LI 2013 NATHALIE F. MARTIN INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS.
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LI 2013 NATHALIE F. MARTIN
INTRODUCTIONTO LINGUISTICS
LANGUAGE: AN INTRODUCTION
(chap. 1, O’Grady)
What you should know:
How humans are made to speak What is language Linguistic competence vs.
performance Descriptive vs. Prescriptive approach
to language Grammar:
Generality, parity, universality, mutability, inaccessibility
LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION
Fill in the Blanks
Communication Process (Jakobson)
COMMUNICATION – Discussion
WHO/WHAT CAN COMMUNICATE?
WHAT DOES ONE (HUMAN OR NON HUMAN) NEED TO BE ABLE TO COMMUNICATE?
WHAT IS LANGUAGE?
DO ANIMALS HAVE LANGUAGE ABILITIES?
Communication
Communication is a behaviour, or the transmission of information, that affects the behaviour of others.
When a living organism (or machine) communicates it sends messages about itself or its environment.
The message is placed into a code.
Humans have a highly elaborate code called language.
Language, Dialect, Pidgin or Creole?
1. Language:
2. Dialect:
3. Variety:
4. Pidgin:
5. Creole:
a. intergroup communication
b. characterized by it’s own phonological, syntactic, or lexical properties
c. A code or system used by consensus.
d. native language deroved from a pidgin.
e. A regional or social variety of a language.
Dialect: A regional or social variety of a language
characterized by it’s own phonological, syntactic, or lexical properties.
We will use the term « Variety » in this class instead of speaking of dialects.
DIALECTS - Define
PIDGIN - Define
Pidgin: A variety that emerges when speakers of a different language are brought together in a stable situation requiring intergroup communication; it has no native speakers and generally is considered to have a reduced grammatical system.Ex: Blood Diamond (Leonardo Dicaprio)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP5ILgKxapI&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04QTfxGMe_Y
CREOLE - Define
Creole:
A variety that arises as the native language of the children of members of a pidgin speech community.
Language, Dialect, Pidgin or Creole?
1. Language:
2. Dialect:
3. Variety:
4. Pidgin:
5. Creole:
a. Trade language
b. Chiac
c. Swahili
d. Hatian
e. African American Vernacular English
GRAMMAR
EXPLAIN A LINGUISTS’ VIEW OF LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR.
Language According to Linguists - Discussion
Linguistic Performance:
How you use How you use this knowledge in actual speech production and comprehension.
Linguistic Competence:
What you know What you know about a language.
Linguistic Competence Vs Performance Contemporar
y Linguistics Analysis: p. 5.
Prescriptive or Descriptive Grammar
1. In Chiac French, the borrowed English verb is always conjugated as an “er” French verb.
2. In French negative sentences, we should always have “ne” + the verb + “pas” (ex: Elle ne veut pas)
3. In African American Vernacular English, some speakers pronounce the final sound of “sing” as an “n”.
4. Never say “ain’t”
a. DESC.
b. PRESC
c. DESC.
d. PRESC.
Prescriptive vs. Descriptive Grammar
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR AND DESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR?
GENERALITY: ALL LANGUAGES HAVE A GRAMMAR PARITY: ALL GRAMMARS ARE EQUAL UNIVERSALITY: GRAMMARS ARE ALIKE IN BASIC WAYS MUTABILITY: GRAMMARS CHANGE OVER TIME INACCESSIBILITY: GRAMMATICAL KNOWLEDGE IS SUBCONSCIOUS
GRAMMAR PRINCIPLES
Reference: Chapter 1 (O’Grady & Archibald)
The Truth About Grammar
Name all five characteristics of grammar according to linguists.
Generality: All languages have a grammarParity: All grammars are equalUniversality: Grammars are alike in basic
waysMutability: Grammars change over timeInaccessibility: Grammatical knowledge is
subconscious
Contemporary Linguistics Analysis: p. 5.
Associate
Generality:
Parity:
Universality:
Mutability:
Inaccessibility:
Contemporary Linguistics Analysis: p. 5.
• Grammars change over time.
• All grammars are equal.• All languages have a
grammar.• Grammatical knowledge is
subconscious.• Grammars are alike in
basic ways.
Define each
Generality: All languages have a grammar
Parity: All grammars are equal
Universality: Grammars are alike in basic ways
Mutability: Grammars change over time
Inaccessibility: Grammatical knowledge is subconscious
Contemporary Linguistics Analysis: p. 5.
FIELDS OF LINGUISTICS
(handout and Powerpoint)
What you should know:
Linguistics Fields of linguistics (handout
and in class) Descriptive linguistics Applied linguistics
FIELDS OF LINGUISTICS
THEORETICAL THEORETICAL LINGUISTICSLINGUISTICS
APPLIED LINGUISTICS
FIELDS OF LINGUISTICS
THEORETICAL THEORETICAL LINGUISTICSLINGUISTICS
b) Morphologyd) Phonology e) Pragmatics g) Semantics i) Syntax
APPLIED LINGUISTICS
a) Computational linguisticsc) Neurolinguisticsf) Psycholinguisticsh) Sociolinguistics
PHONETICS: A Brief Introduction
(Handout and Powerpoint)
What you should know:
Sounds of English Consonants, vowels & glides
IPA symbols general Consonants
Phonetic Practice
1. Read these words phonetically and write them out using conventional English spelling.
[mit]
[ ʃuz]
[skul] [mjuzɪk]
MEATSHOESSCHOOLMUSIC
Phonetic Practice
2. Fill in the missing symbols.Cartoons = [ _ ɑ _ _ u _ _ ]Singing = [ _ ɪ _ ɪ _ ]English = [ɪ_ _ _ ɪ_]Cheese = [_ _ _ _ ]
[ k ɑ r t u n z ]
[ s ɪ ŋ ɪ ŋ ]
[ ɪ ŋ g l ɪ ʃ ]
[ t ʃ i z ]
IPA Consonants Examples
IPA Vowels (examples)
IPA Vowels (Diphthongs)
IPA Glides (examples)
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