Laboratory of Heat transfer and Environmental Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Treatment options for.
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Laboratory of Heat transfer and Environmental EngineeringLaboratory of Heat transfer and Environmental Engineering
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical Engineering
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Treatment options for biodegradable waste: Reducing BDW landfilling
Apostolos MalamakisDr Mechanical Engineer
Workshop on recycling of waste20-21 September 2011 - Tirana, Albania
The Eco Cycle SocietyThe Eco Cycle Society
MS shall develop national strategies for reduction of biodegradable waste using recycling, composting, biogas production and material/energy recovery
Any waste that is capable of undergoing anaerobic or aerobic decomposition
Paper and cardboard
Waste from kitchen, food courts etc.
Market waste
WoodWaste from gardens & parks
Textile materials
Definition and strategies for biodegradable waste
OverviewOverview On average, the European citizen generated On average, the European citizen generated 10 % more waste10 % more waste in in
2007 than in 1995 (Eurostat). On average the generation of waste is 2007 than in 1995 (Eurostat). On average the generation of waste is about about 500 kg per capita500 kg per capita ranging from 300 to 800 kg per capita ranging from 300 to 800 kg per capita (2007). (2007).
In 1995, In 1995, 62 %62 % of municipal waste was landfilled on average and in of municipal waste was landfilled on average and in 2007 this had fallen to 2007 this had fallen to 42 %42 %..
Thirteen countries had either no incineration or incinerated less Thirteen countries had either no incineration or incinerated less than 10 % of their municipal waste in 2007. Eight EU‑15 Member than 10 % of their municipal waste in 2007. Eight EU‑15 Member States States incinerated more than 20 % of municipal wasteincinerated more than 20 % of municipal waste..
22 %22 % of municipal waste generated in 2007 has been of municipal waste generated in 2007 has been recycledrecycled and and 17 % composted17 % composted (Eurostat, 2009). (Eurostat, 2009).
Biodegradable municipal waste Biodegradable municipal waste (bio-waste, paper and (bio-waste, paper and cardboard, and biodegradable textiles) make up a cardboard, and biodegradable textiles) make up a considerable share of municipal waste — approximately considerable share of municipal waste — approximately 60–70 %60–70 % in most countries. in most countries.
The generation of The generation of BMWBMW has been relatively stable over has been relatively stable over the period 1995–2006 although its production varies the period 1995–2006 although its production varies between countries and regions (200-400 kg per capita).between countries and regions (200-400 kg per capita).
Overview (up to 2007) Overview (up to 2007) Total MW: 300-800 kg/capitaTotal MW: 300-800 kg/capita Total BMW: 200-400 kg/capitaTotal BMW: 200-400 kg/capita Recycling rate: 20-370 kg/capitaRecycling rate: 20-370 kg/capita1.1. Paper/cardboard: 10-140 kg/capitaPaper/cardboard: 10-140 kg/capita
2.2. Bio-waste: 10-130 kg/capitaBio-waste: 10-130 kg/capita
3.3. Plastic: 1-50 kg/capitaPlastic: 1-50 kg/capita
4.4. Glass: 5-45 kg/capitaGlass: 5-45 kg/capita
5.5. Metal: 2-25 kg/capitaMetal: 2-25 kg/capita
Waste generation per country and for EU-27 in 2008 (kg/cap)
Projections - ETC/RWM 2007 (EU 25)
EU Waste Composition (2004)
EU MSW management (kg/cap)
Municipal waste treatment, 2008 (% of total municipal waste treated)
BMW: What happens to it?LANDFILL (2003)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%
BMW: What happens to it?INCINERATION (2003)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
%
BMW: What happens to it?COMPOSTING (2003)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
%
European Union Composting European Union Composting penetrationpenetration
Wide-spread separate collection and composting
Implementation phase
Initial phase
Minimal activities
Lessons learned from Lessons learned from Europe Europe
““good results countries” have:good results countries” have: Regime of certainty: strong planning, Regime of certainty: strong planning,
landfill bans, strict regulation, municipal landfill bans, strict regulation, municipal (co-)ownership reducing financial risks;(co-)ownership reducing financial risks;
Partnership between government levels: Partnership between government levels: transparant responsibilities, thorough transparant responsibilities, thorough consultation, local implementation;consultation, local implementation;
Public trust: separate local waste taxes Public trust: separate local waste taxes (transparency), strict adherence to EU (transparency), strict adherence to EU requirements;requirements;
Integrated approach across waste Integrated approach across waste streams: integration of household and streams: integration of household and industrial waste leads to cost reductions.industrial waste leads to cost reductions.
Lessons learned from Lessons learned from Europe Europe
““bad results countries” have:bad results countries” have: Lack of certainty which creates difficulties Lack of certainty which creates difficulties
in securing key waste management in securing key waste management infrastructure;infrastructure;
Poor strategic planning capability with Poor strategic planning capability with little cooperation between tiers of little cooperation between tiers of government;government;
Weak local accountability and ownership of Weak local accountability and ownership of waste related issues so that issues are waste related issues so that issues are repeatedly deferred;repeatedly deferred;
Politically inconsistent messages and fiscal Politically inconsistent messages and fiscal incentives which contradict the promotion incentives which contradict the promotion of the waste hierarchy.of the waste hierarchy.
Measures for reducing landfilling of BMW
Measure Advantages Disadvantages Application
1. Complete banning of BMW landfilling
-BMW diversion from SL enhanced-SL lifetime increases
-Rigid -Detailed data on BMW quantities and systematic control of incoming waste loads is needed -Increased management costs
Certain SL located closely to treatment facilities
2. Complete banning in landfilling certain BMW streams (paper, garden waste, etc)
- BMW diversion from SL enhanced-Separate collection systems encouraged -Environmental conscience developed
-Rigid -Detailed data on BMW quantities and systematic control of incoming waste loads is needed -Separation system in landfills is required -Increased management costs
Certain SL located closely to treatment facilities or to areas where separate collection systems operate Lasaridi et al. 2008
Lasaridi et al. 2008
Measure Advantages Disadvantages
Application
3. Limitation of BMW that can enter SLs (application per SL, inclusion in the licensing documents)
-Offers flexibility if quantities allowed to enter SL decrease over a time period -Encourages the setting up of systems for diverting BMW from SL -SL terms of operation are clearly defined -SL environmental impacts minimised rehabilitation costs decrease -SL operation and
-A common method to estimate BMW quantities at case level is necessary-In case diversion systems fail a temporary disposal area for BMW is required -Overall costs increase
Large SL serving urban areas
4. Landfill tax -Motivates against landfilling -May be a source of money to invest on recycling/recovery
-Need to change how waste producers are charged -Landfill gate fees must increase up to 250-300% to reach treatment costs
Should be considered by central authorities and applied by case if considered applicable
Euro/ton
0
20
40
60
80
100
Euro/ton
Landfill tax in 13 EU countries (€/ton, 2004-2005)
Lasaridi et al. 2008
Measure Advantages Disadvantages
Application
5. Limitation of BMW that can enter SLs (application at the regional level)
- Offers flexibilty if targets are redefined over a time period -Encourages the setting up of systems for diverting BMW from SL -SL terms of operation are clearly defined -SL environmental impacts minimised - Offers flexibility - SL operation and -rehabilitation costs decrease
-A common method to at regional level is necessary estimate BMW quantities -Increased complexity -Inadequate institutional infrastructure in many areas -Overall costs increased
Where regional authorities have the necessary infrastructure
6. Upper and lower limit of BMW treated (per facility, inclusion in licensing documents)
-Facilities can accept quantities from various areas thus competitiveness is encouraged -Encourages the setting up of systems for diverting BMW from SL especially if combined with measure 4 -Flexible system, not depending on a certain facility -Room available for separation at source systems
-A common method to at regional or case level is necessary estimate BMW quantities -Increased complexity
In any case
Technical aspects - Utilization paths for Technical aspects - Utilization paths for energy recoveryenergy recovery
[Kaltschmitt, M., Hartmann, 2001]
BDW management The Hellenic experience
Municipal Solid Waste generation (1960-2005)
0
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Mu
nic
ipal
Sol
id W
aste
(k
t)
food waste paper plastic metals glass rest
MSW production and management – current situation
Landfills in GreeceLandfills in Greece
Volos
Tagarades
Ano Liosia
• 63 landfills in operation
•Only in 3 landfills is performed biogas collection and energy recovery:
- Ano Liosia (23.5 MWe).
- Tagarades (5 MWe).
- Volos (1.3 MWe) …
Landfill gas utilizationLandfill gas utilization
Ano Liossia(Athens): 23,9 MWe
Tagarades(Thessaloniki): 5 MWe
Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT)Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT)
Existing MBTsExisting MBTs1.1. Ano LiossiaAno Liossia
Capacity:Capacity: 1 1,,500 500 tt//dd
2.2. Ditiki Ellada: BiodryingDitiki Ellada: Biodrying ( (is operating since 2009is operating since 2009))3.3. IrakleioIrakleio: : BiodryingBiodrying ( (is operating sinceis operating since 2009 2009))
Ano Liossia MBT
Hellenic waste management – planned MBTs will be constructed
Waste derived fuelsWaste derived fuels
11. . MSWMSW / / residuals MRF and/or MBTresiduals MRF and/or MBT
2. 2. Refuse Derived FuelRefuse Derived Fuel (RDF): Consists of paper and (RDF): Consists of paper and plastic and it is produced mainly in MRFs and MBTs.plastic and it is produced mainly in MRFs and MBTs.
3. 3. Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF): Consists of BMW (in a Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF): Consists of BMW (in a big proportion)big proportion) and is needed biological treatment and is needed biological treatment (biodrying process).(biodrying process).
The three aforementioned fuels could incinerated The three aforementioned fuels could incinerated without other supplementary fuel for energy recovery.without other supplementary fuel for energy recovery.
RDF and SRF could co-incinerated on other RDF and SRF could co-incinerated on other industriesindustries (cement plants, energy plants etc.).(cement plants, energy plants etc.).
Construction barriers of WtE plants in GreeceConstruction barriers of WtE plants in Greece (1/2)(1/2)
• Historical reasons.
• Political reasons.
• Dependence from the low
gate fee of the sanitary
landfills, without taking into
consideration Life Cycle
Costing approach.
MBT at Ano Liossia(Skordilis, 2006)
Construction barriers of WtE plants in GreeceConstruction barriers of WtE plants in Greece (2/2)(2/2)
• Very sensitive and flexible market for RDF/SRF.
• Authorisation, licensing, bureaucracy.
• One new initiative.
RDF at Ano Liossia(Skordilis, 2006)
A target in the … binA target in the … bin Simple/cheap means – huge impact: equip small and medium Simple/cheap means – huge impact: equip small and medium
communities with separate collection binscommunities with separate collection bins Implement wide public awareness campaigns – without the Implement wide public awareness campaigns – without the
people we cannot have results whatever the legislation imposes people we cannot have results whatever the legislation imposes
Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!
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