Lecture 4 Review 1

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Review 1

History of Architecture-II (AP-313)

Review 1

LECTURE 4

Nipesh P Narayanan

REVIEW 1

• Neoclassical Architecture (Early 19th Century)

– French Revolution and the age of enlightenment

• Arts and Crafts Movement (Late 19th Century)

– Industrial revolution and mass production

• Art Nouveau (Late 19th Century)

– New Art, against the traditional

• Indo Saracenic Architecture (Late 19th Century till Early 20th Century)

– Architecture for the Empire

FRENCH REVOLUTION (1750 –1840)

"Liberty leading the People" by Eugène Delacroix, 1830

FRENCH REVOLUTION (1750 –1840) - RADICAL SOCIAL UPHEAVAL

IMMANUEL KANT

“Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity. Immaturity is the inability to use one's own understanding without the guidance of another. …The motto of enlightenment is therefore: Sapere aude! Have courage to use your own understanding!”

JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU

“….the arts, literature and the sciences, less despotic though perhaps more powerful, fling garlands offlowers over the chains which weigh them down. They stifle in men’s breasts that sense of original liberty, for which they seem to have been born; cause them to love their own slavery, and so make of them what is called a civilised people.”

NEO CLASSICISM REVIVAL OF THE CLASSICAL

Plato & Classic Ideas

“Ideal Form”

Archaeology

Johann Joachim Winckelmann

Excavation of Pompeii & Herculaneum

18th Century France and the age of enlightenment

Jacque Louis David

Immanuel Kant

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

FRENCH REVOLUTION (1750 –1840) - ARCHITECTURE OF REASON

“ The person who guided solely by reason can accept a God as creator, but not as a guide. From now on architecture no longer served religion and even less so the feudal ruler. It was believed that the built environment could be used to have a positive influence on the spirit of the people, and inspire them to behave in a manner based on reason and morality”

~ The Story of Architecture, From Antiquity to the Present

“ Honest Architecture”

~ Abbot Laugier, Essai sur l'Architecture, 1753

WHAT IS HONEST ARCHITECTURE?

“ Honest Architecture”

~ Abbot Laugier, Essai sur l'Architecture, 1753

Faults

E.g. - Use of Pilaster - Incorrect proportions

KARL FRIEDRICH SCHINKEL ALTES MUSEUM

Berlin, Germany , 1830

PRINCIPLES OF ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT

HONESTY

Design Unity

Joy in Labour

Individualism

Regionalism

PHILIP WEBB RED HOUSE

William Morris, Kent, England (1859)

PHILIP WEBB RED HOUSE"The Arts and Crafts, together with the English Free Style of architecture, has its origins in this joint work by Morris and Webb which took the format of William Butterfield's Gothic Revival vicarage and used its general character as the point of departure for the short-lived but influential Pre-Raphaelite domestic style...For Webb,...the Red House was merely the first of a series of houses in which he endeavoured to engender an authentic ahistorical style, through the direct expression of local materials and craftsmanship. Webb adopted the Gothic Revival syntax of Pugin and Butterfield, that is, clay tiling, corbelled brick work, rubbed brick arches and circular openings, as a way of articulating an open-ended form of vernacular expression.“

— Kenneth Frampton and Yukio Futagawa. Modern Architecture 1851-1945. p22

ART NOUVEAU DIFFERENT FROM ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT?

Use of New Materials

Protest against the traditional

“William Morris was the theoretician whose beliefs more than those of anyone else initiated the Art Nouveau movement”

VICTOR HORTA HOTEL VAN EETVELDE

Brussels, Belgium (1895)

COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE BRITISH IN INDIA

THE QUESTION OF STYLE

“We ought, like the Romans and the Mohammedans, to take our national style with us….we shall be likely to succeed best if we are not too anxious to incorporate much of the art or style of the country with our own”~ Roger Smith

Emerson pointed out that, on contrary, Islamic architecture in India is notable for its degree of adaptation to local conditions. That was the procedure which he urged the British to Follow.

EDWIN LUTYENS, RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN

New Delhi, 1912-29

REVIEW 1

• Neoclassical Architecture (Early 19th Century)

– Ideology to Architecture

• Arts and Crafts Movement (Late 19th Century)

– Architecture as a reaction

• Art Nouveau (Late 19th Century)

– Architecture as a revolt

• Indo Saracenic Architecture (Late 19th Century till Early 20th Century)

– Architecture as suppression tool

Lecture 4 Review 1

history of architecture

century architecture

architecture of reason

neoclassical architecture

present honest architecture

century french revolution

century industrial revolution

century france

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