Kingdom Monera BACTERIA & BLUE-GREEN ALGAE
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Kingdom
Monera BACTERIA & BLUE-GREEN
ALGAE
C
Kingdom Monera: The ProkaryotesBACTERIA- single-celled prokaryotes- among the simplest forms of living
things- w/ few organelles or specialized
cell structures- believed to be the most abundant
organism on earth
Bacterial Structure:
FLAGELLUM- long and slender appendage; for locomotion
CELL WALL- provides rigidity, protection and identification
CAPSULE/ SLIME LAYER- contributes in protection and virulence
Bacterial Structure:
CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE- controls what enters and exits the cell
NUCLEAR REGION- carries genetic information
RIBOSOMES- involved in protein synthesis
Bacterial Structure:
PILI/ FIMBRIAE- shorter appendages which confer adhesive properties
MESOSOMES- large infoldings of cell membrane; increase surface area
ENDOSPORES- highly resistant body formed during extreme conditions
Bacterial Shapes
1. Bacillus – rod-shaped
2. Coccus – sphere-shaped
3. Spirillum – spiral-shaped
Staphylococcus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Spirochetes
Bacterial Reproduction:
a. Binary Fission
asexual reproduction in which
a bacterium replicates its chromosomes and divide into two
b. Budding
asexual reproduction in which an
outgrowth develops into another individual
Bacterial Reproduction:c. Spore formation/ sporulation formation of endospores which are resistant to unfavorable conditionsd. Conjugation A bacterium transfers some DNA to
another bacterium, thus changing the genes of the latter
Examples
Pathogenic bacteria
1. Streptococcus pyrogene – sore throat
2. Clostridium botulinum – paralysis due to food poisoning
3. Treponema pallidum – syphyllis
Beneficial bacteria
1. Escherichia coli – colon bacterium
2. Rhizobium sp.- nitrogen-fixing bacterium
Nutrition:A. Autotrophic – make their own food from
inorganic substances• Photosynthetic – contains chlorophyll • Chemosynthetic – make their own food
by using energy from chemical reactions involving sulfur, iron, and nitrogen
Nutrition:
B. Heterotrophic – obtain organic matter from their environment for food
• Saprophytic – feed on dead organic matter
• Parasitic – feed on other living things
Conditions for Bacterial Growth
Nutritional requirement Temperature Moisture Exposure to sunlight Chemicals
Significance of Bacteria
Food industry Medicine Leather tanning Agriculture Decomposition of living things Some can cause diseases
Some Bacterial Diseases• Rheumatic fever• Gonorrhea• Pneumonia• Meningitis• Diphtheria• Thypoid fever• Bubonic plague• Tetanus• Tuberculosis
• Anthrax• Food poisoning• Leprosy• Diarrhea• Conjunctivitis• Sore throat• Tonsillitis• Gas gangrene• Whooping cough
- spiral-shaped, w/o a rigid cell wall and move by rotating, corkscrew motion
- causes syphilis, yaws, pinta, infectious jaundice
SPIROCHAETES
- smallest known organisms that are capable of growth
& reproduction outside of living host cells
- causes primary atypical pneumonia in humans
MYCOPLASMAS/ PPLO
- obligate intracellular parasites
- cause typhus fever, Q fever, Rocky Mountain
spotted fever, Trench feverTsutsugamushi fever
RICKETTSIAE
THE ARCHAEOBACTERIA
Comparison of Viruses and Bacteria
Virus Bacterianucleus present
No No
metabolism No Yes
response to stimuli
No Yes
multiply Yes Yes
evolve Yes Yes
BLUE-GREEN ALGAE
prokaryotic unicellular: colonial or
filamentous w/ chlorophyll, phycocyanin or
phycoeryhtrin found in fresh or marine waters
& damp soil food for fish; may cause
pollution; fertilize soil
The cyanobacteria are autotrophs and obtain nutrition through photosynthesis. They possess chlorophyll a and other pigments but lack plastids. (Remember, they are prokaryotic). These organisms are sometimes responsible for algal blooms in polluted lakes.
Figure 3. Blue-green algae washed ashore on a small pond, 1994.
Lyngbya colonies (blue-green algae)
Large Algal Bloom
Algal Bloom Close-up
Water Sample
Aphanizomenon
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