Know aids for no AIDS !

Anika Tabassum BristyNorth South University

Know AIDS for NO AIDS !

What is AIDS ?

AIDS - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Syndrome means – group of diseases Its marked by opportunistic infections It limits the body’s ability to fight

infection Final stage of HIV infection No cure

Print MasterWorldwide, 34.2 million people are living with HIV

around the world. 1.8 million new cases of HIV in 2010 2.5 million deaths in person with AIDS

in 2011. Nearly 30 million people with AIDS

have died worldwide since the epidemic began.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Reference - http://aids.com/hiv-basics/basic-statistics/

Global summary 0f AIDS Epidemic 2012 No of people living with HIV

Total 35.3 million

[32.2 million – 38.8 million]

Adult 32.1 million [29.1 million – 35.3 million]

Women 17.7 million [16.4 million – 19.3 million]

Children 3.3 million [3.0 million – 3.7 million]• People newly infected with HIV in 2012

Total 2.3 million [1.9 million – 2.7 million]

Adult 2.0 million [1.7 million – 2.4 million]

Children 260 000 [230 000 – 320 000] AIDS deaths in 2012 - 1.6 million Reference - UNAIDS

In Bangladesh - The first case of HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh was detected in 1989.

HIV and AIDS estimates (2012)  Number of people living with HIV - 8,000 [3,100 - 82,000] Adults (15 to 49 age ) prevalence rate - <0.1% [<0.1% - <0.1%] Adults aged 15 and up living with HIV - 7,600 [3,000 - 80,000] Women aged 15 and up living with HIV - 2,700 [1,000 - 28,000] Deaths due to AIDS - <500 [<200 - 2,300]

Reference – UNAIDS (http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/bangladesh/)

World’s AIDS mapMost affected – USA, South Africa ,Eastern Africa, India

Severely affected - China , Russia, Brazil, Vietnam

Less affected –Australia, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan

ETIOLOGY• Causative agent – HIV• HIV - “Human Immunodeficiency Virus”•   A lentivirus (slowly replicating retrovirus)

• Two types of HIV have been characterized – HIV-1 & HIV-2.

.

HIV 1 HIV 2Virulence High Lower

Infectivity High Low

Transmission Easily Less easily

Prevalence Global West Africa

Development Comparatively fast

Slow

HIV

• How HIV causes AIDS ? - HIV destroys a certain kind of blood cell (CD4 + T cells) which is crucial to the normal function of the human immune system.• Loss of these cells in people with HIV

leads to the development of AIDS.

AIDS is the final state of HIV infection .

Professor Luc Montagnier - discovered HIV in 1983.

HIV Life Cycle : Mechanism

1. Binding

2. Reverse Transcription

3. Integration

4. Transcription

5. Translation

6. Viral Assembly and Maturation

Transmission1. Through Body Fluids –• Blood product• Semen• Vaginal Fluid• Breast milk

2. Through IV drug use

3. Through sex

4. From mother to fetus and baby

HIV can’t be transmitted by - Coughing , sneezingInsect bitesWater , foodTouchingKissingHandshakeSharing cups , plates, glassesPlaying togetherSharing study materials , office equipments

HIV is not an airborne virus .

4 Stages of HIV infectionStage 1 : Primary• Short, flu-like illness - occurs one to six weeks after infection

• no symptoms at all

Stage 2 :Asymptomatic• Lasts for an average of ten years

• This stage is free from symptoms

• There may be swollen glands

• The level of HIV in the blood drops to very low levels

• HIV antibodies are detectable in the blood

Stage 3 - Symptomatic• The symptoms are mild

• The immune system is damaged

• emergence of opportunistic infections and cancers

4 Stages of HIV infectionStage – 4 : HIV AIDS• The immune system weakens

• The illnesses become more severe leading to an AIDS diagnosis

Stage -1 Stage - 2Stage -3 Stage - 4

What happens in AIDS ?

HIV multiply inside CD 4 cell and destroy them . Immune system becomes weakened. Over time , the ability to fight against infection is lost. HIV infected people become vulnerable to opportunistic

infections .That is AIDS .

Opportunistic diseases take advantage of weakened immune systems. These include…

Kaposi’s sarcoma, a kind of skin cancer

Pneumocystis carinii, a kind of pneumonia

Cryptosporidiosis Candidiasis

Sign & Symptoms

Dry skin Fatigue Fever (comes and goes ) Diarrhea Frequent vaginal infection Headache Mouth sores Rapid weight loss Swollen lymph nodes White spots on tongue, mouth & throat

DIAGNOSISA sample of blood, urine or a swab of fluids from mouth are taken for the diagnosis . The tests include –

HIV antbody test PCR test (Polymerase Chain Reaction test) - can detect the genetic

material of HIV CD4 count – 600-1200 cells per cubic mm of blood - A healthy person's CD4 count 350-600 – HIV+ person . But HIV medications are typically not indicated.200 – 350 - the immune system is weakened & medications indicated.Less than 200 – The patient is classified as having AIDS.

Viral load – (measures the amount of virus in blood ) ELISA test SPOT test WESTERN BLOT test Drug resistance

TREATMENTThere is ACTUALLY no cure for AIDS .

1. Antiretroviral therapy - reduce the presence of the virus in the body, but can not eliminate it.Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors (Zidovudine)Non-Nucleoside Transcriptase inhibitors (Nevirapine)Protease inhibitor (Ritonavir)

Taking two or more antiretroviral drugs at a time is called combination therapy. If only one drug was taken, HIV would quickly become resistant to it.

2. Opportunistic Infection TreatmentUsed in an event where antiretroviral drugs are not available

PREVENTION• Protected sex - use a condom.• Using New and sterile needle • - to significantly reduce the risk of HIV

transmission.• Avoidance of same gender sex• Screen all blood and blood products• Getting medical care during

pregnancy - to reduce the risk of virus transmission to baby

PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE !