Linux Basics - Technische Universität München · Debian? Red Hat? Fedora? Gentoo? Arch Linux? cat my movie collection jgrep Hackers chmod 777 * ./con gure && make && make install
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Linux Basics
Linux Basics
Michael Faath, Martin Lowinski
TumFUG
10. November 2011
1 of 33 Michael Faath, Martin Lowinski Linux Basics
Linux Basics
Outline
1 Linux history
2 Linux distributions
3 Linux insight
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Linux Basics
Skill-Level
• Ever used linux?
• Installed Linux?
• What is a distribution?
• XUbuntu? Debian? Red Hat? Fedora? Gentoo? Arch Linux?
• cat my movie collection | grep Hackers
• chmod 777 *
• ./configure && make && make install
• make && make modules install
• sed -i ’s/teh/the/g’ thesis.tex
• LPIC?
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Linux Basics
Skill-Level
• What do you want to know?
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Linux Basics
Linux history
Outline
1 Linux history
2 Linux distributions
3 Linux insight
5 of 33 Michael Faath, Martin Lowinski Linux Basics
Linux Basics
Linux history
Unix / GNU
UNIX / GNU
• 1960s-1970: UNIX
• 1983: Richard Stallman started GNU(Free UNIX-like OS)
• 1987: MINIX by Andrew S.Tanenbaum
• 1991: GNU nearly complete // Kernelmissing
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Linux history
Linux
Linux
• MINIX only for 16Bit-Systems
• Linus Torvalds programmed a terminalemulator to access the UNIX-Server ofhis university
• wanted to take advantage of his newPC with an 80386 processor
• therefore OS independant
• used GNU C compiler on MINIX
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Linux history
Linux
Torvalds on comp.os.minix
Hello everybody out there using minix -
I’m doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won’t be big andprofessional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. Th is has been brewing sinceapril, and is starting to get ready. I’d like any feedback on things peoplelike/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout ofthe file-system (due to practical reasons) among othe r things).I’ve currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work. Thisimplies that I’ll get something practic al within a few months, and I’d like toknow what features most people would want. Any suggestions are welcome, butI won’t promise I’ll implement them :-)
Linus (torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi)
PS. Yes it’s free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT
portable (uses 386 task switching etc), and it probably never will support
anything other than AT-harddisks, as that’s all I have :-(.
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Linux Basics
Linux history
Linux
Open Source
• Free as in freedom, not as in free-beer
• Sourcecode available
• Free to copy
• Free to change / redistribute
• Free Software Foundation and Open Source Initiative (OSI)
• Licenses: GPL, BSD, Apache, Beerware
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Linux Basics
Linux history
Linux
Unix timeline
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Linux Basics
Linux distributions
Outline
1 Linux history
2 Linux distributions
3 Linux insight
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Linux Basics
Linux distributions
What’s a distribution?
What’s a distribution?
Important
Linux is just the kernel, nothing more.
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Linux Basics
Linux distributions
What’s a distribution?
What’s a distribution?
Distributionz. B. Debian, Red Hat, SUSE, Mandriva
Proprietäre Programme(z. B. Adobe Reader, Grafikkartentreiber)
Freie Programme(z. B. KDE, OpenOffice, Apache)
Linux-KernelD
istr
ibu
tio
nse
igen
eP
rog
ram
me
(z. B
. zu
r Konfigura
tion,
Inst
alla
tion w
ie Y
ast
, m
cc) Hand-
bücher
Support(per Telefon,E-Mail o. ä.)
To build a distribution you need... (in general)
• the linux kernel,
• some GNU stuff,
• a package management system
• and applications
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Linux Basics
Linux distributions
What’s a distribution?
Overview
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Linux Basics
Linux distributions
Distro Guide
Where are the differences?
Guide to your favourite Linux distro:
• Installtools (LFS vs. Ubuntu)
• Hardware compatibility (x86, devices, ...)
• Documentation / Support (active community, books)
• Principles (live, free software, KISS)
• License (GPL, DFSG)
• Package Layout (meta vs. binary)
• Help: Linux distribution chooser
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Linux Basics
Linux distributions
Package Management Systems
Package Management Systems
• Software repository
• Verify checksums / signatures of packages
• Updating
• Uninstalling
• Dependencies
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Linux distributions
Package Management Systems
Types and Examples
• Binary packages
deb Debian package - dpkg, apt, aptitude, ..RPM RPM Package Manager - rpm, yum, ...
• Source packages
ebuild How to retrieve, compile, and install a packagein Gentoo’s Portage system - emerge
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Linux Basics
Linux insight
Outline
1 Linux history
2 Linux distributions
3 Linux insight
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Linux Basics
Linux insight
Boot
Boot
Typical boot sequence:
1 BIOS
2 MBR
3 Boot Loader
4 Kernel (+initrd)
5 init
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Linux insight
Shell
Shell
• {Shell, Bash, zsh, screen, ksh}• Command line interface
• Powerful tool
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Linux insight
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)
• defines main directories and contents
• version 2.3 (2004)
• /
• virtual file system
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Linux insight
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)
• static files
• variable files
• shareable files
• unshareable files
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Linux insight
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)
Directory structure I
• /bin
• /boot
• /dev
• /etc
• /home
• /lib
• /media
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Linux insight
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)
Directory structure I
• /bin (essential command binaries)
• /boot (bootloader files)
• /dev (devices)
• /etc (host-specific system-wide configuration files)
• /home (optional, user directories)
• /lib (kernel modules and dynamic librarys for /bin and /sbin)
• /media (optional, mount points for removable media)
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Linux insight
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)
Directory structure II
• /mnt
• /opt
• /root
• /sbin
• /srv
• /tmp
• /usr
• /var
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Linux insight
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)
Directory structure II
• /mnt (optional, temporarily mounted filesystems)
• /opt (optional software packages)
• /root (optional, “home“-directory for the root user)
• /sbin (essential system binaries, for root user only)
• /srv (service-data)
• /tmp (temporary files)
• /usr (secondary hierarchy for read-only user data)
• /var (variable data)
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Linux Basics
Linux insight
Linux Kernel
Linux Kernel Layout
CPU Memory Devices
Kernel
Applications
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Linux Basics
Linux insight
Linux Kernel
Linux Kernel Structure
Hard-
ware I/O CPU Speicher Datenträger Netzwerk Peripherie
USB,PCI…RegisterInterrupts
MMU,RAM IDE,SATASCSI
EthernetWiFi
GPU,AudioTastatur,Maus
Linux-
Kernel Prozessor-
architekturspezifischer
Code
Bus-TreiberSpeicher-operationen
Disk-Controller-Treiber
Netzwerk-karten-Treiber
Benutzer-schnittstellen-
Treiber
InterruptsallgemeinerHardware-zugriff
Speicher-seiten-
Verwaltung
block-orientierteGeräte
virtuellesNetzwerk
abstrakteHI-Treiber
ZeitscheibenModuls
+Ereignisse
logischerSpeicher
logischesDateisystem
virtuellesNetzwerk
HI-Subsystem
Zeit-abstimmung
Geräte-Verwaltung
Speicher-planung
Netzwerk-zwischen-speicher
System-Sicherheit
Speicher-Auslagerung
Cache-Seitenverwalt.
ThreadsvirtuellerSpeicher
virtuellesDateisystem
Netzwerk-protokolle
ProzesseSystem-aufrufe
Speicher-zugriff
Dateisystem-zugriff
Netzwerk-zugriff
Benutzer-schnittstelle
Benutzer-
Modus
System-dienste
Anwendungen
System-dienste
System-dienste
System-dienste
System-dienste
Anwendungen Anwendungen Anwendungen Anwendungen Anwendungen
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Linux insight
Linux Kernel
Linux Kernel Map
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Linux insight
Linux Kernel
Linux Kernel
• version: 3.1 (“Wet Seal“ / “Divemaster Edition“)
• december: 3.2 (“Saber-toothed Squirrel“)
• license: GPL 2 / proprietary (BLOBs)
• monolithic kernel
• c / assembler
• 14.856.072 loc in 37.098 files
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LPIC
• Linux Professional Institude
• Non-profit organization
• Vendor-independent certification for Linux systemadministrators and programmers
• Five year recertification policy
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Linux Basics
LPIC Levels
• LPIC-1 (“Junior Level Linux Professional“)• Exam 101 - Systemarchitectures, Partitioning, Devices, Drivers,
LFH, Package-Management, GNU-/Unix-Commands, ...• Exam 102 - Shell, Scripts, SQL, UI, Desktop, Network basics,
Security, ...
• LPIC-2 (“Advanced Level Linux Professional“)• Exam 201 - Kernel, Filesystem, Hardware, System
administration, Scripting, ...• Exam 202 - Network configuration, Mail/News, DNS, System
security, ...
• LPIC-3 (“Senior Level Linux Professional“)• Six exams
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Thanks for your attention.
michael@faath.net – gpg: 0xA2586B21
martin@goldtopf.org – gpg: 0x35CDCCC4
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