MAHVASH SEIFALI - psasir.upm.edu.mypsasir.upm.edu.my/20851/1/FP_2012_3_IR.pdfindicated that there was a distinct morphological separation of populations of Alburnoides in Iran. The
Post on 09-Apr-2019
219 Views
Preview:
Transcript
© COPYRIG
HT UPM
UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
POPULATION BIOLOGY OF Alburnoides JEITTELES 1861 (ACTINOPTERYGII: CYPRINIDAE) IN IRAN
MAHVASH SEIFALI
FP 2012 3
© COPYRIG
HT UPM
POPULATION BIOLOGY OF Alburnoides
JEITTELES 1861 (ACTINOPTERYGII: CYPRINIDAE) IN IRAN
By
MAHVASH SEIFALI
Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
in Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
February 2012
© COPYRIG
HT UPM
ii
DEDICATION
I dedicated
This work to my lovely husband Behrouz and sons Alireza and Mohamad
Hasan, who has sacrificed so much for me to achieve my goal
and
To my beloved mother
To my sisters and brother
and
To my father and brother soul
Your love, encouragement and patience sustained me through
and
who supported me all those past years that made me whom I am today is very
much acknowledged
thank you for your love, understanding, patience and support.
© COPYRIG
HT UPM
iii
Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia
in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
POPULATION BIOLOGY OF Alburnoides
JEITTELES 1861 (ACTINOPTERYGII: CYPRINIDAE) IN IRAN
By
MAHVASH SEIFALI
February 2012
Chairman: Professor Aziz Bin Arshad, PhD
Faculty: Agriculture
The genus Alburnoides Jeitteles, 1861 is distributed in some geographically isolated
basins viz. South Caspian Sea, Namak, Kor, Kavir, Tigris and Orumyieh in Iran. Six
species of Alburnoides were reported from the basins of Iran. However, little is
known about the morphogeographical variation, genetic divergence, ecological
adaptation or biology of this fresh water fish species although it is a widespread
taxon in Iran. This is the first report on the genus Alburnoides within the Iranian
basins. In this study we investigated the taxonomy, morphometric variation,
reproductive biology, feeding habits and population dynamic of the Iranian spirlin
during four seasons beginning from July 2008 to June 2009.
Morphometric variables analysis of 574 samples from 15 populations of four basins
as well as truss network and geometric morphometric study of 802 specimens from
23 populations of five basins in Iran indicated that the populations belonged to three
© COPYRIG
HT UPM
iv
major groups that are shown by the consistency with their morphological features.
The first clad include spirlin populations from south of Caspian Sea basin. The
second clad comprised the populations found in the Namak and Kor basins and the
final clad is the populations from the Kavir and Tigris basins. Details of
morphological data indicated that there was a distinct morphological separation of
populations of Alburnoides in Iran. The populations from the Namak, Kor, and
southern Caspian Sea basins showed a closer morphological relationship than those
from the Tigris and Kavir basins.
A total of 115 samples of South Caspian spirlin were used for the feeding habit
study. Results showed that they specifically consumed greater amount of diatoms
(Bacillariophyceae) as their dominant diet. Other diets including detritus, insects and
algae also recorded high frequency of occurrence but lower percentage value
indicating that they are a generalized diet. Spirlin has short gut structure that
generally adopted for the carnivorous style of feeding. There was no significant in
changes in feeding diet of spirlin according to sampling period, however monthly
variations of diets revealed that spirlin have a higher ability to select more available
and diverse preys in summer and lower ability in spring.
Results on the sex ratio of 471 specimens of Alburnoides sp population in the South
of Caspian Sea basin from north of Iran was found in to be 1: 1.24 (female: male),
which is almost close to 1: 1 (females: male). Study on the ovarian maturity of the
spirlin revealed the presence of six different maturity stages. Ovaries were also
evaluated to calculate the reproductive indices such as GSI, MGSI and DI. High
values of the GSI were observed in the month of June and its distinct low value in
© COPYRIG
HT UPM
v
the month of August indicated that the fish spawn during June–July period. The size
at sexual maturity of female spirlin was observed at 56-61 mm. In this study the
mean fecundity of the 32 females spirlin used in the study was 1722.92 ( 653.88)
eggs per fish. The estimated maximum numbers of ova in females was 3042 and the
minimum numbers of ova was 668 which were gathered from specimens ranged
82.18 – 110.47 mm in total length.
Studies on age, growth, mortality and population characterization of 1019 specimens
of spirlin were conducted for Kesselian stream, south of Caspian Sea. Length
frequency data were analyzed by using FiSAT (FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment
Tools) for the estimation of the population parameters. Asymptotic length (L∞),
growth coefficient (K) were estimated at 104.48 mm and 1.19/yr. Growth
performance index (Ø') was calculated as 4.113. Total mortality (Z) was estimated at
3.40/yr whereas fishing mortality (F) and natural mortality (M) were found to be
2.43/yr and 0.97/yr respectively. The exploitation rate (E) was calculated as 0.71.
The present exploitation rate (E = 0.70) indicated that the Caspian spirlin is over
exploited in the Kesselian stream.
© COPYRIG
HT UPM
vi
Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia
sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Doktor Falsafah
POPULATION BIOLOGY OF Alburnoides
JEITTELES 1861 (ACTINOPTERYGII: CYPRINIDAE) IN IRAN
Oleh
MAHVASH SEIFALI
Februari 2012
Pengerusi: Profesor Aziz Arshad, PhD
Fakulti : Pertanian
Genus Alburnoides Jeitteles, 1861 didapati di kawasan lembangan yang secara
geografinya terpencil iaitu di selatan Laut Caspian, Namak, Kor, Kavir, Tigris dan
Orumyieh. Enam spesies Alburnoides telah dilaporkan terdapat di kawasan
lembangan tersebut. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak banyak diketahui mengenai variasi
morfogeografi, sesaran genetik, adaptasi ekologi atau biologi spesies ikan air tawar
ini. Walaupun ianya merupakan takson yang tersebar luas di Iran. Kajian ini
merupakan laporan yang pertama mengenai genus Alburnoides di kawasan
lembangan di Iran. Aspek kajian ini meliputi aspek taksonomi, variasi morfometrik,
biologi pembiakan, tabiat pemakanan dan dinamik populasi bagi spirlin dari Iran.
Kajian ini telah dijalankan selama empat musim bermula Julai 2008 sehingga Jun
2009.
© COPYRIG
HT UPM
vii
Analisis pembolehubah morfometrik bagi 574 sampel meliputi 15 populasi dari
empat lembangan; serta jalinan ‘truss’ dan penelitian morfometrik geometri bagi 802
spesimen dari 23 populasi di lima lembangan menunjukkan bahawa populasi
tersebut terdiri daripada tiga kumpulan utama yang mempunyai ciri morfologi yang
konsisten. Kumpulan yang pertama adalah populasi spirlin yang terdapat di selatan
Laut Caspian. Kumpulan kedua terdiri dari populasi yang terdapat di Namak dan
Kor manakala kumpulan ketiga terdiri dari populasi lembangan Kavir dan Tigris.
Data morfologi menunjukkan perbezaan yang jelas di antara populasi Alburnoides di
Iran. Populasi Alburniodes dari Namak, Kor, dan selatan Laut Caspian menunjukkan
perkaitan morfologi yang lebih hampir berbanding dengan populasi dari lembangan
Tigris dan Kavir.
Sebanyak 115 sampel spirlin dari selatan Caspian telah diambil untuk kajian tabiat
pemakanan. Hasilnya menunjukkan spirlin secara spesifiknya memakan diatom
(Bacillariophyceae) sebagai diet dominan. Diet lain termasuk detritus, serangga dan
alga mempunyai frekuensi kejadian yang tinggi, namun rendah dari segi peratusan
bagi menunjukkan ciri diet umum serta ia tidak khusus kepada taksa tertentu. Spirlin
mempunyai struktur usus yang pendek, yang mana sesuai untuk tabiat pemakanan
secara karnivor. Tiada perubahan yang signifikan bagi diet pemakanan spirlin
berdasarkan tempoh masa persampelan. Namun, variasi bulanan diet membuktikan
bahawa spirlin mempunyai kemampuan yang lebih tinggi untuk memilih mangsa
dengan lebih banyak dan pelbagai pada musim panas berbanding pada musim bunga.
Kajian ke atas nisbah jantina bagi 471 spesimen Alburnoides sp di selatan Laut
Caspian di utara Iran mendapati nisbah 1:1.24 (betina:jantan), iaitu hampir ke nisbah
1:1 (betina:jantan). Pemerhatian ke atas proses kematangan ovari spirlin
© COPYRIG
HT UPM
viii
menunjukkan kewujudan enam peringkat kematangan. Indeks pembiakan seperti
GSI, MGSI dan DI telah diukur ke atas ovari yang dikaji. Nilai GSI yang tinggi
direkodkan pada bulan Jun serta penurunan mendadak pada bulan Ogos
menunjukkan bahawa aktiviti pembiakan berlaku di antara bulan Jun–Julai. Saiz
spirlin betina semasa matang ialah 56-61 mm. Purata bilangan telur bagi 32 spirlin
betina yang dikaji ialah 1722.92 ( 653.88). Anggaran jumlah maksimum dan
minimum telur bagi individu betina dengan saiz panjang keseluruhan di antara 82.18
– 110.47 mm ialah 3042 dan 668.
Kajian ke atas umur, pertumbuhan, kematian dan ciri-ciri populasi bagi 1019
spesimen spirlin telah dijalankan di sungai Kesselian, selatan Laut Caspian. Data
frekuensi panjang telah dianalisa menggunakan FiSAT (FAO-ICLARM Stock
Assessment Tools) bagi menganggarkan beberapa parameter populasi. Panjang
asimtotik (L∞) dan ko-efisien pertumbuhan (K) adalah 104.48 mm dan 1.19/tahun.
Indeks prestasi pertumbuhan (Ø') ialah 4.113. Jumlah kematian (Z) dianggarkan
pada 3.40/tahun, manakala kematian akibat aktiviti perikanan (F) dan kematian
semulajadi (M) dijangkakan pada 2.43/thn dan 0.97/thn. Kadar eksploitasi (E)
adalah pada 0.71. Berdasarkan kepada kadar eksploitasi semasa (E = 0.70), spirlin
Caspian telah ditangkap secara berlebihan di sungai Kesselian.
© COPYRIG
HT UPM
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I will always remember all the people who have played significant role in the
realization of my degree. I would like to express my deepest gratitude and
appreciation to my supervisor Professor Dr. Aziz Arshad for his guidance, and
assistance during this study. Also, my sincere thanks to my committee members
Assoc.Professor Dr. Siti Khalijah Daud, Professor Dr. Siti Shapor Siraj, Professor
Dr. Bahram Hasanzadeh Kiabi and Professor Dr. Hamid Reza Esmaeili for all the
advices they have given towards the completion of my study.
I extend my thanks to Dr. S. M. Nurul Amin, Mrs. Faezeh Yazdani, Moghadam, Dr.
Asghar Abdoli, Gholamreza Amiri, Kiavoosh Gholzarian, Narges Fardad, Narges
Nazari, Shiva Mirali for their assistance.
Lastly, my special thanks to my husband and family for their encouragement,
supports, patience, understanding, faith and inspiration given to me during the period
of my study in Malaysia. Without their assistance I would have difficulties
conducting the experiments.
© COPYRIG
HT UPM
x
I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on 10 February 2012 to
conduct the final examination of Mahvash Seifali on her Doctor of Philosophy thesis
entitled “POPULATION BIOLOGY OF Alburnoides JEITTELES 1861
(ACTINOPTERYGII: CYPRINIDAE) IN IRAN” in accordance with the
Universities Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Act 1971 and Universiti Putra
Malaysia [P. U. (A) 106] 15 March 1998. The committee recommends that the
student be awarded the Doctor of Philosophy.
Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows:
Muta Harah Zakaria, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Annie Christianus, PhD
Senior lecture
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner)
Mazlan Abd Ghaffar, PhD
Professor
Faculty of Science and Technology
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
(Internal Examiner)
Mirosław Przybylski, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of biology
Universiti of Lodz, Banacha Poland
(External Examiner)
SEOW HENG FONG, PhD
Professor and Deputy Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date:
© COPYRIG
HT UPM
xi
This thesis is submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been
accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
The members of the supervisory Committee were as follows:
Aziz Arshad, PhD
Professor
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Siti Shapor Siraj, PhD
Professor
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
Siti Khalijah Daud, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Science
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
Bahram Hasanzadeh Kiabi, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Biological science
Universiti Shahid Beheshti Teharn Iran
(Member)
Hamid Reaza Esmaeili, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Science
University Shiraz Iran
(Member)
BUJANG BIN KIM HUAT, PhD
Professor and Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date:
© COPYRIG
HT UPM
xii
DECLARATION
I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotations and citations which
have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously and is
not concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or other
institutions.
MAHVASH
SEIFALI
Date: 10 February
2012
© COPYRIG
HT UPM
xiii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
DEDICATION ii
ABSTRACT iii
ABSTRAK vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ix
APPROVAL xi
DECLARATION xii
LIST OF TABLES xvi
LIST OF FIGURES xix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxiv
CHAPTER
1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problems 3
1.3 Objectives of the Study 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6 2.1 External Morphology 6
2.2 Taxonomy 7
2.2.1 Key to Alburnoides species 10
2.2.2 Genus of Alburnoides Jeitteles, 1861 11
2.2.3 Alburnoides bipunctatus (Bloch, 1782) 14
2.2.4 Alburnoides eichwaldii De Filippii, 1863 15
2.2.5 Alburnoides idignensis Bogutskaya and Coad, 2009 16
2.2.6 Alburnoides namaki Bogutskaya and Coad, 2009 18
2.2.7 Alburnoides nicolausi Bogutskaya and Coad, 2009 19
2.2.8 Alburnoides petrubanarescui Bogutskaya and Coad, 2009 20
2.2.9 Alburnoides qanati Coad and Bogutskaya, 2009 22
2.2.10 Alburnoides taeniatus (Kessler, 1874) 23
2.3 Economic Importance 23
2.4 Conservation 24
2.5 Food and Feeding Habits 24
2.6 Geographic Distribution 25
2.7 Habitat 26
2.8 Reproductive Character 27
© COPYRIG
HT UPM
xiv
2.8.1 Reproduction in natural conditions 27
2.8.2 Reproduction in laboratory conditions 28
2.9 Spawning and Fertilization 28
2.10 Egg and Fecundity 29
2.11 Length-Weight Relationships 30
2.12 Population Dynamics 30
2.13 Parasites and Predators 31
MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION AMONG GENUS OF Alburnoides
JEITTELES, 1861 (TELEOSTEI: CYPRINIDAE) IN IRAN 32 3.1 Introduction 32
3.2 Material and Methods 35
3.2.1 Traditional morphometric 35
3.2.2 Truss methods 40
3.2.3 Geometric morphometric 42
3.3 Results 45
3.3.1 Traditional morphometric 45
3.3.2 Meristics 52
3.3.3 Truss method 57
3.3.4 Geometric morphometric 63
3.4 Disscussion 67
3.5 Conclusions 73
4 FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS OF SPIRLIIN Alburnoides SP
(ACTINOPTERYGII: CYPRINIDAE) IN THE KESSELIAN
STREAM FROM SOUTH CASPIAN SEA BASIN IN IRAN 74 4.1 Introduction 74
4.2 Methodology 76
4.2.1 Study Area 76
4.2.2 Stomach examination 78
4.2.3 Stomach content analysis 78
4.3 Results 80
4.4 Discussion 92
4.5 Conclusions 97
5 SOME ASPECTS OF REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF SOUTH CASPIAN
SPIRLIN (ACTINOPTERYGII: CYPRINIDAE) IN THE KESSELIAN
STREAM FROM NORTH OF IRAN 98 5.1 Introduction 98
5.2 Methodology 100
5.2.1 Sample collection and preparation 100
5.2.2 Sex ratio 100
5.2.3 Ova diameter and maturity stages 101
5.2.4 Spawning season 102
5.2.5 Fecundity 103
5.2.6 Histological Studies 104
5.3 Results 105
5.3.1 Sex ratio 105
5.3.2 Ovarian maturity stages 107
5.3.3 Spawning season 117
5.3.4 Length at first maturity 121
© COPYRIG
HT UPM
xv
5.3.5 Fecundity 122
5.4 Discussion 125
5.5 Conclusions 130
6 GROWTH, MORTALITY AND POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF
SPIRLIN Alburnoides SP (ACTINOPTERYGII: CYPRINIDAE) IN THE
KESSELIAN STREAM FROM SOUTH CASPIAN SEA BASIN IN IRAN 132 6.1 Introduction 132
6.2 Materials and Methods 134
6.2.1 Study Area and Sampling 134
6.2.2 Laboratory Measurement 135
6.2.3 Length-Weight Relationship 135
6.2.4 Size Frequency Distribution 135
6.2.5 Growth Parameters 136
6.2.6 Mortality parameters 136
6.2.7 Recruitment Pattern 137
6.2.8 Relative Yield and Biomass per Recruit 137
6.2.9 Virtual Population Analysis (VPA) 137
6.3 Results 138
6.3.1 Length Weight Relationships 138
6.3.2 Size Frequency Distribution 139
6.3.3 Growth parameters 140
6.3.4 Age and Growth 143
6.3.5 Mortality and Exploitation 145
6.3.6 Recruitment Pattern 147
6.3.7 Relative Yield per Recruit and Biomass per Recruit 147
6.3.8 Virtual Population Analysis (VPA) 148
6.4 Discussion 150
6.5 Conclusions 152
7 GENERAL DISCUSSION, AND CONCLUSION 153 7.1 General Discussion 153
7.2 Conclusions 162
7.3 Recommendations 163
REFERENCES
165
BIODATA OF STUDENT 183
top related