)
• POWERFUL MACHINES:POWERFUL MACHINES: Nanoseconds Nanoseconds (billionth second)(billionth second)
**
MACHINE CYCLEMACHINE CYCLE
COMPUTER TIMECOMPUTER TIME
MillisecondMillisecond .001 second thousand.001 second thousand 15min 40 sec15min 40 sec
MicrosecondMicrosecond .001 millisecond million 11.6 days .001 millisecond million 11.6 days
Nanosecond Nanosecond .001microsecond billion .001microsecond billion 31.7 years31.7 years
PicosecondPicosecond .001 nanosecond trillion.001 nanosecond trillion 31,700 years 31,700 years
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NAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECONDNAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECOND
# PER COMPARED# PER COMPARED
TYPES OF MEMORYTYPES OF MEMORY
• RAM:RAM: Random Access MemoryRandom Access Memory
– Dynamic: Dynamic: Changes thru processingChanges thru processing
– Static: Static: Remains constant (power on)Remains constant (power on)
• ROM:ROM: Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)
– PROM: PROM: Program can be changed onceProgram can be changed once
– EPROM: EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet lightErasable thru ultraviolet light
– EEPROM: EEPROM: Electrically erasableElectrically erasable
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ADDRESSES IN MEMORYADDRESSES IN MEMORY
101101 102102 103103
201201
301301
202202 203203
302302 303303
Each location can hold data Each location can hold data
Each location is a Each location is a REGISTERREGISTER
MEMORY SIZEMEMORY SIZE
• KILOBYTE (KT):KILOBYTE (KT): 221010 bytes... 1024 bytes bytes... 1024 bytes• MEGABYTE (MB):MEGABYTE (MB): 221010 KB... “million” bytes KB... “million” bytes• GIGABYTE (GB):GIGABYTE (GB): 221010 MB... “billion” bytes MB... “billion” bytes• TERABYTE (TB):TERABYTE (TB): 221010 GB... “trillion” bytes GB... “trillion” bytes
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VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPUVLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU• WORD LENGTH:WORD LENGTH: Bits processed at one timeBits processed at one time• MEGAHERTZ:MEGAHERTZ: One million cycles per secondOne million cycles per second• DATA BUS WIDTH:DATA BUS WIDTH: Bits moved between CPU & other Bits moved between CPU & other
devicesdevices• REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC):REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC):
Embeds most used instructions on chip to enhance Embeds most used instructions on chip to enhance speedspeed
• MultiMedia eXtension (MMX):MultiMedia eXtension (MMX): Enhanced Intel chip Enhanced Intel chip improves multimedia applicationsimproves multimedia applications
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MICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR
SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSINGSEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING
SEQUENTIAL PARALLELSEQUENTIAL PARALLEL
TASK 1
RESULT
TASK 2
RESULT
ProgramProgram
CPUCPU
ProgramProgram
CPUCPU
ProgramProgram
CPUCPUTASK 2TASK 2
CPUCPUTASK 3TASK 3
CPUCPUTASK 1TASK 1
RESULTRESULT
MASSIVE PARALLEL MASSIVE PARALLEL COMPUTERS CAN HAVE COMPUTERS CAN HAVE THOUSANDS OF CPUs TO THOUSANDS OF CPUs TO ATTACK LARGE COMPUTING ATTACK LARGE COMPUTING PROBLEMSPROBLEMS
•DISKDISK
•TAPETAPE
•OPTICAL STORAGEOPTICAL STORAGE
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SECONDARY STORAGESECONDARY STORAGE
DIRECT ACCESS DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICESTORAGE DEVICE
• HARD DISK:HARD DISK: Steel platter array for Steel platter array for large computer systemslarge computer systems
• RAID:RAID: Redundant array of Redundant array of Inexpensive DisksInexpensive Disks
• FLOPPY DISK:FLOPPY DISK: Removable disk for Removable disk for PCPC
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DISK PACK STORAGEDISK PACK STORAGE
• LARGE SYSTEMSLARGE SYSTEMS
• RELIABLE STORAGERELIABLE STORAGE
• LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATALARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA
• QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLEQUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE
• TYPICAL: 11 2-sided disksTYPICAL: 11 2-sided disks
• CYLINDER:CYLINDER: Same track all surfaces Same track all surfaces
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CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)
DISK 1DISK 1DISK 2DISK 2DISK 3DISK 3DISK 4DISK 4DISK 5DISK 5
READ/WRITEREAD/WRITEHEADSHEADS
TRACKS AND SECTORSTRACKS AND SECTORS
EACH TRACK HOLDSEACH TRACK HOLDSSAME AMOUNT OF DATASAME AMOUNT OF DATA
SECTORSECTOR
TRACKSTRACKS
DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0
STARTSTARTOFOFTRACKSTRACKS
• CD-ROM:CD-ROM: 500-660 MEGABYTES500-660 MEGABYTES
–LAND: LAND: Flat parts of disk surface reflects lightFlat parts of disk surface reflects light
–PITS: PITS: small scratch on surface scatters lightsmall scratch on surface scatters light
• WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM):WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM):–CD-R: CD-R: Compact Disk - RecordableCompact Disk - Recordable–CD-RW: CD-RW: CD - RewritableCD - Rewritable
• DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD):DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD): CD size, up to 10 CD size, up to 10 gigabytes of datagigabytes of data
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OPTICAL STORAGEOPTICAL STORAGE
• STANDARD FOR STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL FILESSEQUENTIAL FILES• SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH
FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool)FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool)
• RECORD GROUPS:RECORD GROUPS: BLOCKING FACTORBLOCKING FACTOR (e.g., (e.g., 10 records per block)10 records per block)
• GROUPS SEPARATED BY GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK GAPINTER-BLOCK GAP• RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIMERECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME
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HEADER IBG BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2 BLOCK 3
MAGNETIC TAPEMAGNETIC TAPE
• ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPEENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE
• USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDSRECORDS
• INEXPENSIVEINEXPENSIVE
• STORED IN SAFE LOCATIONSTORED IN SAFE LOCATION
• CAN BE REUSEDCAN BE REUSED
**
MAGNETIC MAGNETIC CARTRIDGECARTRIDGE
STORAGE AREA NETWORK STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN)(SAN)
• HIGH-SPEED NETWORKHIGH-SPEED NETWORK• CONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE DEVICESCONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE DEVICES
– TAPE LIBRARIESTAPE LIBRARIES– DISK ARRAYSDISK ARRAYS
STORAGE SERVICE STORAGE SERVICE PROVIDER:PROVIDER: 3rd party 3rd party rents storage rents storage spacespace
**
INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICESINPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES
• POINTING DEVICESPOINTING DEVICES
• SOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONSOURCE DATA AUTOMATION
• OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES
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POINTING DEVICES:POINTING DEVICES:
• KEYBOARDKEYBOARD• MOUSEMOUSE
– WIREDWIRED– INFRA-REDINFRA-RED– TRACKBALLTRACKBALL– TOUCH PADTOUCH PAD
• JOYSTICKJOYSTICK• TOUCH SCREENTOUCH SCREEN
**
SOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONSOURCE DATA AUTOMATION
CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME & PLACE OF TRANSACTION& PLACE OF TRANSACTION
• OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR):OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR): Saves characters, formatSaves characters, format
• BAR CODE:BAR CODE: Identifies products in stores, Identifies products in stores, warehouses, shipmentswarehouses, shipments
• MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR):(MICR): Special ink identifies bank, account, Special ink identifies bank, account, amountamount
**
SOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONSOURCE DATA AUTOMATION
• PEN-BASED INPUT:PEN-BASED INPUT: Digitizes signatureDigitizes signature• DIGITAL SCANNER:DIGITAL SCANNER: Translates images & Translates images &
characters into digital formcharacters into digital form• VOICE INPUT DEVICES:VOICE INPUT DEVICES: Converts spoken Converts spoken
word into digital formword into digital form• SENSORS:SENSORS: Devices that collect Devices that collect data data
fromfrom environment for computer environment for computer input input (e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges)(e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges)
**
OUTPUT DEVICES:OUTPUT DEVICES:
• CATHODE RAY TUBE CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)(CRT)
• PRINTERPRINTER
• PLOTTERPLOTTER
• VOICE OUTPUT DEVICEVOICE OUTPUT DEVICE
**
DATA PROCESSINGDATA PROCESSING
• BATCH PROCESSING:BATCH PROCESSING: Transaction data Transaction data stored until convenient to process as a stored until convenient to process as a group. Useful for less time-sensitive group. Useful for less time-sensitive actions. actions.
• ON-LINE PROCESSING:ON-LINE PROCESSING: Transaction data Transaction data entered directly into system, constantly entered directly into system, constantly updating files. Requires direct-access updating files. Requires direct-access devices.devices.
**
KEYBOARD INPUTKEYBOARD INPUTBATCH OF BATCH OF TRANSACTIONSTRANSACTIONS
SORTED SORTED TRANSACTION FILETRANSACTION FILE
OLD MASTER OLD MASTER FILEFILE
NEW NEW MASTER FILEMASTER FILE
VALIDATE AND UPDATEVALIDATE AND UPDATE
ERROR ERROR REPORTSREPORTS
REPORTSREPORTS
BATCH PROCESSINGBATCH PROCESSING
ON-LINE PROCESSINGON-LINE PROCESSING
TRANSACTIONSTRANSACTIONS
KEYBOARDKEYBOARD
PROCESS / PROCESS / UPDATE UPDATE
MASTER FILEMASTER FILE
MASTER MASTER FILEFILE
IMMEDIATE IMMEDIATE INPUTINPUT
IMMEDIATE IMMEDIATE PROCESSINGPROCESSING
IMMEDIATE IMMEDIATE FILE UPDATEFILE UPDATE
INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIAINTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA
• INTEGRATES TWO OR MORE MEDIAINTEGRATES TWO OR MORE MEDIA
• TEXT, GRAPHICS, SOUND, VOICE, TEXT, GRAPHICS, SOUND, VOICE, VIDEO, ANIMATIONVIDEO, ANIMATION
• STREAMING TECHNOLOGYSTREAMING TECHNOLOGY
• MP3:MP3: Audio compression standard Audio compression standard
**
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERSCATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS
• MAINFRAMEMAINFRAME
• MIDRANGE & MINICOMPUTERMIDRANGE & MINICOMPUTER
• SERVERSERVER
• PERSONAL COMPUTER PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)(PC)
• WORKSTATIONWORKSTATION
• SUPERCOMPUTERSUPERCOMPUTER
**
MAINFRAMEMAINFRAME
• LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTERLARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER
• 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAMGIGABYTE RAM
• COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS
• MASSIVE DATAMASSIVE DATA
• COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONSCOMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS
**
MIPS: Millions of Instructions per secondMIPS: Millions of Instructions per second
MIDRANGE/MINICOMPUTERMIDRANGE/MINICOMPUTER
• MIDDLE-RANGEMIDDLE-RANGE• 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE
GIGABYTE RAMGIGABYTE RAM• UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABSUNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS• USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR
FOR MAINFRAMEFOR MAINFRAME
**
• DESKTOP OR PORTABLEDESKTOP OR PORTABLE• 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128
MEGABYTES RAMMEGABYTES RAM• PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERSPERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS• AFFORDABLEAFFORDABLE• MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTSMANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS• CAN BE NETWORKEDCAN BE NETWORKED
**
MICROCOMPUTERMICROCOMPUTER
• NETWORKED COMPUTERSNETWORKED COMPUTERS• CLIENT:CLIENT: User (PC, workstation, User (PC, workstation,
laptop) requires data, application, laptop) requires data, application, communications it does not havecommunications it does not have
• SERVER:SERVER: Component (computer) Component (computer) having desired data, application, having desired data, application, communicationscommunications
**
CLIENT / SERVERCLIENT / SERVER
CLIENT SERVERREQUESTS
DATA, SERVICE
USER INTERFACEUSER INTERFACE
APPLICATION APPLICATION
FUNCTIONFUNCTION
DATADATA
APPLICATION FUNCTIONAPPLICATION FUNCTION
NETWORK RESOURCESNETWORK RESOURCES
CLIENT / SERVERCLIENT / SERVER
WORKSTATIONWORKSTATION
• DESKTOP COMPUTERDESKTOP COMPUTER
• POWERFUL GRAPHICSPOWERFUL GRAPHICS
• EXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIESEXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIES
• MULTI-TASKINGMULTI-TASKING
• USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL FUNCTION:FUNCTION: e.g.; CAD, engineering, e.g.; CAD, engineering, graphicsgraphics
**
SUPERCOMPUTERSUPERCOMPUTERTERAFLOP: TRILLION TERAFLOP: TRILLION
CALCULATIONS/SECONDCALCULATIONS/SECOND
• HIGHLY SOPHISTICATEDHIGHLY SOPHISTICATED
• COMPLEX COMPUTATIONSCOMPLEX COMPUTATIONS
• FASTEST CPUsFASTEST CPUs
• LARGE SIMULATIONSLARGE SIMULATIONS
• STATE-OF-THE-ARTSTATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
• EXPENSIVEEXPENSIVE
**
• CENTRALIZED:CENTRALIZED: PROCESSING BY CENTRAL PROCESSING BY CENTRAL COMPUTER SITECOMPUTER SITE– ONE STANDARDONE STANDARD– GREATER CONTROLGREATER CONTROL
• DISTRIBUTED:DISTRIBUTED: PROCESSING BY SEVERAL PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTER SITES LINKED BY NETWORKSCOMPUTER SITES LINKED BY NETWORKS– MORE FLEXIBILITYMORE FLEXIBILITY– FASTER RESPONSEFASTER RESPONSE
**
CENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTEDCENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED
DOWNSIZINGDOWNSIZING
TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM LARGE COMPUTERS TO SMALLLARGE COMPUTERS TO SMALL
• REDUCES COSTREDUCES COST
• SPEEDS RESULTS TO USERSPEEDS RESULTS TO USER
• COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES BESTBEST
• COOPERATIVE PROCESSINGCOOPERATIVE PROCESSING
**
SHARING COMPUTERSSHARING COMPUTERS
• NETWORK COMPUTER:NETWORK COMPUTER: Simplified Simplified desktop computer stores minimum desktop computer stores minimum data to function (uses server)data to function (uses server)
• PEER-TO-PEER COMPUTING: PEER-TO-PEER COMPUTING: Networked computers share data, Networked computers share data, disk space, processing. Parallel disk space, processing. Parallel processing on a smaller scale processing on a smaller scale
**
MANAGING HARDWARE ASSETSMANAGING HARDWARE ASSETS
• UNDERSTAND TECHNOLOGY UNDERSTAND TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS
• DETERMINE DETERMINE TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIPTOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP:: Hardware, software, installation, training, Hardware, software, installation, training, support, maintenance, infrastructuresupport, maintenance, infrastructure
• PLAN CAPACITY & SCALABILITYPLAN CAPACITY & SCALABILITY• IDENTIFY TRENDSIDENTIFY TRENDS
**
c h a p t e r
55MANAGINGMANAGING
HARDWAREHARDWARE
ASSETSASSETS
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