kaci, romelmac Seqmna - gfsis.org · arabuli anbani laTinuriT Secvala, ... daaarsa TurqeTis istoriisa da Turquli enis sabWoebi (institutebi). gamoCenili adamianebi 26. ukanaskneli
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msoflio istoriaSi albaT Znelad moiZebneba pirovneba, romelmac ise radi
kalurad Secvala sakuTari qveynis gezi, rogorc es aTaTurqma moaxerxa.
aTaTurqs im periodSi mouwia cxovreba da moRvaweoba, romelsac Tavisuflad
SeiZleba ewodos `beladebis epoqa~. im dros swored erTeulebi wyvetdnen erebis,
saxelmwifoebisa da mTeli msoflios beds.
TurqeTisTvis sabednierod qveyanas erTerT yvelaze gadamwyvet momentSi
saTa veSi Caudga udidesi Sinagani Zalisa da SemarTebis progresulad moazrovne
adamiani, romelmac revolucia moaxdina TurqTa TviTSegnebaSi. swored amitom
iTvleba aTaTurqi ara marto Tanamedrove TurqeTis respublikis damaarseblad
da pirvel prezidentad, aramed eris mxsnelad da mamad.1
aTaTurqis fenomeni imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi erTdroulad iyo saxelmwifo
moRvawec, samxedroc da revolucioneric. es sami saqme erTmaneTs xels ar uSlida,
piriqiT, im droindeli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, warmatebis erTerT ZiriTad
mizezad swored maTi erT pirovnebaSi SeTavseba unda miviCnioT.
kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi
zurab batiaSvili
gamoCenili adamianebi
! mogvianebiT, rodesac TurqeTis parlamentma miiRo kanoni gvarebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb, mustafa qemals mieniWa gvari aTaTurqi, rac TurqTa mamas niSnavs. amasTan, aikrZala sxva moqalaqeebisTvis am gvaris miniWeba.
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axalgazrdoba
mustafa daibada 1881 wels (misi dabadebis zusti TariRi ucnobia. mogvianebiT,
rodesac aTaTurqs dabadebis TariRi hkiTxes, man upasuxa, rom daibada 19 maiss
– dRes, rodesac aTaTurqma wamoiwyo erovnulganmaTavisuflebeli brZola.) q.
salonikSi (dRevandel saberZneTSi), romelic maSin osmaleTis imperiis Semadgen
lobaSi Sedioda.
mamamisi, ali riza efendi, adgilobrivi saSualo fenis warmomadgeneli iyo. imave
klass ekuTvnoda dedamisic – zubeide hanimi. mSoblebs Soris azrTa sxvadasxvao
ba iyo vaJis momavali profesiis Taobaze. dedas surda, rom misi Svili sasuliero
piri gamxdariyo, mama ki ufro Tanamedrove ganaTlebis miRebas emxroboda. mus
tafa salonikSi im droisTvis yvelaze prestiJul `Semsi efendis skolaSi~ Sevida,
mag ram mamamisi maleve gardaicvala da ojaxs materialurad Zalian gauWirda.
mustafam 1893 wels swavla ganagrZo salonikis samxedro saswavlebelSi, sadac
maTematikuri niWi gamoamJRavna. swored maTematikis maswavlebelma Searqva mas
meore saxelad qemali, ris Semdegac is ukve mustafa qemalad iwodeboda.
ori wlis Semdeg mustafa qemali swavlas agrZelebs bitolas (dRevandel makedoniaSia) kadetTa korpusSi, sadac interesdeba literaturiTa da oratoruli xe
lovnebiT. mustafa qemali 1905 wels Stabis kapitnis CiniT asrulebs swavlas stam
bolis generaluri Stabis akademiaSi. umaRles samxedro saswavlebelSi swavlisas
zurab batiaSvili
kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi
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gaitaca TanzimaTis (18341876 ww. – osmaloTa imperiaSi zomieri progresuli re
formebis) periodis Turq nacionalistTa ideebma da paralelurad daukavSirda
sulTan abdulhamid IIis mimarT opoziciurad ganwyobil oficrebs.
akademiis damTavrebis Semdeg mustafa qemalma 1906 wels q. damaskoSi, Semdeg ki
sxva qalaqebSic TanamoazrovneebTan erTad daaarsa gasaidumloebuli revolu
ciuri organizacia `samSoblosa da Tavisuflebis sazogadoeba~, romelic Semdeg
SeuerTda `erTianobisa da progresis komitets~. mogvianebiT aTaTurqi monawi
leobda italiaosmaleTis (19111912) da balkaneTis meore (19121913) omebSi.
warmatebulad dawyebuli samxedro karieris gamo igi 1913 wels daniSnes osmale
Tis samxedro ataSed bulgareTSi (q. sofia), saidanac 2 weliwadSi isev moqmed armi
aSi gadaiyvanes.
Turqebi balkaneTis meore omSi (19121913)
pirveli msoflio omi, kavkasiis fronti
gamoCenili adamianebi
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I msoflio omi
I msoflio omi didi gamocda iyo osmaleTis imperiis
Tvis. mustafa qemali, romelsac am droisaTvis ukve se
riozuli samxedro gamocdileba hqonda, xvdeboda, rom
germania da misi mokavSireebi am omSi damarcxdebodnen.
amitom igi neitralitetis momxre iyo. Tumca mis azrs im
momentisTvis jer kidev ar hqonda gadamwyveti mniSvne
loba da xelmZRvanelobis gadawyvetilebebs emorCile
boda. igi I msoflio omSi sxvadasxva frontze ibrZoda,
yvelaze mniSvnelovani ki aRmoCnda dardanelis brZole
bi, romlis drosac britaneTis imperia da misi mokav
Sireebi cdilobdnen sruteebisa da q. stambolis aRebas,
riTac surdaT osmaleTis gamoTiSva I msoflio omidan.
brZolebi TiTqmis 300 dRe gagrZelda da istoriaSi Se
vida, rogorc erTerTi yvelaze sisxliani furceli
– orive mxridan operaciebSi monawileobda TiTqmis
1 mili oni jariskaci, maTgan naxevarze meti brZolis
velze daeca. sabolood gamarjveba osmalebs darCaT
da amaSi didi iyo mustafa qemalis damsaxureba. swored
dardanelis brZolebisas warmoTqva man Tavisi cnobili
sityvebi Turqi samxedroebis mimarT – `me Tqven gibrZanebT sikvdils!~
am warmatebis miuxedavad, antanteli mokavSireebi swrafad miiwevdnen win samx
reTisa da aRmosavleTis (kavkasiis) frontebze, rasac SesaZloa osmaleTis impe
riis aRsasruli gamoewvia. amitom ukve faSas, anu generlis Cins miRweuli mustafa
qemali sulTan mehmed VIisgan (vahidedini) daJinebiT moiTxovda, rom am ukanask
nels igi Tavdacvis ministrad daeniSna. generlis es survili ar dakmayofilda.
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola
mZime mdgomareobaSi myofma sulTanma mustafa qemals sxva davaleba misca – igi
anatoliaSi jer me9, Semdeg ki me3 armiis inspeqtorad dainiSna. brZanebis Sesabami
sad, igi 1919 wlis 19 maiss q. samsunSi ki Cavida, magram maleve gamovida sulTnis
daqvemdebarebidan da ukve damoukideblad daiwyo moqmedeba.
man saswrafod moiwvia kongresebi sivassa da rusebisgan ukve daclil arzrum
Si, sadac igi warmomadgenlobiTi organos Tavmjdomared airCies. anatolieli
TurqebisaTvis mustafa qemali erovnulganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis liderad,
kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi
mustafa qemal faSa samxedro formaSi,1918
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stambolis mTavrobisTvis ki ajanyebul samxedrod iqca. misustebul centralur
xelisuflebas misi dapatimreba ukve aRar SeeZlo da qemalis moZraoba anatoliaSi
dRiTidRe Zlierdeboda.
aTaTurqi xedavda, rom swrafad unda emoqmeda da Zalian mokle periodSi SeZlo
brZolisunariani armiis Camoyalibeba. Tu 1921 wlis dasawyisSi TurqeTis jaris
raodenoba 20 000 iyo, erTi wlis Semdeg mas ukve 186 000 jariskaci hyavda. swored
swrafi moqmedebebiT SeZlo aTaTurqma daemarcxebina da gaeZevebina qveynis siRr
meSi SemoWrili mowinaaRmdegeTa (didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, italia, saberZneTi da somxeTi) Zalebi.
bevrma ar icis, rom aTaTurqis yvelaze didi mokavSire lenini iyo. sabWoTa
ruseTma, romelsac Tavad Zalian uWirda, gadamwyvet momentSi, 1920 wels, TurqeTs
gaugzavna 6 000 Tofi, daaxloebiT 5 milioni vazna, 17 600 Wurvi da 200 kg oqros zo
debi da es raodenoba 2 wlis Semdeg kidev gazarda. sabWoTa ruseTi aseve iyo pirve
li qveyana, romelmac xelSekruleba dado qemalistur TurqeTTan, rac am ukanask
nelisaTvis diplomatiur garRvevas warmoadgenda. sabWoTa ruseTisa da TurqeTis
mokavSireobas ganapirobebda saerTo interesebi – erToblivi brZola didi brita
neTisa da misi momxreebis winaaRmdeg. Tumca, rogorc SemdgomSi urTierTobebis
gacivebamac aCvena, es mokavSireoba ufro taqtikuri xasiaTis iyo, vidre strate
giuli.
mas Semdeg, rac ingliselebma deputatTa palata stambolSi garekes, mustafa
qemalma 1920 wlis 23 aprils didi erovnuli kreba (parlamenti) ankaraSi moiwvia,
gamoCenili adamianebi
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romelmac igi airCia parlamentisa da ministrTa kabinetis Tavmjdomared (am or
Tanamdebobas igi TiTqmis 1 wlis ganmavlobaSi iTavsebda).
1921 wlis agvistoSi TurqeTisTvis gadamwyveti momenti dadga. Turqebma mus
tafa qemalis sardlobiT md. saqariasTan ramdenimekviriani brZolebis Sedegad
daamarcxes dasavleT anatoliaSi SeWrili saberZneTis armia, ris gamoc TurqeTis
didma erovnulma krebam mas marSlis wodeba mianiWa. iqidan moyolebuli, TurqeTi
yoveli wlis 30 agvistos (saberZneTis armiaze gadamwyveti upiratesobis mopovebis TariRi) aRniSnavs gamarjvebis dResaswauls.
1922 wels interventebze saboloo gamarjvebis
Semdeg mTeli realuri Zalaufleba aTaTurqis
xel Si aRmoCnda da am ukanasknelma SeZlo Zireu
lad Seecvala saxelmwifo sistema, rac istoriaSi
qemalisturi revoluciis saxeliT Sevida.
aTaTurqi TurqeTisTvis ara marto guSindeli
dRea. am pirovnebam mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra
qveynis dRevandeli da xvalindeli dRec. mis mier
Camoyalibebuli principebi, romelic qemalizmis
saxeliTaa cnobili, safuZvlad udevs TurqeTis
saxelmwifoebriobas.2
qemalizmi
qemalizmis principebia: respublikuroba, nacionalizmi, xalxuroba, eta
tizmi, laicizmi da revoluciuroba.
respublikuroba. 1924, 1961 da 1982 wlebis konstituciebis mixedviT, TurqeT
Si respublikuri mmarTvelobis formaa. kanoniT dauSvebelia misi Secvla an am
sakiTxis gansaxilvelad dayenebac ki. aTaTurqi qveynis marTvis yvelaze misaReb
da mosaxerxebel modelad respublikuri mmarTvelobis formas miiCnevda. swored
amis gamo gaaZeves qveynidan osmaleTis ukanaskneli sulTnis ojaxis wevrebi, rom
lebsac bolo dromde ekrZalebodaT TurqeTSi dabruneba.
nacionalizmi. aTaTurqi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda am princips, radgan misi
saSualebiT xdeba Turqi eris erTianobis dacva. igi ambobda: `Cveni nacionalizmi
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris egoisturi da ampartavnuli nacionalizmi~. amasTan,
mkveTrad asxvavebda erTmaneTisgan nacionalizmsa da nacizms. Tanaxmad aTaTur
qis ganmartebisa, bunebrivi da istoriuli faqtorebi, romlebic qmnis ers, es aris:
kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi
2 igi aseve cnobilia `eqvsi isris~ principis saxeliTac, romelic aris aTaTurqis mier daarsebuli `saxalxorespublikuri partiis~ (CHP) ideologia. es partia dRes TurqeTis yvelaze didi politikuri opoziciuri gaerTianebaa.
aTaTurqi saberZneTTan gamarjvebis Semdeg, 1921
23
saerTo ena, saerTo samSoblo, saerTo warmoSoba da rasobrivi erTianoba, istori
uli erTianoba, zneobrivi safuZvlebis erTianoba. amasTan, aTaTurqma daamkvidra
cnobili fraza, romelic didi asoebiT weria TurqeTis nebismieri skolis kedleb
ze: `ra bednieria is, vinc ambobs, rom Turqia~.3
xalxosnoba. aTaTurqis mixedviT, xalxosnoba demokratiulobaa, ar cnobs
pirovnebebs Soris privilegiebs da ar eTanxmeba klasobriv brZolas.
etatizmi (warmodgeba franguli sityvidan “État” – saxelmwifo). am princips ori
ganmarteba aqvs. farTo gagebiT igi niSnavs ekonomikisa da socialurkulturuli
aRorZinebis politikis gatarebas, viwro gagebiT ki – saxelmwifos warmmarTvel
rols ekonomikaSi. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom yvelafers saxelmwifo awarmoebs.
laicizmi (warmodgeba franguli sityvidan “Laïcite”, rac saero xasiaTs niSnavs). igi gulisxmobs religiis gamoyofas saxelmwifosgan, rac TurqeTs aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi aniWebda modelis statuss regionSi. aTaTurqi ambobda: `Cven pativs
vcemT religias. ar vewinaaRmdegebiT aravis azrebs da azrovnebis wess. Cven mxo
lod vcdilobT, rom religiuri da saxelmwifo saqmeebi ar airios erTmaneTSi~.
3 daakvirdiT formulirebas: `vinc ambobs, rom Turqia~ da ara `vinc Turqia~, rac eris erTad SekvrisTvis metad efeqturi debuleba gamodga.
aTaTurqi q. bursaSi sityviT gamosvlisas, 1924 w.
gamoCenili adamianebi
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revoluciuroba. igi, erTi mxriv, gulisx
mobs sazogadoebis mudmiv ganviTarebas da meo
re mxriv, qemalisturi revoluciis saxeliT
aerTianebs yvela zemoxsenebul princips.
qemalizmis eqvsive debuleba mWidrod aris
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli da erTmaneTidan
gamomdinareobs. magram amis miuxedavad, zogi
erTi mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom qemalizmi ar aris
mwyobri Teoriuli sistema da warmoadgens
sxvadasxva evropuli ideebis jams. amasTan,
TurqeTSi ar iyo aseTi Tanmimdevroba – jer
revoluciuri Teoria, Semdeg – revolucia.
TurqeTSi moxda piriqiT: jer revolucia da
mxolod amis Semdeg, ukve revoluciis msvle
lobisas Seiqmna qemalizmi.
revoluciuri reformebi
gamarjvebulma aTaTurqma swrafi tempiT ganaxorciela revoluciuri xasiaTis
cvlilebebi:
gaauqma sasulTno da saxalifo;
Camoayaliba didi erovnuli kreba (parlamenti);
TurqeTisTvis damamcirebeli sevris xelSekruleba, romelic gulisxmobda
teritoriebis katastroful dakargvas, Secvala lozanis xelSekrulebiT, ri
Tac ganisazRvra Tanamedrove TurqeTis sazRvrebi;
samxedro mosazrebebis gamo dedaqalaqi stambolidan ankaraSi gadaitana;
Seqmna memarcxenecentristuli mimarTulebis `saxalxorespublikuri partia~ (CHP), xeli Seuwyo opoziciuri partiebis Camoyalibebas;4
1923 wlis 29 oqtombers gamoacxada respublika da es dRe iqca mTavar erovnul
dRed;
SemoiRo gvarebi, rac manamde ucxo iyo muslimuri TemebisTvis. amasTan, akrZala
iseTi mimarTvis formebi, rogorebicaa `efendi~, `xoja~, `xaji~, `beiefendi~ da
a.S.
kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi
4 im periodisTvis opoziciuri partiebis waxalisebis ideam ar gaamarTla, radgan isini konservatiuli Zalebis TavSesafrad iqca. es partiebi maleve aikrZala da aTaTurqis sicocxlis bolomde erTpartiuli sistema SenarCunda. 25
religia gamoyo saxelmwifosgan; gaauqma sakonstitucio debuleba, romlis
mixedviTac saxelmwifo religia islami iyo;
miiRo kanoni tanisamosis Sesaxeb, riTac tradiciuli aRmosavluri Cacmuloba
evropuli tansacmliT Canacvlda;
hijris kalendari Secvala grigorianuliT, Secvala Tveebis dasaxeleba. tradi
ciuli muslimuri paraskevis nacvlad dasvenebis dReebad gamoacxada SabaTi da
kvira. daamkvidra evropaSi arsebuli zomisa da wonis erTeulebi;
gaauqma Teqeebi (derviSTa TavSeyris adgilebi) da aSari (islamuri gadasaxadis saxeoba – meaTedi);
gaauqma SariaTis kanonebi da Sveicariis magaliTze SemoiRo axali samoqalaqo da
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi. qalebs mianiWa saarCevno uflebebi;
arabuli anbani laTinuriT Secvala, ris gamoc qveyanaSi swrafad gaizarda
werakiTxvis mcodneTa raodenoba;
daaarsa TurqeTis istoriisa da Turquli enis sabWoebi (institutebi).
gamoCenili adamianebi
26
ukanaskneli wlebi
aTaTurqma gatarebuli reformebis gamo bevri mo
sisxle mteri gaiCina. konservatiuli Zalebi politi
kuri saSualebebiT araerTxel Seecadnen xelisuf
lebidan mis CamoSorebas, Tumca warumateblad. mas
bevrjer SeTqmulebac mouwyves, magram aTaTurqi
yovel Tvis gamarjvebuli gamodioda.
mustafa qemal aTaTurqs seriozuli avadmyofobis
niSnebi 1937 wels aRmoaCnda. Turqma eqimebma mas RviZ
lis cirozis diagnozi dausves. eqimebma misi sicocx
lis gadarCena ver SeZles da igi 1938 wlis 10 noembers
57 wlis asakSi gardaicvala q. stambolSi. am droidan
moyolebuli yoveli wlis 10 noembers didi mowiwebiTa
da pativiscemiT aRiniSneba aTaTurqis xsovnis dRe. igi
dakrZalulia q. ankaraSi specialurad misTvis agebul
mavzoleumSi.
aTaTurqis sikvdilis Semdeg misma memkvidreebma
Seasrules mustafa qemalis anderZi – `mSvidoba qveya
naSi, mSvidoba msoflioSi~ da ar CaerTnen II msoflio
omSi, riTac qveyana didi gansacdelisgan ixsnes.
kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi
aTAYaTurqi meuRlesTan erTad
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ojaxi da piradi cxovreba
mustafa qemal aTaTurqi erTxel iyo daqor
winebuli. 1923 wels man colad SeirTo izmire
li gemTflobeli magnatis muamer uSiqizades
(uSiqligili) qaliSvili latife, romelsac
ganaTleba sorbonis universitetSi hqonda
miRebuli. latife, rogorc im drois erTer
Ti yvelaze progresuli pirovneba, flobda
ucxo enebs da sakmaod emansipirebuli qalic
iyo. mas bevr sakiTxze hqonda sakuTari azri,
rac SesaZloa gaxda kidec wyvilis uTanxmoebi
sa da ganqorwinebis (1925 wels) mizezic. sain
teresoa, rom sasamarTlom akrZala latifes
dRiurebis gamoqveyneba.
aTaTurqs am qorwinebidan Svili ar hyolia.
man cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi iSvila erTi vaJi
aTaTurqi SvilobilTan erTad
aTaTurqis bebiababuis saxli sofel koZaZikSi, makedonia
gamoCenili adamianebi
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da Tormeti gogona. maT Soris yvelaze cnobilia sabiha goq
Ceni 5, romelic gaxda pirveli Turqi mfrinavi qali.
aTaTurqs uyvarda kiTxva, jiriTi, Wadraki, cekva da
curva. flobda frangul da germanul enebs. miRebuli aqvs
mravali jildo. Seagrova mdidari piradi biblioTeka.
aTaTurqi TviTonac werda. misi avtorobiTa da redaqtoro
biT gamocemulia 9 wigni. maT Soris yvelaze cnobilia misi
gamosvlebis krebuli (“Nutuk”).
mustafa qemali gemovnebianadac icvamda. misi piradi
nivTebi da wignebi gamofenilia q. ankaraSi aTaTurqis mavzo
leumis muzeumSi.
uprecedento SemTxveva diplomatiis istoriaSi
qarTvelebTanaa dakavSirebuli uprecedento SemTxveva diplomatiis istoriaSi, romelic 1921 wels moxda TurqeTSi. ori RviZli Zma – simon da budu mdivnebi erTdroulad iyvnen ori sxvadasxva qveynis (Sesabamisad, saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa ruseTis) elCebi erT qveyanaSi (TurqeTSi).
marTalia, Zmebi erTmaneTs ar elaparakebodnen da saqarTvelos mier damoukideblobis dakargvis gamo simon mdivnis elCobac q. ankaraSi xanmokle aRmoCnda, magram Tavad faqti faqtad rCeba – am maCveneblis araTu gaumjobeseba, gameorebac ki veravin SeZlo.
kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi
5 misi saxeli miniWebuli aqvs stambolis sididiT meore aeroports.
aTaTurqi qandakeba q. izmirSi, avtori italieli moqandake pietro kanonika, 1932
e s s a i n t e r e s o a
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