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Language Shapes Emotion
Experience and Perception
Kristen Lindquist
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Department of Psychology
“The trouble with emotions is that they are regarded too much as absolutely individual things…But if we regard them as products of more general causes…the mere distinguishing and cataloguing becomes of subsidiary importance.”
James (1890). p. 449.
Psychological Construction
Core affect Conceptualization
Barrett, (2006; 2009). PPS; Lindquist & Barrett (2012). TICS;
Lindquist & Gendron (2013). Emotion Review; Lindquist et al. (2012). BBS
Unpleasant
Low
Arousal
High
Arousal
Pleasant
Shame Disgust
Fear
Guilt
Anger
Excitement
Pride
Happiness
Content
Calm Sadness
Fatigue
Neutral
Surprise
Sleepy
Core affect
Russell (1980)
Testing construction
•Brain basis of emotion
•Adding language produces emotion •Impairing language impairs emotion
Meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies
•Do the brain regions supporting emotions give evidence of:
•discrete emotion categories?
•more general psychological operations (e.g., language, affect)?
Meta-analysis
Flexible Neural Reference Space
•240 contrasts from 91 studies
•anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness experience & perception
•published between 1992-2007
Lindquist, Wager, Kober, Bliss-Moreau & Barrett (2012). Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
Consistent activation during discrete
emotions
Lindquist, Wager, Kober, Bliss-Moreau & Barrett (2012). Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
Consistent activation during discrete
emotions
Lindquist, Wager, Kober, Bliss-Moreau & Barrett (2012). Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
Conceptualization
Lindquist & Barrett (2012). TICS
“Default”
Remembering the past
Prospection
Theory of mind
Categorization of visual percepts
Semantics
Making meaning of core affect
Neural Reference Space for Discrete
Emotion
Lindquist, Wager, Kober, Bliss-Moreau & Barrett (2012). Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
Emotions > body states
ATL
(Conceptualization)
Oosterwijk*, Lindquist*, Anderson, Dautoff, Moriguchi, & Barrett (2012). NeuroImage
Testing construction
•Brain basis of emotion
•Adding language causes emotion •Impairing language impairs emotion
Affect Induction
Priming Manipulation
Unpleasant Neutral
Fear
Anger
Neutral
Constructing fear
Lindquist & Barrett (2008). Psych Science
20
25
30
Unpleasant
Fear Anger Neutral
Neutral
Fear Anger Neutral
Ris
k A
vers
ion
Risk aversion
Lindquist & Barrett (2008). Psych Science
Pers
evera
nce
Pride Happy
Neutral
Pride Happy
Neutral
5
6
7
8
9
Pleasant Neutral
Pride
Lindquist, Mendes, & Barrett (in prep)
Constructing anger
Lindquist, Mendes, & Barrett (in prep)
Prime
Trier Social Stress Task
Measure experience
“anger” “embarrassment”
“heart beat” Baseline
Pe
rce
pti
on
s re
late
d t
o a
nge
r
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Anger Embarassment Heartbeat
Important + unexpected + blame
Lindquist, Mendes, & Barrett (in prep)
% in
cre
ase
T
-400
-200
0
200
400
Anger Embarrassment
Heartbeat
Testosterone
Lindquist, Mendes, & Barrett (in prep)
Testing construction
•Brain basis of emotion
•Adding language causes emotion •Impairing language impairs emotion
Semantic Dementia
•Gradual dissolution of concept
knowledge
•Cortical thinning in anterior temporal
lobes
Healthy adult
0
20
40
60
80
100
pile 1 pile 2 pile 3 pile 4 pile 5 pile 6
% f
ace
s in
eac
h c
ateg
ory
happiness
neutral
fear
anger
disgust
sadness
Lindquist,* Gendron,* Barrett, & Dickerson (under review)
Patient EG: free sort
0
20
40
60
80
100
pile 1 pile 2 pile 3
% f
aces
in e
ach
cat
ego
ry
happiness
neutral
fear
anger
disgust
sadness
Lindquist,* Gendron,* Barrett, & Dickerson (under review)
Patient CP: free sort
0
20
40
60
80
100
pile 1 pile 2 pile 3 pile 4
% f
aces
in e
ach
cat
ego
ry
% faces in each category
happiness
neutral
fear
anger
disgust
sadness
Lindquist,* Gendron,* Barrett, & Dickerson (under review)
Patient CP: number cue
0
20
40
60
80
100
pile 1 pile 2 pile 3 pile 4 pile 5 pile 6
% f
ace
s in
eac
h c
ate
gory
happiness
neutral
fear
anger
disgust
sadness
Lindquist,* Gendron,* Barrett, & Dickerson (under review)
Testing construction
•Brain basis of emotion
•Adding language causes emotion •Impairing language impairs emotion
Thanks Collaborators
Lisa Feldman Barrett
Eliza Bliss-Moreau
Brad Dickerson
Maria Gendron
Suzanne Oosterwijk
Hedy Kober
Wendy Mendes
Tor Wager
IASLab
Dickerson Lab
Funding
Harvard Mind/Brain/Behavior Initiative
NSF Graduate Research Fellowship
NIH Director’s Pioneer Award (to LFB)
NSF grant (to LFB)
Oosterwijk*, Lindquist*, Anderson, Dautoff, Moriguchi, & Barrett (2012). NeuroImage
Emotions + thoughts + body states
V. Attention
(Core affect)
IFG
(Conceptualization)
Salience network
represents bodily
sensations to guide
attention and behavior
anterior TPJ
dACC/SMA
Hayes & Northoff (2011); Seeley et al. (2007); Yeo et al. (2011)
AIC
AIC
Default network
vlPFC
mPFC
precuneus
/PCC
mPFC posterior TPJ
Represents prior experiences
to make meaning of bodily
sensations
Binder et al. (2009); Bar (2009); Shachter et al. (2007)
L. Salience Network
.000
.050
.100
.150
.200
.250
.300
body emotion thought
Perc
ent
sign
al c
han
ge
Oosterwijk,* Lindquist,* Dautoff, Anderson, Moriguchi & Barrett (2012). NeuroImage.
L. Default Network
-.200
-.150
-.100
-.050
.000
.050
.100
.150
.200
.250
.300
body emotion thought
Perc
ent
sign
al c
han
ge
Oosterwijk,* Lindquist,* Dautoff, Anderson, Moriguchi & Barrett (2012). NeuroImage.
Conceptualization
Core Affect
External situation Pleasant voice
Smile
Self-reported
Anger
Heart rate increase,
Increase in vascular
resistance
Tease someone
Lindquist et al. (2012b) BBS
Body focus > emotion
IFG
(Frontoparietal)
Supramarginal
(V. attention)
Oosterwijk, Lindquist, Anderson, Dautoff, Moriguchi & Barrett (2012). NeuroImage
Thought > body focus
Superior temporal
(conceptualization)
Superior temporal
(conceptualization)
VMPFC
(conceptualization)
PCC
(conceptualization)
Oosterwijk, Lindquist, Anderson, Dautoff, Moriguchi & Barrett (2012). NeuroImage
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