Lecturer: Dr. Johan Presented by :- Huwaida binti Tajudin 2013422458 Hanafi bin Hasbullah 2013401686 Saiful Nizam bin Mat Saat 2013416388 Mohd Faizal Ridha.
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EDU 702: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY‘Mixed Methods Research’
Lecturer: Dr. Johan
Presented by :-Huwaida binti Tajudin 2013422458 Hanafi bin Hasbullah 2013401686
Saiful Nizam bin Mat Saat 2013416388Mohd Faizal Ridha 2013426796
MIXED-METHODS RESEARCH
What does it mean?
- Involves the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods
in a single study.
- Those who engage in such research argues that the use of
both methods provides a more complete understanding of
research problems than does the use of either one.
What does it mean?
• Started in the early 1950s.
• Only has achieved a significant place
in educational research.
• The first journal devoted to it began
publication in 2005.
• There are different views to what
a MIXED METHOD RESEARCH is.
Examples of the kinds of mixed-methods studies
“Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methodologies
in Research on Teachers’ Lives, Work, and
Effectiveness.”
“Closed and Open-Ended Question Tools in a Telephone
Survey About ‘The Good Teacher’.”
“Emotions and Change During Professional
Development for Teachers: A Mixed Methods Study’.”
“Telling It All: A Story of Women’s Social Capital Using
a Mixed Methods Approach’.”
There are different views to what a MIXED METHOD RESEARCH is :-
Numerical and statistical analysis.
In-depth information, often in narrative form,
frequently obtained through the analysis of
written communication.
What does it mean?
- Qualitative – Developing a holistic picture and
analysis of the phenomenon being studied
with an emphasis on ‘thick’ rather than
‘selective’ description.
- Quantitative – Observation and interviewing,
prominent instruments used in qualitative
research, are also commonly found in
quantitative studies.
Why do mixed-methods research
IT HAS SEVERAL STRENGTHS:
1. Clarify and explain relationships
found to exist between variables.
2. Explore relationships between variables IN DEPTH.
3. Mixed method studies can help to confirm or
cross-validate relationships discovered between
variables, as when quantitative and qualitative
methods are compared to see if they converge
on a single interpretation of a phenomenon.
Drawbacks of Mixed-Method Studies.
• You might ask “Why all research problems are
not addressed using mixed methods designs?”
1. Extremely time-consuming and expensive to
carry out.
2. Many researchers are only experienced in only
one type of research.
Avoiding the drawbacks
1. Multiple researchers
with differing areas of
expertise work as a team.
2. Better off doing a purely
quantitative or qualitative
study and doing it well.
1) THE EXPLORATORY DESIGN Viewing the study as a two-phase project. (analyze
data separately)
QUALITATIVE data collection precedes
quantitative data collection.
Greater emphasis is placed on the QUALITATIVE
data in the study.
Example: You first conduct interviews and then follow
up with a few individuals who answered positively to
the questions by giving out survey forms.
SEQUENTIAL OF EXPLORATORY DESIGN
QUALITATIVE
QUANTITATIVE
QUAL DATA COLLECTION
QUAL DATA ANALYSIS
QUAN DATA COLLECTION
QUAN DATA ANALYSIS
INTERPRETATION
2) THE EXPLANATORY DESIGN• Viewing the study as a two-phase project. (analyze
data separately)
• Collecting QUAN data first followed by collecting
QUAL data second
• Greater emphasis is placed on the QUAN data in the
study
• Example: You first conduct a survey and then follow
up with a few individuals who answered positively to
the questions through interviews.
SEQUENTIAL OF EXPLORATORY DESIGN
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
QUAL DATA COLLECTION
QUAL DATA ANALYSIS
QUAN DATA COLLECTION
QUAN DATA ANALYSIS
INTERPRETATION
3) THE TRIANGULATION DESIGN
• Collecting both QUAN and QUAL data
• Collecting these data at the same time in the
research procedure
• Analyzing the QUAN and QUAL data separately
• Comparing or combining the results of the QUAN
and QUAL analysis
• Example: collect survey data (quantitative) and
collect individual interviews (qualitative) and then
compare the results
SEQUENTIAL OF TRIANGULATION DESIGN
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
QUAN DATA COLLECTION QUAL DATA COLLECTION
QUAN DATA ANALYZE QUAL DATA ANALYZE
DATA RESULTS ARE COMPARED/COMBINED
Advocacy lenses • Presence or absence of an ‘advocacy lens’ – a factor used
to categorized the mixed-method designs.
• Occurs when – the researcher’s worldview implies that the
purpose of the research is to recommend the improved
treatment to participants in the world outside the research.
• ‘Worldview’ is a comprehensive view of the world and
human life.
– (including everything)
• Example of worldview that involve advocacy lens are:
– feminist theory, race-based theory and critical theory
Example of research:
A research wanted to triangulating(dividing)
quantitative and qualitative methods.
A research on the student academic performance.
Between white suburban school with primarily black
inner-city (poorer central section of city) school.
Purposes of research might be:-
Improve condition and academic school black inner-
city student
SAMPLING • Qualitative researchers - use purposive sampling.
– Researchers select participants who have experience with central concept
being investigate.
– Small sample size (to get considerable amount of details)
• Quantitative researchers - choose individual who are
representative of a larger population.
– to get generalize result
• Generally random sampling strategies are preferred, however, it is
often not suitable in educational research.
• Thus, convenience, systematic or purposive sampling must be
used.
• Sample sizes are much larger than qualitative studies.
• Example of the research
• A researcher might randomly select two high
schools for the study on drug. (suburban schools)
• Survey the 800 graduating.
• Then conduct six focus group using purposive
sample of students.
• Finally conclude by randomly selecting 40 students
as subjects.
• *researcher must make a number of decisions with
regard to sampling before beginning a mixed-methods
study.
MIXED MODEL STUDIES Tashakkori and Teddlie (1998) defined
Mixed model studies as those that ‘combine qualitative and quantitative aproches within several different phases of the research proses.
Single study- involve an experimental study, then qualitative data collection after it has been converted to numbers.
Mixed-model study- qualitative and quantitative study ma be addressed in three phases. (refer book page 563)
Complicated system for classifying research design.Because the three phases occur very rarely in practice.
STEPS IN CONDUCTING A MIXED-METHODS STUDY
EVALUATING A MIXED-METHODS STUDY
EVALUATING A MIXED-METHODS STUDY
ETHICS IN MIXED-METHODS RESEARCH
Three ethical concern
Protecting participant identityprivacy
Treating participants with respectsensitivity
Protecting participants from both physical and psychological harmInjury and pressure
SUMMARY
• Mixed method studies becoming popular and common in educational research.
• The values lies in combining qualitative and quantitative methods (complement each other)
• Requires time, energy and resources in both quantitative and qualitative methods.
Thank YouFor your attention..
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