Transcript
Literature Review in Business Research
Prof. Appalayya Meesala
Many young researchers expect their research report to beaccepted by evaluators, failing to understand the importance ofliterature review which is the foundation and integral to theresearch one undertakes. The hawkish eyes of the evaluators firstfall on the literature review which is Achilles’ heel of many researchers.Worst of all, researchers of some ilk are completely clueless ofwhat constitutes research. Sadly, some researchers still thinkthat literature review is just a formality; some of them thinkthat doing a survey is research; and some others think thatwriting a voluminous book is research. This essay is an attemptto wean the researchers away from erroneous ways and theirmisconceptions about research and put them on the right track.
This essay attempts to first explain critical terms - research,relationships and theories -whose understanding is essential toembarking on a meaningful research. It will be followed by adiscussion on the important dimensions of business research -relationships among variables, features of a phenomenon, anddifferent forms of a phenomenon.
Importantly, a detailed discussion on the meaning and thepurposes of a literature review will be presented. It will befollowed by some suggestions on how to start off on a literaturereview. Since how to structure the contents of a literaturereview is most baffling, a detailed framework will be given. Itwill be followed by an overview of what is a critical evaluationof literature.
Referencing formats like APA, MLA and CMS are explained withillustrations. At the end, how MS word can be used to make in-
text citations and reference lists according to a chosen formatwill be explained.
Literature and Literature Review
Literature and literature review are the most confusing and
misunderstood terms of business researchers in the developing
countries. If these terms are not properly understood by the
researchers of a nation, the quality of literature that comes
from it will be less acceptable to the international research
community as reflected in the negligible number of research
articles published in reputed international journals.
Literature, in simple terms, means the existing body of knowledge
on a chosen topic. The meaning of literature in the context of
business research is different from that of a language. Language
literature is the wide array of creative works. Contrarily,
literature that relates to research in social sciences, of which
is business is one, is the research already done and documented.
Such documented research findings are also referred to as ‘body
of knowledge’. A research finding becomes either a new theory or
leads to a modification of an existing theory. Body of knowledge
means all the theories that were put forward by the scholars
based on evidence. It is needless to say that research results in
the advancing of a new theory or modification of an existing
theory. That way, research adds to literature by uncovering new
knowledge through investigation. Since theories make the core of
literature or its review, a brief explanation of what constitutes
a theory is apt here.
Relationships and Theories
A theory has primarily three dimensions (aspects): (a) a
relationship between different factors or (b) features of a
phenomenon or (c) different forms of a phenomenon. A brief
discussion on these three different dimensions is given here.
What is a ‘relationship between different factors’? Research
establishes (or proves) the relationship between different
factors. Before research, a relationship or no relationship is
assumed (or suspected) between the factors. Statisticians call
this assumption (or suspicion) ‘a hypothesis’. There will be some
more discussion on ‘hypothesis’ later. Factors are the business
phenomena. These factors are also called, ‘constructs’. In simple
terms, they are either concepts or ideas or situations. The
examples for constructs (factors) include job satisfaction,
employee engagement, employee productivity, innovativeness of the
product, brand equity, decisive mind, entrepreneurial trait,
sales, production units, material wasted in units etc. Among the
aforementioned phenomena, some constructs like sales or
production or material wasted etc. are in measured units. There
are other phenomena like employee engagement or job satisfaction
which are not in measured units. They have to be measured using a
scale or a measure. A scale or a measure is a set of statements
each representing a different dimension of the construct
(phenomenon). Each statement is called an ‘item’. The reliability
and validity of this scale or measure has to be established
before it is used for survey.
Three Dimensions of Business Research
An example for a suspected or assumed relationship is the one
(relationship) between job satisfaction and employee
productivity. This is only an example; don’t ever attempt to do
research about this suspected relationship since enough research
was already on this. The hypothesis (assumed relationship) reads
as follows: there is a relationship between job satisfaction and
employee productivity. To investigate this, data from employees
is collected, using a survey instrument (questionnaire)
consisting of sets of statements ( scales/measures) relating to
these two constructs. Such data is put to statistical tools like
correlation or regression or anova or t-test or chi-square tests.
The results of the test prove or disprove the assumed
relationship.
The second aspect of research relates to understanding different
features of a phenomenon. For example, job satisfaction is
composed of several sub-dimensions like satisfaction from salary,
warm relations with peers, superiors and subordinates, promotion
opportunities, benefits, distinct job role and so on. The
researcher has to establish that the construct has those
components (or features). Regression analysis or factor analysis
are used to determine the features of a construct. More
importantly, relationship of each of the contributing factors
(also called ‘independent’ or ‘indicator’ or ‘predictor’
variables) to the phenomenon should be quantified so that the
relative importance of each of the features of the phenomenon is
established.
The third aspect of research relates to understanding the
different forms of a phenomenon. For example, service quality
(SERVQUAL) and performance quality of performance (SERVPERF) are
two different forms of measuring service quality. Those seemingly
similar forms have to be distinguished. As we all know, SERVQUAL
reflects only the resources that have the potential for delivery
of a good service while SERVPERF is the net outcome that results
from those resources which were put to best use. Another example
is distinction between work engagement and employee engagement.
Employee engagement is about dedication of an employee to a job
while work engagement is to what extent the work engages an
employee so that he is motivated with a high enthusiasm.
After giving a reasonable understanding of meaning of research
with the help of the foregoing discussion, a discussion on the
meaning of literature review and its purposes is presented as
follows.
Meaning of Literature Review
In the words of Hart (1998), literature review is all about
collection and presentation of information, ideas, data, and
evidence from the selected documents, be they published or
unpublished, on a chosen topic from a particular standpoint to
express certain views on the nature of the topic and how it is to
be investigated; they have to be evaluated as to how they are
related to the proposed research.
According to APA Manual ( 2010, p.10), “authors of literature
reviews evaluate a body of literature by identifying relations,
contradictions, gaps, and inconsistencies in the literature and
by suggesting the next step needed to solve the research
problem.”
Review is not a formality; it is the foundation of research. In
fact, literature review commands more attention from the
researcher than any other activity of research. A wishy-washy
review will make the entire exercise futile. It sometimes happens
that, after all the research was done, one wakes up to find that
research on similar lines was already done. The thesis examiners
or article reviewers do instantly reject the work with candor!
The literature review of a researcher first establishes what he
knows about the topic; a researcher without adequate
understanding of the literature is not expected to perform a
significant research contribution ( Boote & Beile, 2005).
According to Mullins & Kiley ( 2002), a poorly written literature
review will give indications to the reviewers that the rest of
the dissertation will invariably have problems, and so critically
look at the data collection methods, analysis, and conclusions.
With a few modifications the process that applies to primary
research applies to literature review too; an apt alternative
term for literature review is secondary research (Randolph,
2009).
The American Education Research Association (Cited in Randolph,
2009) gives an idea about how and why a new research should be
done.
Firstly, the research should contribute a new line of thinking to
an established theory or empirical research; the new contribution
should either elaborate or enrich the existing theory or validate
the it in a new context. There should be enough evidence pointing
to the new theory, why it is needed and where it is applicable.
Secondly, the research finding can address practical concerns if
there are important; the research should justify how the new
research can resolve the practical issues. Thirdly, the research
may intend to provide new information or insights about a problem
or an issue; if it is so, the research should clarify what
information is lacking, why it is important, and this new
research will bring out new information on certain obscure
dimensions, or new insights about a problem.
Purposes of a Literature Review
Hart (1998) has enumerated the purposes of literature review.
(a) Understanding the gap in research- what was done and
what has to be done;
(b) Identifying the most important variables relating to
the topic- variables are those phenomenon that potentially
impact an issue;
(c) Synthesizing the research- bringing together different
aspects of research relating to the same issue so that a new
line of thought can be discovered;
(d) Understanding the relationship between ideas and
practices;
(e) Creating the context for the topic or problem;
(f) Highlighting the significance of the problem;
(g) Acquiring subject-related knowledge;
(h) Understanding the structure of the subject;
(i) Identifying the main and appropriate research
techniques;
(j) Tracing the history of the subject’s development up
till the current stage.
To get more clarity on the purpose of literature review and get
guided on this exercise, asking oneself of certain questions is
more apt. Those questions include:
1. What all does the researcher know about the topic?
2. What are the theories that were already proposed on the
topic?
3. What are important variables or constructs in the theories?
4. What are the inconsistencies and shortcomings of existing
theories?
5. Which aspect of a given theory requires further testing
because of its inadequacy?
6. Which methods or designs are defective or faulty?
7. Why should a researcher study this further?
8. What contributions will the researcher make as an outcome of
his research?
How to Start Off On a Literature Review
Beginning is half done. But, how should one start a literature
review activity? Charles Sturt University ( 2008) advises the
scholars that: (1) a general topic or issue or an area of concern
has to be identified to create an appropriate context; (2) the
review should point out the major trends in what has been
published about the topic ( theories), or conflicts in the
theory, or gaps in research; or the review should take up a
single problem or introduce a new perspective of immediate
interest; (3) the researcher should present his point of view for
reviewing the literature and explain (a)the criteria to compare
the literature, (b) structure of the review ( order), and (c)
reason for not including certain other literature.
Research Articles Should Be Sorted
All the research studies that are going to be reviewed should be
appropriately grouped; in the absence of such grouping, the text
would lack the direction and the reader will be left confused,
tired and annoyed. The bases of grouping can be type of
literature (articles or case studies), type of research
(quantitative or qualitative), specific purposes of researches,
chronology (recent or old). Each article has to be summarized but
with as much detail as they each deserve. It is needless to say
that the amount of space used for a particular article is an
indicator of its significance.
It is very important to see that the reader is properly guided
through text with the proper heads, topic sentences, and
introductory and transitional phrases. This is most easily done
when the review itself is guided by certain questions that it is
going to answer. Simple stated, like primary research has certain
questions to answer, literature review too should answer certain
questions as illustrated before. These questions give focus and
structure to the review.
While searching for the literature, one stumbles on a raft of
literature and gets confused about what to select and what to let
go. An innocent scholar may waste a lot of time and energy on
less useful literature and that way, crowd the review document
with unwanted material. RMIT university has suggested three tests
for selecting the literature. (1) Relevance: The material should
help him develop the main concepts or clarify his stand, or
provide models for his design. (2) Authority: The material should
have been written by a veteran and the publisher should be one of
repute; the material should have been properly reviewed by noted
scholars before publication. (3) Currency: The material should
not be outdated and should be in use at present.
Structure of a Literature Review
University of New South Wales (UNSW) has very succinctly
delineated the possible structures of literature review.
According to it, the literature review can primarily be
structured in four different ways: (1) tracing of the evolution
of a topic or theory; (2) an outline of benchmark studies (or
theories or articles); (3) slightly different but related themes;
(4) broader theories and their specific and localized
applications. A brief overview of the each of those structures is
as follows.
(1) Evolution of a topic or a theory: The review traces how
a particular theory or topic has first emerged and gradually
grown to the current stage. This is based on chronology. In
other words, it is tracing of history of a theory. To
illustrate, service quality was first measured with
SERVQUAL; this was followed by SERVPERF which focuses on
actual performance unlike the former which measures only the
potential but not actual delivery. In parallel or as
sequels, separate industry specific versions of SERVQUAL for
sectors like healthcare, hospitality, retailing etc. have
also been proposed.
(2) Benchmark Studies: According to this method, an attempt
is made to give an overview of certain important studies
which have been appreciated or criticized by the
contemporary scholars. For example, employee productivity
theories were advanced, but, sooner or later, followed by
employee engagement theories. But these theories are now
being followed by employer or work engagement theories.
Literature review captures all the significant studies that
were made on these closely related topics.
(3) Theme-based presentation: Different themes or topics of
a theory or a view. For example, various determinants or
components of job satisfaction are touched upon. This way,
all the knowledge or insights are arranged in an order that
facilitates the understanding of the theory by the reader;
with this, the context of the proposed research is brought
home to the readers.
(4) Broader theories to specific theories: First of all a
broad view of the theory is presented to be followed by the
localized versions of it. It is an inverted pyramid approach
in that broad views give way to industry-specific or
location-specific theories.
Critical examination of literature
The researcher should critically examine the current literature.
This points out its strengths, weaknesses, gaps (omissions) and,
such examination and their discussion justifies the research
being undertaken by the reviewer. In other words, the research
question is put amidst popular theories and views with a mention
of their omissions. This is what I often refer to as
‘contextualizing’. The popular term for that is ‘justification’.
There are four important dimensions of this review exercise.
First, others’ views (popular theories or studies) are presented.
Second, the limitations of the others’ views (popular theories or
studies) are pointed out. Third, researcher’s views are put
forward. Last, the justification for his research is presented.
The guidelines of University of Washington (2010) say that giving
a detailed description of each study or theory is easy, but
evaluating the works of distinguished researchers is difficult
since it requires thought and assuming of some risk too.
A couple of guidelines of University of Washington are so apt
that they deserve a brief of mention of them here. (1) Start off
with a research question (broad area), progressively narrow it
down , and finally state the specific lines of research which the
researcher will be discussing. (2) Describe each article and then
compare them to show how they are different. The possible bases
of comparison include: (a)research assumptions, (b)research
theories tested, (c)hypotheses stated, (d)research designs used,
(e)variables selected (independent and dependent), (f)tools used,
(g)results obtained, (h) interpretation of results, and
( i )researcher’s speculations about future studies. Despite so
many bases of comparison available, only relevant ones have to be
used.
Cooper, H.M. (1988) has succinctly captured the essence of
literature review by proposing what the components and the
principles of literature review should be on important dimensions
like focus, goal and organization of a literature review.
According to his taxonomy of literature review, focus should be
on (a) research outcomes, (b) research methods, (c) theories, and
(d) practices and applications, while goals should be (a)
integration, (b) criticism and (c) identification of central
issues; integration refers to (a) generalization, ( b )conflict
resolution and ( c ) linguistic bridge building. The structure or
organization of literature review should be on either historical
milestones or conceptual or methodological bases. Further,
according to him, the perspective of literature review can be a
neutral representation or an espousal of a position.
In a nutshell, literature review captures the theories, their
evolution, methodologies used, their flaws, and need for a fresh
investigation about an issue. While describing the theories or
the methodologies used, the researcher has to cite the sources of
information, primarily to give authenticity to his work, and give
the credit to the authors that produced the work. A detailed
discussion on citing of sources is presented in the following
sections.
Why to Cite Sources?
The credibility of a researcher’s work depends heavily on the
sources, particularly the credible ones, he has drawn on. The
researcher has to establish that his work is a logical sequel to
the work of other scholars. He has to build his argument with the
help of carefully chosen and logically presented sources.
Further, any research output is just as much respected as it is
contextualized. Simply stated, one has to delineate the context
of research. A systematic presentation and discussion of previous
works makes up the context that will be appreciated by the
scholars. It bears repetition to say that context not only gives
a proper frame of mind to the reader but latter is also convinced
about the need for research.
The goals of citing sources in a research report are, primarily,
fourfold. (1) A context for proposed research has to be
portrayed; (2) the readers have to be convinced that the
researcher has reviewed relevant previous research enough; (3)
his arguments and justification for the proposed research are
well founded; and (4) the researcher does not intend to
plagiarize and so is willing to acknowledge the sources of ideas
honestly.
How to Cite Sources?
Sources that can be cited in a research report are numerous. The
most popular sources are journal articles, books, newspaper
articles, films, company reports, research theses and reports,
interviews, websites, encyclopedias, and dictionaries.
A well-written research report is crowded with citations. Such
citing or quoting is also referred to as ‘referencing’ and such
citations as ‘references’. All these citations have to be
properly listed. These lists help the reader in rereading the
sources for a detailed review any number of times in future. Each
reference, an item in the list, should give full details of the
source, like authors’ names, year of publication, title of
article, name of the journal, volume and issue numbers of the
journal, page numbers of the journal in which this article can be
found, name of the publisher, and city from where the book is
published etc. More importantly, each reference in the list
should follow a uniform pattern in giving these source details
and punctuation marks as well. It is needless to say that these
patterns, also known as ‘referencing formats’, ‘referencing
styles’, and ‘academic formats’ prescribe for each referred
source, what details ( authors’ names, year of publication etc.)
have to be given and in what order, what punctuation marks have
to be used, and also which words should be italicized.
Referencing Formats
There are different referencing formats such as APA (American
Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association),
Chicago/CMS( Chicago Manual of Style) etc. each being followed
exclusively by researchers of a particular field. For example,
business and social science researchers follow APA style while
literature researchers use MLA style and scientific researchers
work with Chicago Manual of Style. Each of these styles will be
described in detail in the chapter.
What is an in-text citation?
An important feature of this referencing practice is that each
instance of referencing happens in two stages, and so has two
parts. The first part is mentioned in the text itself and the
second part mentioned with full details in reference list. The
first part is called, ‘in-text citation’ which is just a brief
mention of the source. It is also referred to as ‘parenthetical
citation’. The in-text citation, being a part of the text, does
not give full details of source except two or three. Authors’
names, and the year of publication (and sometimes page numbers
are also mentioned in case of specific quote reproduced as it is)
are only given as in-text citation.
Some examples for in-text citations include the following.
Meesala (2011) reported a relation between engagement andtenure.
The studies made in Indian industry established a clearrelation between engagement and tenure ( Meesala, 2011).
“The interest in engagement is, in fact, rooted in its criticality in making an organization effective” ( Meesala, 2011, p. 157).
The full details of the source are given in the reference list.
References List is variously called as ‘Works Cited’, ‘List of
References’ and ‘Bibliography’.
What is most important is that there should be a correspondence
between in-text citation and reference list. It means that what
is mentioned in the reference list is first given as an in-text
citation, and what is given as in-text citation should find its
place with full details in the reference list. As mentioned
before, the in-text citations, and the details and their order,
in reference list have a pattern religiously specific to the
chosen style. The pattern should be followed strictly uniformly
and the author should not deviate from it.
And, mind you, the MBA students in this part of the world don’t
adhere to a particular style. It is a bad example for us to never
follow. Reports or articles which don’t follow a particular
pattern are not accepted by thesis evaluators or journals as the
case may be.
Academic styles prescribe many things like size of the paper,
table numbers, line spacing, font size, and type face etc. But
this chapter restricts its job to in-text citation and reference
list only.
A discussion on each of the referencing styles is presented in
the following. Although there are several styles and, also minor
variations in each style, only three dominant styles, namely,
APA, MLA, and CMS styles are taken up for discussion here. (A note
of caution: These examples are taken from websites of academic
format organizations. Secondly, the format slightly changes from
institution to institution; importantly, the format suggested
here is only indicative, but not prescriptive)
American Psychological Association (APA) Referencing Format
In-text citation: The authors’ last name and year of publication
(Author- Date System) should appear in the in-text citation. If a
direct quote is reproduced, page number of the article also
should be given after the year of publication. Commas should be
used to separate authors’ last name, year of publication, and
page numbers. The examples are: (a) (Meesala, 2011); (b)
(Meesala, 2011, p.157). If more than one reference has to be
given for the same note, semicolon has to be used to separate
different references. The different elements, their order and
their punctuation marks of APA style are given in the following.
Journal Article printed: Authors’ last names and initials
for first and middle names, full stop, year of publication
within parentheses, full stop, name of the article in
sentence case, full stop, name of the journal italicized and
each word capitalized, comma, volume number followed by
issue number in parentheses, starting page number and ending
page number separated by dash, and full stop. An example is
given below.
Rowan, B. (1994). Comparing teachers' work with work with other
occupations: Notes on the professional status of teaching.
Educational Researcher , 23 (67), 4-21.
Textbook printed: Authors’ last names and initials for first
and middle names, full stop, year of publication within
parentheses, full stop, title of the textbook in italics,
full stop, place of publication, colon, name of the
publisher, and full stop. See the example given below.
Koontz, H., & Weihrich, H. (2005). Essentials of Management-An International Perspective. New Delhi: Tata Mcgraw-Hill Publishing Company.
Edited Book printed: Authors’ last names and initials forfirst and middle names, full stop, year of publicationwithin parentheses, full stop, name of the article insentence case, full stop, ‘In’, editors’ family names andinitials of first and middle names, ‘EDs’ in parentheses,
comma, title of the book in sentence case and italicized,with parentheses ‘pp.’ starting and ending page numbers,full stop, place of publication, colon, name of thepublisher, and full stop.
Meesala, A.. (2005). Strategic Corporate Philanthropy: A New Business Model of ITC. In Dr. Balvinder Shukla & Dr. Sanjeev Prashar (Eds.), Management Case Studies (pp. 208-16). New Delhi: Amity University Press.
Website without author details: Title of the website in italics, full stop, year or year with month and date ( of webpage created) in parentheses, full stop, ‘Retrieved’ month, date, comma, year, comma, ‘from, URL ( no punctuationmark).
Rectal Cancer: National Foundation for Cancer Research.(2014). Retrieved September 27, 2014, from http://www.nfcr.org/rectal-cancer?gclid=COXixtvPgcECFVgNjgodUJ8ARg
Website with author details: Authors’ last names andinitials for first and middle names, full stop, year ofpublication (of webpage created) within parentheses, fullstop, title of the webpage in italics, full stop,‘Retrieved’ month, date, comma, year ( date of accessing thewebsite), comma, ‘from, title of the webpage in title case,colon, URL ( no punctuation mark).
Dr.Appalayya, M. (2011, September 28). How to Do Research for Award of Ph.D. in Management Studies. Retrieved September 27, 2014, from: Ezinearticles.com:http://ezinearticles.com/?How-to-Do-Research-for-the-Award-of-a-PhD-Degree-in-Management-Studies?&id=6590746
Modern Language Association (MLA) Referencing Format
This is widely used in writing on language and literature.
In-text Citation: The author’s family name, followed by page
number(s) are mentioned but with no punctuation mark in between.
Some examples include: ( a) (Meesala 165); ( b ) (Meesala 165-
179); ( c ) (Meesala & Harpanahalli 165-179).
Journal Article printed: First name ( last name), comma, family
name, full stop, title of the article in title case and in double
quote marks, name of the journal in title case and italics,
volume number, full stop, issue number, and year of publication
within parentheses, colon, starting and ending page numbers, full
stop, Print, and Full stop.
Meesala, A., and Vani, H. "The Impact of Best HR Practices
and Employee Engagement on Career Success: A Discriminant
Analysis" Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management 7.1 (January
2014): 5-14. Print.
Text book printed: First name ( last name), comma, family name,
full stop, title of the book in title case in italics, full stop,
place of publication, colon, name of the publisher, comma, year
of publication, full stop, and Print.
Carver, R.H., and Nash, J.G. Doing Data Analysis with SPSS. New Delhi: Cengage Learning, 2006. Print.
Edited Book printed: Name. Title of the chapter or article in
title case and full stop and within double quotes, title of the
journal in italics, full stop, Ed, full stop, name of the author,
full stop, place of publication, colon, place of publication,
comma, year of publication, full stop, page numbers, Print, and
full stop.
Appalayya, M. "Strategic Corporate Philanthropy: A New Business Model of ITC." Management Case Studies. Ed. Dr. Balvinder Shukla & Dr. Sanjeev Prashar.
New Delhi: Amity University Press, 2005. 208-16. Print.
Website without author details: The page title within double
quotation marks, full stop within quotes , name of the website in
italics, full stop, website version, date, full stop, Web, full
stop, date accessed, and full stop.
"Irritable Bowel Syndrome(IBS)." http://ezinearticles.com/?How-to-Do-
Research-for-the-Award-of-a-PhD-Degree-in-Management-Studies?&id=6590746.
Grocare India, 21 Jan. 2014. Web. 27 Sep. 2014.
Website with author details: Name of the author (last name or
first name), full stop, page title within double quotation marks,
full stop within quotes , name of the website in italics, full
stop, website version, date, full stop, Web, full stop, date
accessed, and full stop.
Hyman, M. "Five Simple Steps to Cure IBS."
http://drhyman.com/blog/2010/09/16/5-simple-steps-to-cure-ibs-without-drugs/#close.
Dr. Mark Hyman, 30 Jan. 2014. Web. 27 Sep. 2014.
Chicago Manual of Style (CMS or Chicago) Referencing Format
Chicago Manual of Style ( CMS), also called ‘Chicago style’,
consists of two variants, one for humanities, and the other for
physical, natural, and social sciences. The style for humanities
is also called ‘Note-Bibliography’ style and that for sciences
called ‘author-date’ style.
In the note-bibliography style, a superscript number ( for
example, 1 or 2 has to be put at the end of the specific passage
which is referred to. This is equivalent to in-text citation of
other styles which were discussed in the foregoing text. Another
extra feature of this style is giving a long or short note at the
end of the paper or at the bottom of the page with the
superscript number cited again. This long or short note may
contain several or fewer details. That apart, an entry with full
details of the reference has to be included in the ‘Bibliography’
arranged in alphabetical order at the end of the paper. The
examples for note-bibliography are given below followed by those
for author-date style.
Journal article printed: For long note- Superscript, authors’
names, comma, title of article in quotes, comma, name of the
journal in title case and italics followed by edition number,
year of publication in parenthesis, colon, starting and ending
page numbers separated by a hyphen, and full stop.
For short note: Superscript, authors’ family names, last couple
of words in the title of the article within double quotes, comma,
starting and ending page numbers, and full stop.
Bibliography: Authors’ names, full stop, title of the article
with all words capitalized with double quotes and with full stop
within quotes, title of the journal with words capitalized and
italicized, volume number, no, full stop, issue number, year of
publication in parentheses, colon, starting and ending page
numbers. The examples are given below.
Long note: 1. Meesala, Appalayya. "Job Satisfaction Determinants in AP State Public Sector Undertakings," Gitam Journal of Management 9 no.4 (2011): 243.
Short Note: 2. Meesala, "Job Satisfaction Determinants," 243–51.
Bibliography: Meesala, Appalayya. " Job Satisfaction Determinantsin AP State Public Sector Undertakings." Gitam Journal of Management9 no. 4 (2011): 243–51.
Book printed: For long note: Superscript, full stop, authors’
names, title of the book in title case and italicized followed by
place of publication, colon, name of the publisher, comma, year
of publication with all three elements written within
parentheses, comma, starting and ending page numbers.
For short note: Superscript, full stop, family names of authors,
first two words of title of the book, page numbers, full stop.
Bibliography: Names of the authors, full stop, title of the book,
full stop, place of publication, name of the publisher, comma,
starting and ending page numbers, and full stop.
The examples are given below.
Long note: 1. Gary Dessler, Human Resource Management (New Delhi: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006), 295–310.
Short Note: 2. Dessler, Human Resource Management, 295.
Bibliography: Dessler, Gary. Human Resource Management. New Delhi:Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006.
Website with no authors:
Long note: Superscript, title of the page within double quotes,
comma within double quotes, last modified, date, comma, URL, full
stop.
Short note: Superscript, title of the page within double quotes,
full stop within double quotes.
Bibliography: Authors’ names, title of the page within double
quotes and a full stop within double quotes, Last Modified Month,
day, comma, year, full stop, URL and full stop.
The following examples illustrate the elements of the style.
Long note: 1.“ Colorectal Cancer Symptoms,” Last modified March
11, 2014,
http://www.ccalliance.org/colorectal_cancer/symptoms.html.
Short note: 1. “ Colorectal Cancer Symptoms.”
Bibliography: “Colorectal Cancer Symptoms.” Last modified March
11, 2014.
http://www.ccalliance.org/colorectal_cancer/symptoms.html.
Website with authors:
Long note: Superscript, authors’ names, full stop, title of the
page within double quotes, comma within double quotes, last
modified, date, comma, URL, full stop.
Short note: Superscript, full stop, authors names, full stop,
title of the page within double quotes and full stop within
double quotes.
Bibliography: Authors’ names, full stop, title of the page with
double quotes and comma within double quotes, main title of web
site, comma, last modified, month, day, comma, year, comma, URL,
full stop.
The following examples show the use of the foregoing style.
Long note: 1. Hyman. M, “5 Simple Ways to Cure IBS Without
Drugs,” Dr. Mark Hyman Web, last modified August 2, 2014,
http://drhyman.com/blog/2010/09/16/5-simple-steps-to-cure-ibs-
without-drugs/.
Short note: 1. Hyman, “5 Simple Ways to Cure IBS.”
Bibliography: Hyman,M. “5 Simple Ways to Cure IBS Without Drugs,”
Dr. Mark Hyman Web, Last modified August 2, 2014,
http://drhyman.com/blog/2010/09/16/5-simple-steps-to-cure-ibs-
without-drugs/.
The author-date style: The variant of Chicago Manual of Style is
similar to APA in that it has in-text citation. No superscript
number is given. There will be no long or short notes.
In-text citation: Family name, year, comma, page number. The
examples are given below.
( a) (Weinstein 2009, 440); (b) (Pollan 2006, 99–100).
Journal Article in Print
Bibliography: Authors’ names, full stop, year of publication,
title of the article with all words in capitals within double
quotes and a full stop within double quotes, name of the journal
in title case and italicized, volume number, no. issue number,
colon, and starting and ending page numbers. An example is as
follows.
Meesala, A. 2005. “Challenges in B-School Education and
Strategies to Overcome Them.” Business Perspectives 7 no. 2:61–67.
Book
Bibliography: Authors’ names, full stop, title of the book in
italics with every word capitalized, full stop, place of
publication, colon, name of the publisher.
Dessler, Gary. 2006. Human Resource Management. New Delhi: Pearson
Prentice Hall.
Edited Book
Bibliography: Authors’ names, full stop, year, full stop, title
of the chapter followed by full stop and within double quotes,
‘In’, title of the book in italics, comma, ‘edited by’ editors’
names, comma, starting and ending page numbers, full stop, place
of publication, colon, place of publication.
Appalayya, M. 2005. "Strategic Corporate Philanthropy: A New
Business Model of ITC." In Management Case Studies, edited by Dr.
Balvinder Shukla & Dr. Sanjeev Prashar, 208-16. New Dlehi: Amity
University Press.
Website with no authors
Bibliography: Title of the page, full stop, year within
parentheses, full stop, name of the web page owners, “Accessed”
month, day, comma, year, and full stop. An example for this is
given below.
"Irritable Bowel Syndrome." (2013). Grocare India Official Site.
Accessed September 27, 2014. http://diagnose.grocare.com/?
page_id=92&gclid=COKGzY_dgcECFQ4mjgod0icA_g.
Webpage with authors
Bibliography:
Authors’ names, full stop, year of publication, full stop, title
of the page with a full stop and within double quotes, owner of
the website, full stop, “ Accessed” month, day, comma, year, and
full stop.
Hyman, Mark. 2011. "5 Simple Ways to Cure IBS Without Drugs."
National Dr. Mark Hyman. Accessed September 27, 2014.
http://drhyman.com/blog/2010/09/16/5-simple-steps-to-cure-ibs-
without-drugs/.
These styles are slightly modified by the universities. A slight
modification of CMS style is also called, ‘Turabian’ style while
a slight modification of APA style is called, ‘Harvard style’. A
chosen style should be consistently followed by the authors.
How to Use Microsoft (MS) Word for Making References List
In-text citations and reference lists can be made with Microsoft
Office Word also. A brief description of how one can use MS Word
is presented below.
After typing the relevant content from the source which has to be
referenced, the cursor has to be put either at the beginning of
the passage or end of it as it is deemed appropriate. This is
where the in-text citation will automatically appear as written
once the reference details are filled in the dialogue box.
First, click on ‘References’ ( in the main menu consisting of
Home, Insert, Page Layout, References, Mailings, Review, and
View, this is in the fifth place, preceded by ‘Page Layout’ and
followed by ‘Mailings’). ‘References’ again consists of six sub-
menus which are seen under main menu. The third sub-menu
comprises (1) Insert Citation, (2) Manage Sources, (3) Style
( default APA Fifth), and (4) Bibliography icons.
If one clicks on ‘Insert Citation’, one can see ‘Add New Source’.
If this is clicked, ‘New Source’ dialogue box will open. Before
that, one can choose a referencing ‘Style’ instead of ‘APA Fifth’
which is the default style; there are several choices like MLA,
Chicago, SISTO, Turabian etc.
From the top of the dialogue box, one has to choose an option
with regard to the type of source such as ‘Book’, ‘Journal
Article’, ‘Book Section’, Website etc. For example, if it is a
journal article, the relevant empty fields have to be filled.
Authors’ names have to be filled. If there are more than one
author, they have to be separated with a semicolon. Title of the
article, name of the journal, year of publication, and page
numbers (starting and ending numbers). Later, one has to click
‘Show All Bibliography Fields’ button. A new dialogue box will
appear. The most important fields of the new dialogue box relate
to volume and issue numbers. They have to be filled with
appropriate numbers. Later, OK has to be clicked. Then, one
immediately sees the ‘in-text citation.
Other entries also have to be made by first clicking ‘Insert
Citation’ and later, ‘Add New Source’ and filling the fields of
the dialogue box. After the document is finished, one has to
click on ‘Bibliography’. Again, from the two options –
Bibliography, Work Cited- one has to click an appropriate
option. If a specific ‘list heading’ is not apt for the author,
one can get title-free references (only references) by clicking
on ‘Insert ‘Bibliography’. The heading of an author’s choice can
be written on the top of the references listed.
MS Word can handle any number of references. One can also click
on ‘Manage Sources’ to edit the entries. In the ‘Manage Sources’
dialogue box, the left box contains all the sources of different
works of the author while right box has only those relating to
the current work.
A Quick Look at what one has to do with Literature Review
Literature Review is not a formality; it is an essential
part of the literature.
The important secret which most reviewers know is that if
the literature review is weak, the actual research will be
looked with suspicion about its worth.
Literature review documents all the relevant theories in
full; in a way, this shows what the author knows about the
topic.
The inadequacies of the theory or theories have to be
brought out; the theories have to be evaluated with regard
to their practical use, methodologies used, assumptions
made, and so on.
The reviewer should evaluate each study from a chosen
perspective. The reviewer has to let his voice echo in the
entire review.
The review should follow a pattern or structure; it may be
structured on the basis of chronology, or concept (topics),
benchmark studies or evolution of the topic.
The sources of information should be properly acknowledged
to give authenticity to the work, and give due credit to the
authors of the source.
Reference list can be created with MS Word also by accessing
‘References’ menu.
Bibliography
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Boote, D. N., & Beile, P. (2005). Scholars before researchers: Onthe centrality of the dissertation literature review in research preparation. Educational Researcher, 34(6), 3-15.
Charles Sturt University. (2008).CSU Learning Skills: Your link to success. Retrieved July10, 2014 from http://www.csu.edu.au/division/studserv/learning
Cooper, H.M. (1988). Organizing Knowledge Synthesis: A Taxonomy of Literature Reviews. Knowledge in Society 1, 109-120.
Hart, C. (1998). Doing a literature review: Releasing the social science research imagination. London: Sage.
Mullins, G., & Kiley, M. (2002). “It’s a PhD, not a Nobel Prize”:How experienced examiners assess research theses. Studies in Higher Education, 27(4), 369-386.
OWL-Online Writing Lab. Sample APA Papers: Literature Review. Retrieved o July 10, 2014 from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/hypertext/APA/print/papers/litreview.html
Punch, K.F. (2000) Developing effective research proposals. London, Sage.
Randolph, J.J. (2009). A Guide to Writing the Dissertation Literature Review. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation,14(13), 1-13. Retrieved July 10, 2014 from http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=14&n=13.
UNSW Current Students. Getting Started on Your Literature Review.Retrieved September 18, 2014 from https://student.unsw.edu.au/getting-started-your-literature-review
Writing a Psychology Literature Review. (2010). University of Washington. Retrieved July 10, 2014 from http://www.psych.uw.edu/psych.php#p=339
Author’s Biography
Appalayya Meesala, holding a doctoral degree in management, spent
20 years in the industry and 11 years in the academics. He is
currently Professor and Director, Dr. B.R Ambedkar Institute of
Management & Technology, Baghlingampally, Hyderabad. His research
interests are in HRM, Marketing and Strategy. He authored over 25
research articles. He gives training in SPSS and AMOS. He can be
contacted on email at: appalayyastrategypearson@gmail.com. His
mobile number is: 0-9848514011.
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