LIBRARY WORKSHOP Citing References: APA Style 2009.
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LIBRARY WORKSHOP
Citing References: APA Style 2009
APA Stylehttp://www.apastyle.org
• Developed by the American Psychological Association
• Widely used in Education & Social Sciences journals
• The Publication Manual (6th ed.) has been released in July 2009
• APA journal editors expect that new manuscripts submitted after January 1, 2010, will conform to the 6th edition
• Students and staff of HKIEd are required to use APA style for their reference list or bibliography
Resources of APA Style (6th ed.)
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. (6th ed.). (2010). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
APA Style Home Page http://www.apastyle.org/• What’s New, FAQ, Online Tutorials, Supplemental
Materials
APA Style Blog http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/• Discussion of rules by APA Style experts
What’s new in the 6th Edition?• New chapter on academic ethics
Plagiarism, Duplicate publication
• New contents of writing style Headings
• New guidelines of presenting data Reporting inferential statistics Revised statistical abbreviations
• New guidelines of displaying graphic materials
• New guidelines on citing references
• New rules of listing references Electronic resources
Headings Style (proceed through the levels numerically)
NEW
Writing Style
Introduction
MethodSample SelectionInstrumentation and Measures
ResultsAge Physical Health
Body weight and height.Cardiopulmonary functions.Cardiac output.Blood pressure.Blood flow.Lung volume.
Mental Health
Discussion
Cardiac Health of Asian PopulationsApplication of this Study
Conclusions
NEW5-Levels Headings Style
Example
2
3
2
4
5
2
1
1
Writing Style Space twice after punctuation marks at the end of a sentence
Example:
The Institute was granted self-accrediting status in 2004. Currently, we provide
doctoral, master and undergraduate degrees, post-graduate diplomas, certificate
courses and a range of in-service programmes to around 7,000 pre-service
students and serving teachers. In mid-2007, we promulgated a Development
Blueprint for the next decade, outlining our aspiration to become a University of
Education and to extend our scope of educational and research activities, our
footprint and our academic impact within the Asia-Pacific Region.
NEW
double space
double space
Do not use periods with web addresses in text or in the reference list
In text: include URL in parentheses, avoid ending a sentence with a URL
Example:
The APA (http://www.apa.org) has updated the rules of
publication style in July 2009, with expanded discussions on ethics …
Horton, M. (2009, September 9). H1N1 prevention tips by Dr. Mark Horton
[Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=UT2BGE_XyIY
NEW
Writing Style
Citing References• Allows you to use other people’s work by giving credit to
the original author without plagiarizing• Provide documentation for all facts and figures that are not
common knowledge• Strengthens your work by lending outside support to your
arguments• Provides the source information for others who wants to
find out more about your ideas • Accurately prepared references help establish your
credibility as a careful researcher• Out of order/incomplete citations cause inaccurate citation
network indexing
Citing References in Text• References are cited in text with author-date system
and listed alphabetically in the reference list
• Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list
• Each entry in the reference list must be cited in text
• Two kinds of material are cited only in text
1. Classical works: Bible, Qu’rane.g. (2 Cor. 5:17 New International Version)
(Qur’an 5:3-4)
2. Personal communications (non-recoverable data)e.g. B. H. Philips (personal communication, May 11, 2001)
Citing Works by Multiple Authors
• 2 AuthorsCite both authors every time
Smith and Johnson (1998) found that the system …The findings confirmed with previous study (Smith & Johnson, 1998)
• 3-5 AuthorsFirst citation:Cheung, Li, Searle, Chan, and Frazer (1996) reviewed the theory of …
Subsequent citations:Cheung et al. (1996) further developed a measuring system …
• 6 or more AuthorsUse et al. (not italicized) for the first and subsequent citations
Kohn et al. (2007) suggested the possible causes …
Reference Lists• Arrange by authors in Alphanumerical Order• Each reference cited in text must appear in the
reference list• Each entry in the reference list must be cited in
text
Entire BookDamrosch, D. (2003). What is world literature? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press.
Edited BookErcikan, K., & Roth, W-M. (Eds.). (2009). Generalizing from educational research:
Beyond qualitative and quantitative polarization. New York, NY: Routledge.
Book ChapterTian, C. (2009). Development of dialectical materialism in China. In B. Mou (Ed.),
History of Chinese philosophy (pp.512-538). London, England: Routledge.
Publication Place
• Include the state abbreviation (e.g., New York, NY) for all cities of United States
• Include the Country for all locations outside United States
Coles-Ritchie , M. (2009). Inciting change in secondary English language programs
: The case of Cherry High School . New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Haughey , J. C. (2009). Where is knowing going? : The horizons of the knowing
subject. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Hardman, A. E., & Stensel, D. J. (2009). Physical activity and health : the evidence
explained . (2nd ed.). London, England: Routledge.
Aw, T. (2009). Map of the invisible world. Toronto, Canada: McClelland & Stewart.
NEW
Non-English Publications
• Give original title, and translate title into English with brackets
Sack, F. (2006). Das offene Haus: für eine neue Architektur
[Open house: towards a new]. Berlin, Germany: Jovis.
Ye, Q., Li, B., & Cheng, J. (2006). 20 世纪西方人生哲学 [The
western philosophy of life of 20th century]. Beijing, China:
Remin Chubanshe.
Hiraishi, N., & Kim, T. (2007). 知識人から考える公共性 [Publicness
from the perspective of intellectuals]. Tokyo, Japan: Tokyo
University Press.
Journal Articles
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of journal, vol (issue), pp-pp.
• Retain the hyphen if the author’s first name is hyphenated
Hue, M.-T. (2009). Promotion of spiritual development:
exploration of the self and spiritualism through the practice of
Chinese calligraphy. Pastoral Care in Education, 27, 63-76.
• Include the issue no. if the journal is paginated by
issue
Bill, M., & Emmy, M. (2008). Writing tutors in the economics
classroom: A case study. The Canadian Journal of Higher
Education, 38(3), 21-36.
Publications by Multiple AuthorsNEW
• Up to 7 Authors: List all authors
Tiihonen, J., Lönnqvist, J., Wahlbeck, K., Klaukka, T., Niskanen, L.,
Tanskanen, A., & Haukka, J. (2009). 11-year follow-up of
mortality in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based
cohort study (FIN11 study). Lancet, 374, 620-627.
• More than 7 Authors1. List the first six authors2. Omit all subsequent authors except the last & replaced
with …3. List the last author
Seedat, S., Scott, K. M., Angermeyer, M. C., Berglund, P., Bromet, E.
J., Brugha, T. S., . . . Kessler, R. C. (2009). Cross-National
Associations between gender and mental disorders in the World
Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Archives of
General Psychiatry, 66, 785-795.
List the first 6 and the last author
An article with 21 authors
References of Electronic Resources• Use Digital Object Identifiers (DOI), when available, to
replace as persistent and reliable links to locate sources (for both print & electronic sources)
• If DOI unavailable, use home page URL of the source
• If the item cannot be easily retrieved from the source, use the full document URL (e.g. blog)
• Retrieval dates no longer required unless the source material may change over time (e.g. Wikis)
• Database information not required
NEW
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
• Unique identification of electronic publication• An alphanumeric string assigned by registration agency• Persistent link to its location on the Internet• Format: 10.xxxx/xxxx (e.g. 10.1080/02607470903220398)
• Links to the document by DOI resolver provided by the registration agency, e.g. CrossRef.org
DOI
DOI Resolver
Locate the electronic publication with DOI resolver
1. Crossref.org http://www.crossref.org
2. Append the doi string to http://dx.doi.org/
e.g. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02607470903220497
3. 中文 DOI http://www.chinadoi.cn/
Electronic Journal Articles• Journal article with DOI
Bore, A., & Wright, N. (2009). The wicked and complex in education:
developing a transdisciplinary perspective for policy formulation,
implementation and professional practice. Journal of Education for
Teaching, 35, 241-256. doi:10.1080/02607470903091286
• Journal article without DOI
Dresser, R. (2007). The effects of teacher inquiry in the bilingual
language arts classroom. Teacher Education Quarterly, 34(3), 53-66.
Retrieved from http://www.teqjournal.org/
• Advance online publication with DOI
Guerra, S. (2009). Colonizing bodies: Corporate power and
biotechnology in young adult science fiction. Journal Children‘s
Literature in Education . Advanced online publication.
doi:10.1007/s10583-009-9086-z
Dissertation or Theses, from a Commercial Database
• Include Name of Database, and Accession or Order No.
Ko, B. (2008). An examination of teaching practices of elementary
physical educators. (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest
Dissertations and Theses database. (Pub No. AAT 3332216)
Dissertation or Theses, from an Institutional database
• Include URL of the database source
Huang, J. (2009). Interactive integration: English language learning
strategies, styles and tasks in a school in Fujian. (Doctoral thesis,
Hong Kong University, Hong Kong). Retrieved from
http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/
Dissertation or Theses, from the web
• Include URL of the source
Xu, Z. (2008). Party controls in National Central University and Nanjing
University before and after 1949. (Master thesis, Lingnan University,
Hong Kong). Retrieved from
http://www.library.ln.edu.hk/ethesis/full/xu_081015.pdf
Unpublished Dissertation or Theses
Li, X. (2009). POMDP compression and decomposition via belief state
analysis. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Hong Kong Baptist
University, Hong Kong.
Meetings & Symposia
• Paper presentation or poster sessionSin, K. F. (2008, March). Education reform and teacher education for
inclusion in the Asian-Pacific region. Paper presented at the 1st East-
Asian Symposium on Teacher Education Research, Tokyo, Japan.
• Conference paper abstract retrieved onlineBeauchamp, C., & Thomas, L. (2006, November). Becoming a
professional: Developing teacher identity within programmes of
teacher education. Paper presented at the International Conference
on Teacher Education, Calgary, Canada. Abstract retrieved from
http://ucalgarymcgilledconf.mcgill.ca/abstracts/beauchamp_thomas.html
Newspaper Articles
Newspaper articleCheng, A. (2009, September 23). Education system fails those most in
need. South China Morning Post, p. EDT12.
Online newspaper article• To avoid nonworking URLS, give the home page URL
Andrew, E. L. (2009, April 19). U.S. May Convert Banks’ Bailouts to
Equity Share. The New York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com
NEW
Reviews
Review of a Book• Include the author names after the book title
Fairbrother, G. P. (2009). [Review of the book Cultural exclusion in
China: State education, social mobility and cultural difference, by L.
Yi]. Comparative Education Review, 53, 453-455.
Review of a Video• Include the year of release after the title
Robinson, P. J. (2009). Improving outcomes for alcohol interventions:
Integrating motivational interviewing into assessment [Review of the
DVD Assessing Alcohol Problems Using Motivational Interviewing,
produced by the American Psychological Association, 2008].
PsycCRITIQUES, 54(4).
NEW
NEW
Audiovisual Media• VideoMilchan A., & Reuther, S. (Producer). (1998). The client. [DVD].
• Music RecordingsMa, Y. Y. (2007). New impossibilities [CD]. New York, NY: Sony Classical.
• PodcastPassmore, S. (2009, September 8). Naked Cantonese [Audio podcast].
Retrieved from http://podcast.rthk.org.hk/podcast/item.php?pid=45
NEW
Blogs, Newsgroups, Online Forums
Author. (Year, Month Day). Title of post. [Description of form]. Retrieved from URL
• Blog postMcAdoo, T. (2009, September 10). Use of first person in APA style [Web log
message]. Retrieved from
http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/09/use-of-first-person-in-apa-
style.html
• Video postWhitehouse. (2009, September 8). President Obama's Message for
America's Students [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ZZ6GrzWkw0
NEW
Blogs, Newsgroups, Online Forums
Author. (Year, Month Day). Title of post. [Description of form]. Retrieved from URL
• Newsgroup post
Faruk. (2009, October 2). Brain development [Newsgroup message].
Retrieved from
http://groups.google.com/group/de.test/browse_thread/thread/8fff31276
ed86b36/9d962272cb18d615?q=childhood+development
• Online forum
Jenn. (2009, February 14). Re: Dyslexic Student and Memorizing his
Multiplication Facts [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from
http://ldonline.org/xarbb/topic/15298#89028
NEW
Bibliographic Management Tools
RefWorksTools > Output Style Manager> Select APA 6th > Add to Favorites
Bibliographic Management Tools
EndNoteDownload & Install the APA 6th Style Update Packagehttp://www.endnote.com/support/enapa6instruct.asp
Bibliographic Management Tools
EndNote WebFormat > Bibliography > Customize this list> Select APA 6th > Copy to Favorites
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