Lakhtakia 15 3Slides - e-fermat.org · Mimumes by Akhlesh Lakhtakia Pennsylvania State University Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics EE500GraduateColloquium...

Mimumesby

Akhlesh Lakhtakia

Pennsylvania State University Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics

EE  500  Graduate  Colloquium  Department  of  Electrical  Engineering  Penn  State   February  12,  2015  

Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT)

Abstract: Biological structures have evolved to be multifunctional, thereby engendering both economy and adaptability. Inspired by the plethora of surfaces and interfaces possessed by multifunctional biological structures, mimumes are microfibrous multifunctional metamaterials. Their microfibrosity enhances the roles of surface-dominated phenomenons and gives rise to multifunctionality. The chief vehicle for my conceptualization of mimumes is Parylene C, a chlorinated poly(p-xylylene) polymer that is currently used in the bulk non-fibrous form for packaging and tribological applications in electronic and medical arenas. Parylene-C mimumes are expected to display simultaneous ultrasonic, biomedical, terahertz, light, and energy functionalities. Other poly(p-xylylene) polymers are also promising candidats.

Keywords: Bioinspiration, Biomedical, Biomimetics, Bioreplication, Energy harvesting, Metamaterial, Microfibrosity, Multifunctionality, Parylene C, Poly(p-xylylene), Terahertz, Ultrasonic, Ultraviolet.

Copycat  Technology  Copycat  Technology  

A.  Lakhtakia  

A.  Lakhtakia  

Nature  vs  Human  Efforts  

• Natural  pathways:  inefficient  development• Human  pathways:  efficient  development  (?)

• Nature:  lots  of  Xme  (billions  of  years)• Humanoids  have:  liGle  Xme  (200  K  years)

A.  Lakhtakia  

Bioinspira3on:  produce          natural  outcomes  

Engineered  Biomimicry  A.  Lakhtakia  

Biomime3cs:  reproduce          natural  func;onali;es  

Biomime3cs:  reproduce          natural  func;onali;es  

Engineered  Biomimicry  A.  Lakhtakia  

Bioreplica3on:  reproduce            natural  devices  

Biomime3cs:  reproduce          natural  func;onali;es  

Bioreplica3on:  reproduce            natural  devices  

Engineered  Biomimicry  A.  Lakhtakia  

Bioinspira3on:  outcomes  Biomime3cs:  func;onali;es  Bioreplica3on:  devices  

Engineered  Biomimicry  A.  Lakhtakia  

Bioreplica3on  

NaXonal  Gallery  of  Art,  Washington,  D.C.,  

A.  Lakhtakia  

MulXfuncXonality  

A.  Lakhtakia  

MulXfuncXonality  

MulXfuncXonal  materials                  Example:  Lithium  niobate      Polar  dielectric  à  ferroelectric      Pyroelectric      Piezoelectric      Photoelas;c      Electro-­‐op;c  à  Pockels  effect      Op;cally  nonlinear      

A.  Lakhtakia  

MulXfuncXonality  

Skin    DefiniXon  (“bag  of  bones”)    Thermal  isolaXon    TacXle  and  temperature  sensing    ColoraXon  for  Camouflage      ColoraXon  for  Visual  Signals  

A.  Lakhtakia  

Engineered  MulXfuncXonality  

A.  Lakhtakia  

Engineered  MulXfuncXonality    (a)  Conglomerate  of  single-­‐funcXon  devices  and  systems  

A.  Lakhtakia  

Engineered  MulXfuncXonality    (a)  Conglomerate  of  single-­‐funcXon  devices  and  systems    (b)  Composite  materials  

MulXfuncXonal  composite  materials  

A.  Lakhtakia  

MulXfuncXonal  composite  materials      

METAMATERIALS  

A.  Lakhtakia  

Metamaterials  

Walser’s  DefiniXon  (2001)  

macroscopic  composites  having  a  manmade,  three-­‐dimensional,  periodic  cellular  architecture  designed  to  produce  an  opXmized  combinaXon,  not  available  in  nature,  of  two  or  more  responses  to  specific  excitaXon  

A.  Lakhtakia  

Metamaterials  

Updated  DefiniXon  

macroscopic  composites  designed  to  produce  an  opXmized  combinaXon  of  two  or  more  responses  to  specific  excitaXon    

A.  Lakhtakia  

Engineered Multifunctional

Composite Materials

A.  Lakhtakia  

Parallel-plate capacitors

Device  volume  =  Ad  

A.  Lakhtakia  

Parallel-plate capacitors

Device  volume  =  Ad  

A.  Lakhtakia  

Parallel-plate capacitorsA.  Lakhtakia  

Parallel-plate capacitorsA.  Lakhtakia  

FractalsA.  Lakhtakia  

FractalsA.  Lakhtakia  

FractalsA.  Lakhtakia  

Multifunctional Composite Materials

General  Principle    

Lots  of  interfaces  and  surfaces  in  any  fixed  volume    

Caveat:  Mechanical  strength  

Multifunctional Composite Materials

microfibrous  mulXfuncXonal  metamaterial  

Mimumes

Parylene C

US FDA Approval for implantable prostheses

Parylene Coating Services, Inc. http://www.paryleneinc.com/medicaldevices.html.

Pacemaker  Catheter  

A.  Lakhtakia  

Mimumes: BioscaffoldsA.  Lakhtakia  

Parylene-C Mimumes

Physicochemical Vapor Deposition + Oblique Angle Deposition

Pursel  et  al.,  Polymer  46,  9544  (2005)  

A.  Lakhtakia  

Parylene-C Mimumes

χv  =10°,  26  mTorr  

• microfibrous morphology • periodic (chiral/chevronic) • porous on nano/micro-scales

Wei  et  al.,  Mater.  Sci.  Eng.  C  30,  1252  (2010)  

A.  Lakhtakia  

Parylene-C Mimumes

χv  =10°,  26  mTorr  

• microfibrous morphology • periodic (chiral/chevronic) • porous on nano/micro-scales

Wei  et  al.,  Mater.  Sci.  Eng.  C  30,  1252  (2010)  

A.  Lakhtakia  

Parylene-C Mimumes

Wei  et  al.,  Mater.  Sci.  Eng.  C  30,  1252  (2010)  

•  Hydrophobic  top  surfaces    •  Hydrophilicity  through  oxygen-­‐plasma  treatment  

M4L Plasma Etcher (PVATePla, Corona, CA)

Non-destructive process

Introduction of functional groups (C=O, C-O, O-C=O, etc.)

A.  Lakhtakia  

Parylene-C Mimumes

Wei  et  al.,  Mater.  Sci.  Eng.  C  30,  1252  (2010)  

Human Fibroblast Cells Attachment

Degree of cell attachment depends on surface roughness

A.  Lakhtakia  

Parylene-C Mimumes

Wei  et  al.,  Mater.  Sci.  Eng.  C  30,  1252  (2010)  

Cellular  aGachment  to    (a)   slanted  columnar  mimume              (bar  =  20  µm)  

(b)  chevronic  mimume              (bar  =  25  µm)    (c  &  d)  chiral  mimume            (bars  =  20  µm,  5  µm)    (e  &  f)  dense  flat  (control)              (bars  =  50  µm,  5  µm)    

Cellular morphology depends on surface roughness

Human Fibroblast Cells Attachment

A.  Lakhtakia  

Parylene-C Mimumes

Wei  et  al.,  Mater.  Sci.  Eng.  C  30,  1252  (2010)  

(-­‐/+P)  without/with  oxygen-­‐plasma  treatment  (-­‐/+S)  without/with  serum  proteins  

22-µm-thick slanted columnar STF substrate 18-µm-thick dense flat thin-film substrate (Control)

Human Fibroblast Cells Attachment

A.  Lakhtakia  

Parylene-C Mimumes

Wei  et  al.,  Mater.  Sci.  Eng.  C  31,  1861  (2011)  

•  Hydrophobic  top  surfaces    •  Hydrophilicity  through  oxygen-­‐plasma  treatment                                  AGachment  of  proteins  is  also  controllable.  

A.  Lakhtakia  

Mimumes for Ultrasonics

200-­‐µm  thick  parylene  chiral  mimume  

A.  Lakhtakia  

Mimumes for Terahertz Frequencies

200-­‐µm  thick  parylene  chiral  mimume  Bandstop  filter  for  circularly  polarized  THz  waves  

A.  Lakhtakia  

Mimumes for Terahertz Frequencies+Ultrasonics

200-­‐µm  thick  parylene  chiral  mimume  

A.  Lakhtakia  

Mimumes for Terahertz Frequencies+Ultrasonics+Visible/Ultraviolet Light

200-­‐µm  thick  parylene  chiral  mimume  

A.  Lakhtakia  

Mimumes for Terahertz Frequencies+Ultrasonics+Visible/Ultraviolet Light

+Energy

Dye/QD-­‐impregnated  mimume  as  luminescent  concentrator  for  PV  solar  cells  

A.  Lakhtakia  

Mimumes for Terahertz Frequencies+Ultrasonics+Visible/Ultraviolet Light

+Energy

Unimpregnated  mimume  for  trapping  light  in  PV  solar  cells.  

A.  Lakhtakia  

Mimumes for Terahertz Frequencies+Ultrasonics+Visible/Ultraviolet Light

+Energy+Cellular Growth Medium

200-­‐µm  thick  parylene  chiral  mimume  

A.  Lakhtakia  

Mimumes for Terahertz Frequencies+Ultrasonics+Visible/Ultraviolet Light

+Energy+Cellular Growth Medium

Simultaneous  Ultrasonic  Biomedical  Terahertz  Light  Energy  

A.  Lakhtakia  

A.  Lakhtakia