Lecture Beginning HTML. Early Internet Navigation Prior to 1989, users employed text- based UNIX commands to navigate the various resources on the WAN.
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Early Internet Navigation
• Prior to 1989, users employed text-based UNIX commands to navigate the various resources on the WAN
• Archie, Gopher, Veronica and Jughead three standard "finding" tools on the Internet.
• Used Telnet to contact servers• Cumbersome, complex UNIX tools
HTML – Invented 1989
• Hypertext Markup Language• The “language” used to create
web pages and web sites• Invented/written by Tim Berners-
Lee at CERN, Geneva Switzerland.• Pioneered the concept of “linking”
the text in files to other files.
HTML
• Governed by W3C• Been through various “versions”
Figure: WWW Growth
Web Browsers
• HTML relies on Browsers• Software used to interpret HTML
code and display the formatted page
• It’s the “job” of the browser to translate the code
• Also runs special programming like Java and JavaScript
Web Browsers
• Available for a variety of Operating Systems and Hardware:– Internet Explorer, Safari, AOL Browser,
Netscape, Opera, Firefox
• HTML pages are cross-platform:– Windows, MacOS, Linux, Mobile
Devices...
• Various browsers don’t always interpret code the same way
Using Tags
• HTML Documents are “marked up” using tags:
This word is <b> important </b>!<h1> This is a heading </h1>
• Most tags come in pairs (start and end)
• Tags are NOT case sensitive• Written in Plain Text
Start Tag End Tag
Marking Up a Page (formatting)
• Style– Font and Size– Color– Margins
• Layout– Columns– Tables
• Images– Logos– Pictures– Backgrounds– Buttons
• Links– other pages– documents, etc
HTML Page Setup
HTML Pages should follow this standard:
<html><head>
<title> Page Title </title></head><body>
...</body>
</html>
DOCTYPE
• The <!DOCTYPE> declaration is not an HTML tag; it is an instruction to the web browser about what version of HTML the page is written in.
• Depends on version – <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01
Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
– <!DOCTYPE html>
Saving Files as HTM or HTMLAll html documents are “pure text”
The browser recognizes pages that end in .htm or .html as web pages
Be sure to type full file name in Notepad or Text Edit: index.html – or else it will default to index.txt
Mac – Text Edit users:
Must follow instructions from Resources link to properly configure TextEdit to function in pure text mode, not formatted view.
Do this BEFORE you start coding or saving pages
RESOURCES
index.html
• As a rule, the "first" page of all websites are always called "index.html"
• The web server knows to find this page first and send it to the browser, unless a specific page was requested.
File Naming
• web-docs folder is on a Unix O/S• File naming rules are different than
Windows• Unix is case-sensitive and doesn’t
like spaces.• Save all files as lowercase, no
spaces• index.html apple.jpg links.html
Prep: Reveal File Extensions
• My Computer– Tools | Folder Options or
Organize | Folder and Search Options
• View• Uncheck “Hide
extensions for known filetypes”
• OK/Apply
To Edit HTML
• Open Source file• Edit file -- SAVE -- Refresh in Browser• Or Click EDIT in webfolders.pacific.edu
Basic Tags for Lab/Homework
<h1> Heading 1 (use 1-6)<p> Paragraph<br> *Break Line<b> Bold<i> Italic<u> Underline<hr> *Horizontal Rule<div> Division/Section
Creating Lists (Bulleted)
<ul> Unordered List<li> List Item </li><li> List Item </li><li> List Item </li>
</ul>
<ol> Ordered List (instead of ul)
Tips on Tags
• Tags usually have a beginning and an end
• Indenting and spacing will keep you sane
• Filenames and URLs are almost always case-sensitive.
• Tags are not case sensitive
Editing Files in U:\web-docs
• If you are not connected directly to a University computer:– webfolders.pacific.edu– WinScp (PC)– Fetch (Mac)
Editing files in web-docs
• Click on any TEXT file (.html/.css)• Click: Edit/Share• Click: Edit as text file
Where am I?
U:\web-docUNIX servers
Lab computersLibrary computers
Connected directly to U:\web-docs
Laptop or home computerNOT connected to U:\ drive
Mac
PC
Mac & PC
Notes on Privacy: Meta Tags
Your pages “live” on a public web server and will be indexed in Google if you don’t add tags in <HEAD> area to instruct the auto bots not to index. Only if you do not want to be indexed, use the following tags:<head><meta name="googlebot" content="noarchive"><meta name="googlebot" content="noindex"><meta name="robots" content="noindex"><meta name="robots" content="nofollow">
<title>Gigi's</title></head>
Forbidden Pages – UNIX permissions
• UNIX files have permissions assigned to all files:
• During FTP session, permissions may become lost
• Reset in WinSCP 4
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