Transcript
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1
/l
2
c
o o
10
10 100 100
1.0
0.10
0.01
ChlorineConcentration,mg
HOCl
OCl-1
NH Cl
Minutes, t
Concentration versus contact time for 99% kill of E. coil by various forms
of chlorine at 2 C to 6 C.
Figure by MIT OCW.
Figure by MIT OCW.
1
/l
c
o o
Adenovirus3
E.coli
Poliomyelitisvirus1
Coxsackie
virusA2
0.1
0.1
10 100
1.0
0.01
ChlorineasHOCL,mg
Minutes, t
Concentration versus contact time for 99% kill of E. coil and three enteric
viruses by HOCl at 0 C to 6 C.
Adapted from: Reynolds, T. D., and P. A. Richards. Unit Operations and Processes in Environmenta
Engineering. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: PWS Publishing Company, 1996, pp. 742-743.
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Required
C.t or l.tCombined chlorine Free chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ozone UV light
C. parvum
LegionellaMycobacterium
fortuitum
Poliovirus
E. coli
E. coli
E. coli
Adenovirus
Adenovirus
Adenovirus
Adenovirus
Adenovirus
Calicivirus
Calicivirus
Calicivir
Calicivirus
C. parvum
C. parvum
C.parvum
M.fortuitum
Legionella
Legionella
Microsporidium
Microsporidium
Microsporidium
GiordiaPoliovirus
Poliovirus
Poliovirus
M.fortuitum
Hepatitis A
Rotavirus
0.01
0.10
1.0
10
100
1,000
10,000
Giardia
E. coli
E. coli
Legionella
pnuemophila
Calicivirus
Giardia
M.fortuitum
Poliovirus
LegionellaGiardia Giardia
ReovirusMS-2
C.parvum
Overview of disinfection requirements for 99 percent inactivation.
Figure by MIT OCW.
Adapted from: MWH, J. C. Crittenden, R. R. Trussell, D. W. Hand, K. J. Howe, and G. Tchobanoglous.
Water Treatment: Principles and Design. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, p. 1063.
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2 j
Sensor
Cl In ection
Sulfite Diffuser
Chlorination - Dechlorination
Controller
Alternate Locations for Sensor
Typical contact chamber for chlorination. Baffles are provided to promote plug flow. When chlorine has been
applied at elevated concentrations, sulfite is added to reduce chlorine to levels that will not cause consumer
reaction to chlorine taste and odor.
Figure by MIT OCW.
dapted from: Binnie, C., M. Kimber, and G. Smethurst. Basic Water Treatment. 3rd ed. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 200
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Figure by MIT OCW.
Adapted from: MWH, J. C. Crittenden, R. R. Trussell, D. W. Hand, K. J. Howe, and G. Tchobanoglous.
Water Treatment: Principles and Design. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, p. 1121.
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100 150
200
0.00200 220 240
Wavelength, nm
Ultraviolet sources and germicidal range: 1) Ultraviolet portion of electromagnetic
spectrum, 2) Output from low-pressure UV lamp, and 3) Output from medium-pressure
UV lamp.
260 280 900
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
Relative lamp
output
Relative lamp
output
Wavelength, nm
Medium-pressure UV
Low-pressure UV
220 240 260 280 300
Region where UV is
absorbed by water
Region where neither
DNA nor water
absorb UV
Region whereDNA absorbs UV
Germicidal Range
200 250 300 350 400
1
2
3
Figure by MIT OCW.
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Clements, John, 2004. Ultraviolet Disinfection. Brown and Caldwell Engineers.February 2004. http://www.xaraxone.com/FeaturedArt/jc/html/08.htm Accessed3/13/05
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e by MIT OCW. Adapted from: Mancl, Karen M.. "Bacteria in Drinking Water." The Ohio State University Extension Bulletin.Bulletin 795 (1989).
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