Macromolecules. Composed of long chains of smaller molecules Macromolecules are formed through the process of _____________. Polymerization= large compounds.
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Macromolecules
MacromoleculesComposed of long chains of smaller molecules
Macromolecules are formed through the process of _____________ .
Polymerization= large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together
Small units (_____________) form larger units (______________)
There are four groups of organic compounds found in living things…
4 organic compounds in living things:1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids
Dehydration Reactions
• “AKA” condensation reaction
Dehydrate= lose water
Synthesis= to join or make
Monomers combined &
H2O released
Hydrolysis
• Form of digestion • Hydrate= to water • ysis = process of
With the breaking of bonds, water molecules are
added to each smaller molecule
Let’s Review
• Draw a hydrogen bond.• What are the smaller pieces of macromolecules called?
The bigger pieces?• How do macromolecules combine? Break apart?
1. Carbohydrates
• AKA: sugars or carbs
• Monomer: Monosaccharide• Polymer: Disaccharide• Elements: The ratio is 1:2:1 C:H:O
• Examples: • Monosaccharide: Glucose, Frutose, Galactose
Disaccharide: Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose, Glycogen, Amylose, Cellulose
• Special Info: • 1. Organisms use carbs as a primary source of
fuel/energy
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
= “giant” sugar made from the combination of 3 or more monosaccharides • “AKA” starches
• Large insoluble molecules that cannot diffuse in/out
of cell
Special Information: long –term energy storage or structural support
Animal Starch
Glycogen= storage starch for an organisms supply of glucose • Animals can store a one –day supply of glycogen in
the liver and muscles Chitin= starch that forms the exoskeleton of arthropods and insects AND also cell walls of various fungi
Plant Starch
• Amylose= surplus glucose storage in chloroplasts
• Cellulose = structural glucose that forms the
cell wall in plant cells
2. Proteins
• Monomer: Amino Acids• Polymer: Protein (polypeptide bond)• Elements: C, H, O, N
Examples: Actin and myosin (muscle function)
Special Info: Controls rate of reactions and cell processesUsed in the protective skin and muscle tissue of animals Also function in structure, hormones, transportation, and enzymes
Amino Acids
• Building blocks for proteins • Small molecules that can easily diffuse in/ out of the
cell • Integral to the formation and copying of DNA
20 different amino acids are divided into two categories 1. Essential = must be ingested (9) 2. Non-Essential = can be produced in the body
R Group: Distinguishes one amino acid from another
Carboxyl Group, C=OOHAmino Group NH2
Peptides
• During the dehydration synthesis of two monomers, a peptide bond forms
• Peptide bond = a covalent bond that links amino acids together to create proteins.
• Polypeptide bond= bonding together of numerous
amino acids
Proteins are composed of polypeptides in various bond structures (primary, secondary. tertiary, quaternary)
Proteins can be denatured as they act as enzymes
3. Lipids
• “AKA” fats • Monomer: fatty acid and glycerol• Elements: C, H, O• They are not polymers
• Examples: Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Waxes
• Special Information: Used to store energy, Important part of biological membranes and waterproof coverings
Fat StructureGlycerol consists of a 3 -carbon skeleton with a
hydroxyl group attached Fatty acid consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton, often 16 to 18 carbons long Joined through dehydration synthesis
Saturated vs Unsaturated
Saturated: "Bad" fat (butter)Solid at Room Temp
Unsaturated:"Good Fat" (oils)Liquid at room temp
Phospholipids
• Make up the phospholipid bilayer
• Polar hydrophilic head
• Nonpolar hydrophobic tails
• “Like dissolves like”
4. Nucleic Acids
Monomer: Nucleotides = 5-C sugar combined with a phosphate group and nitrogenous base
Elements: C, H, O, N, P
Special Info: Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic info
Examples: 1. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
2. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Conclusion Questions
• How many atoms can bond with C, H, O, and H?
• Where are the hydrogen bonds?
• What is a lipid made up of?
• What is the purpose of an R group?
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