Transcript
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENTKNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
““The Empires of the Future The Empires of the Future are Empires of the Mind”are Empires of the Mind”
Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill
Data & InformationData & Information
"Data are facts, observations, or measures "Data are facts, observations, or measures that have been recorded but not put into that have been recorded but not put into meaningful context. A single musical note is meaningful context. A single musical note is data." data."
Then data becomes information as soon as it Then data becomes information as soon as it is put into a context, and linked to an object. is put into a context, and linked to an object.
Data that has been arranged in a systematic Data that has been arranged in a systematic way to yield order and meaning. A series of way to yield order and meaning. A series of notes arranged into a tune is information."notes arranged into a tune is information."
The Five CsThe Five Cs
Data is summarized in more concise form, and unnecessary dept is eliminated
We know why the data was collected
Tabulate, relate and data to form bases for analysis
Errors have been removed, missing ‘data-holes’ have been accounted for
The basis of Analysis is known
Condensed
Contextualized
Calculated
Corrected
Categorized
What is Knowledge?What is Knowledge?
Knowledge is reasoning about Knowledge is reasoning about information and data to actively information and data to actively enable performance, problem – enable performance, problem – solving, decision – making, learning, solving, decision – making, learning, and teaching.and teaching.
(Beckman, T 1997)(Beckman, T 1997)
Knowledge is a mix of framed experience, values, contextual information, expert insight and intuition that provides an environment and framework for evaluating and incorporating new experiences and information. It originates in individuals’ minds but is often embedded in organizational routines, processes, practices, systems, software and norms.
Definition of Knowledge Definition of Knowledge
Elements of KnowledgeElements of Knowledge
Be Aware ofBe Aware ofBe Familiar Be Familiar withwithBe Be Acquainted Acquainted withwith
KNOW L EDGE
L
E
A
R
N
•An intense or striking quality (a quality or factor which gives superiority over close rivals)
•A slight advantage over somebody/ something
•To be Informed
•To gain Knowledge, Skill or Ability
•To be Skilful
•The term KNOWLEDGE is a process of learning to know to have an edge over others.
D I K W RelationshipD I K W Relationship
Data
Information
Knowledge
Wisdom
Unformatted, assorted, numerous transactional
records – Transactions
Data processed through5Cs – Interpreted
Data
Information + Experiences + Insights +
Judgment -Interpreted Information
Knowledge applied X Results Interpreted -
Interpreted Knowledge
From Facts to WisdomFrom Facts to Wisdom(Haeckel & Nolan, 1993)(Haeckel & Nolan, 1993)
Facts
Information
Knowledge
Wisdom
Less is
More
Volume
Completeness
Objectivity
Value
Structure
Categories of KnowledgeCategories of Knowledge
Knowledge
Type
Focus
Complexity
Perishability
Technological
Business
Environmental
Operational
Strategic
Explicit
Low
High
Tacit
InvolvementIndividual
Collective
Knowledge – Explicit, Tacit and Knowledge – Explicit, Tacit and PotentialPotential
• Explicit Knowledge
is that
component of knowledge that can
be codified and transmitte
d in a
systematic and formal language;
documents, databases,
webs, e-
mails, charts, p
ortals etc
•Tacit
Knowledge is
personal,
context-specific knowledge that is
difficult to formalize, record or
articulate; it is stored in the heads
of the people. It consists of various
components, such as intuition,
experience, truth,
judgment,
values, assumptions, beliefs and
intelligence. The tacit component
is developed by trial and error
encountered in practice
Building BlocksBuilding BlocksKNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGE
Explicit TacitExplicit Tacit RecordedRecorded Residing in Residing in
Peoples’ Heads Peoples’ Heads Procedures, Manuals, Procedures, Manuals, Skills, Ideas, Skills, Ideas,
Documents, Practices…. Experience…. Documents, Practices…. Experience….
• Knowledge Management (KM) is the creation, distribution and exploitation of knowledge to create and retain greater value of core business competencies.
• KM addresses business problems particular to your business – whether it is creating and delivering innovative products or services; managing and enhancing relationships with customers, partners and suppliers; or improving work processes.
Definition of Knowledge ManagementDefinition of Knowledge Management
primary goal : To primary goal : To facilitate opportunistic facilitate opportunistic application of fragmented knowledge through application of fragmented knowledge through integration.integration.
KM is a newly emerging, KM is a newly emerging, interdisciplinary interdisciplinary business modelbusiness model dealing with all aspects of dealing with all aspects of knowledge within the context of the firm, knowledge within the context of the firm, including knowledge creation, codification, including knowledge creation, codification, sharing, and how these activities promote sharing, and how these activities promote learning and innovation.learning and innovation. In practice, In practice, KM KM encompasses both technological tools and encompasses both technological tools and organizational routinesorganizational routines in overlapping parts. in overlapping parts.
Knowledge AssetsKnowledge Assets
An organization’s schematic and content An organization’s schematic and content knowledge resources, including knowledge resources, including knowledge held by the organization’s knowledge held by the organization’s participants, various artifacts belonging participants, various artifacts belonging to the organization (e.g., documents, to the organization (e.g., documents, manuals, videos), the organization’s manuals, videos), the organization’s culture, and its particular infrastructure culture, and its particular infrastructure of roles, relationships, and regulations.of roles, relationships, and regulations.
Knowledge WorkerKnowledge Worker
A knowledge worker (also referred to as A knowledge worker (also referred to as an intellectual worker or brain worker) is an intellectual worker or brain worker) is a person employed due to his or her a person employed due to his or her knowledge of a subject matter, rather knowledge of a subject matter, rather than their ability to perform manual than their ability to perform manual labor.labor.
The term was coined by Peter Drucker in The term was coined by Peter Drucker in
1959, as one who works primarily with 1959, as one who works primarily with information or one who develops and information or one who develops and uses knowledge in the workplace.uses knowledge in the workplace.
Knowledge Management may be Knowledge Management may be viewed in terms ofviewed in terms of
– PeoplePeople– ProcessesProcesses– TechnologyTechnology
OrOr– Culture Culture
Structure Structure – TechnologyTechnology
Major Drivers behind KMMajor Drivers behind KM
Globalization of BusinessGlobalization of Business Learner organizationsLearner organizations Corporate AmnesiaCorporate Amnesia Technological advancesTechnological advances
The Knowledge EconomyThe Knowledge Economy The new source of wealth is knowledge, and not The new source of wealth is knowledge, and not
labor, land, or financial capital. It is the intangible, labor, land, or financial capital. It is the intangible, intellectual assets that must be managed. intellectual assets that must be managed.
The key challenge of the knowledge-based economy The key challenge of the knowledge-based economy is to foster innovation.is to foster innovation.
Two Questions:Two Questions:
Is KM related to innovation?Is KM related to innovation?
Is there any difference between KE and KBE?Is there any difference between KE and KBE?
DefinitionDefinition
Knowledge economy as one that Knowledge economy as one that creates, disseminates, and uses creates, disseminates, and uses knowledge to enhance its growth and knowledge to enhance its growth and development. development.
The Knowledge EconomyThe Knowledge Economy
For several decades the world's best-known For several decades the world's best-known forecasters of societal change have forecasters of societal change have predicted the emergence of a new economy predicted the emergence of a new economy in which brainpower, not machine power, is in which brainpower, not machine power, is the critical resource. But the future has the critical resource. But the future has already turned into the present, and the era already turned into the present, and the era of knowledge has arrived.of knowledge has arrived.
--"The Learning Organization," Economist Intelligence --"The Learning Organization," Economist Intelligence UnitUnit
Intellectual CapitalIntellectual Capital
Intangible AssetsIntangible Assets could be any asset that can be or could be any asset that can be or cannot be measured, but is used by a company to its cannot be measured, but is used by a company to its advantage.advantage.
An intangible asset An intangible asset if measured and valuedif measured and valued for become for become the intellectual capital of the company.the intellectual capital of the company.
Skilled people & their competencies (knowledge / Skilled people & their competencies (knowledge / expertise), market positions, goodwill, recognition, expertise), market positions, goodwill, recognition, achievements, patents, contracts, support, achievements, patents, contracts, support, collaborations, brand value, leadership, collaborations, brand value, leadership, and and loyal loyal customer bases.customer bases.
Knowledge, collective expertise, goodwill, brand value Knowledge, collective expertise, goodwill, brand value and patents are not regularly shown up on conventional and patents are not regularly shown up on conventional financial statements.financial statements.
Intellectual CapitalIntellectual Capital Relational capital: All relations a company Relational capital: All relations a company
entertains with external subjects, such as entertains with external subjects, such as suppliers, partners, clients (brands, ...), suppliers, partners, clients (brands, ...), research centres, etc.;research centres, etc.;
Human capital: The sum total of the useful Human capital: The sum total of the useful knowledge of your employees and your knowledge of your employees and your customers with more emphasis on knowledge customers with more emphasis on knowledge and competences residing with the and competences residing with the company's employees;company's employees;
Organizational capital: Collective know-how, Organizational capital: Collective know-how, beyond the capabilities of individual beyond the capabilities of individual employees. E.g.: information systems; employees. E.g.: information systems; policies; intellectual property.policies; intellectual property.
Characteristics of Knowledge Characteristics of Knowledge ManagementManagement
Pervasive (spreading widely)Pervasive (spreading widely) Formal management Formal management Involves management of Involves management of
organizationorganization Consists of integrated processesConsists of integrated processes Technology serves as backboneTechnology serves as backbone Disciplinary approachDisciplinary approach
Barriers to Knowledge Barriers to Knowledge ImplementationImplementation
Barriers
19%
16%
12%5%
48%
Immaturity ofTechnology
Immaturity of Industry
Cost
Lack of need
Cultural resistance
Wonders of Knowledge ManagementWonders of Knowledge Management
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
Reducing costs/ time for information collection, dissemination & reuse
Improving Customer/Vendor service & support processes
Identifying innovative business/revenue generation opportunities
Shrinking cycle times for product / market development
Stemming intellectual losses linked to employee turnover
Accelerated
Organizational
learning
Enhanced
Enterprise
Profitability
Knowledge RepositoryKnowledge Repository
Not a databaseNot a database Not a knowledge base (like for Not a knowledge base (like for
ES)ES)
A collection of internal and A collection of internal and external knowledgeexternal knowledge
Cyclic Model of KMCyclic Model of KM
ManageKnowledge
StoreKnowledge
DisseminateKnowledge
RefineKnowledge
Create Knowledge
CaptureKnowledge
Chief Knowledge Officer Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO)(CKO)
Maximize firm’s knowledge Maximize firm’s knowledge assetsassets
Design and implement KM Design and implement KM strategiesstrategies
Effectively exchange knowledge Effectively exchange knowledge assetsassets
Promote system usePromote system use
KM StrategiesKM Strategies
Codification StrategyCodification Strategy– Identify who has knowledgeIdentify who has knowledge– Classify and extract the knowledgeClassify and extract the knowledge– Manage the knowledgeManage the knowledge
Personalization StrategyPersonalization Strategy– Identify who has knowledgeIdentify who has knowledge– Classify the knowledge and store Classify the knowledge and store
information about who to contact to get information about who to contact to get itit
– Manage the “pointers to the knowledge”Manage the “pointers to the knowledge”
Storage StrategiesStorage Strategies
Repository Storage StrategyRepository Storage Strategy– For the For the Codification StrategyCodification Strategy– Develop a Knowledge Repository, andDevelop a Knowledge Repository, and– The Technology and People to Manage itThe Technology and People to Manage it
Network Storage StrategyNetwork Storage Strategy– For the For the Personalization StrategyPersonalization Strategy– Heavily based on communication to Heavily based on communication to
connect with people who have knowledgeconnect with people who have knowledge
KM TechnologiesKM Technologies
1. Communication1. Communication– To enable people to connect to other To enable people to connect to other
people or the KMSpeople or the KMS
2. Collaboration2. Collaboration– To enable people to work togetherTo enable people to work together
3. Storage3. Storage– To store and maintain the knowledge or To store and maintain the knowledge or
knowledge about who has knowledgeknowledge about who has knowledge
KM – The FutureKM – The Future
Not a fadNot a fad Impact is immenseImpact is immense Research on organizational Research on organizational
cultureculture How to do each stepHow to do each step Are they the right steps?Are they the right steps?
Knowledge ManagementKnowledge ManagementKey IssuesKey Issues
Organizational cultureOrganizational culture Executive sponsorshipExecutive sponsorship Measuring successMeasuring success
The future: Comprehensive The future: Comprehensive standardized KM packagesstandardized KM packages
Knowledge MangementKnowledge Mangement
““The wise see knowledge and action The wise see knowledge and action as one” (Bhagvad Gita). as one” (Bhagvad Gita).
Intelligent organizations recognize Intelligent organizations recognize that knowledge is an asset, that knowledge is an asset, perhaps the only one that grows perhaps the only one that grows over time, and when harnessed over time, and when harnessed effectively can sustain the ability effectively can sustain the ability to continuously compete and to continuously compete and innovate.innovate.
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