K Sayre - CA-Based Systems for Rice -Ken Sayre
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Ken SayreAgronomist - Conservation Agriculture-Based Crop Management
Potential for CA-Based Crop Management for Rice
MAIN CROP MANAGEMENT ISSUES FACING MOST RICE FARMERS USING IRRIGATION
• HIGH PRODUCTION COSTS GENERAL AND
UNSTABLE PRICES = LOW PROFITABILITY
•CHRONIC LABOR SHORTAGES LEADING TO RAPID INCREASES IN LABOR COSTS
• DEGRADATION OF PRODUCTION RESOURCES –ESPECIALLY SOIL PRODUCTIVITY POTENTIAL
WHEN SOILS ARE PUDDLED FOR RICE AND UPLAND
CROPS ARE GROWN IN ROTATION WITH RICE
• POOR WATER MANAGEMENT AND/OR REDUCED AVAILABILITY OF IRRIGATION
WATER
IRRIGATED RICE-WHEAT IN SOUTH ASIA AND CHINA
• THE RICE- WHEAT SYSTEM CURRENTLY INVOLVES EXTENSIVE TILLAGE INCLUDING PUDDLING FOR RICE
• BOTH RICE AND WHEAT ARE PLANTED ON THE FLAT WITH FLOOD IRRIGATION
• MOST CROP RESIDUES ARE REMOVED FOR FODDER OR FUEL OR ARE BURNED
TILLAGE FOR RICE
PUDDLING PRIOR TO RICE TRANSPLANTING
PUDDLING PRIOR TO RICE TRANSPLANTING
TRANSPLANTED, PUDDLED RICE
CONVENTIONAL, PUDDLED TRANSPLANTED RICE
IN SOUTH ASIA, THE FIRST STEP TO ADOPT CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE FOR RICE-
WHEAT HAS BEEN TAKEN
• ZERO TILL PLANTING OF WHEAT ON THE
FLAT AFTER TRANSPLANTED, PUDDLED
RICE IS BEING ADOPTED, ESPECIALLY IN
INDIA AND PAKISTAN
• PROGRESS TO DEVELOP THE TECHNOLOGIES
TO DIRECT SEED RICE ON THE FLAT \
WITHOUT PUDDLING WITH MINIMAL OR
ZERO TILLAGE THE PROGRESS HAS BEEN
SLOW DUE TO RESISTANCE FROM MOST NARS
INSTITUTES
ZERO TILL PLANTERS - INDIA
Existing Turbo-Happy Zero Till Seeder - INDIA
ZERO TILL WHEAT PLANTED
ON THE FLAT AFTER TRANSPLANTED RICE
Direct Seeding Rice with Minimum Tillage
Direct seeded Rice in India
INDIA – DIRECT SEEDED RICE ON THE FLAT WITH FLOOD IRRIGATION
Maturity -7-15 Days early in DSR
PTR DSR
COMPARISON OF PUDDLED TRANSPLANTED RICE WITH ZERO TILL DIRECT SEEDED RICE IN BIHAR
Grain yield of Rice Cultivars under DSR and PTR
3489277837663222Pusa 834(SD)
6755
-
3111
-
2978
-
3828
2422
BGS 07
6144
-
3289
-
3422
-
3778
2555
BGS 07
57865623Rajendra Mahsuri (LD)
Pusa 06Pusa 06
26112611Pusa Basmati-1(S)
25562667Sugandh 3(S)
28333589NP49(MD)
40563789Pusa 44(MD)
29443333Pant 10(MD)
37783667NDR 359 (MD)
21112389Prabhat (SD)
PTRDSR
Grain Yield (kg/ha)Cultivars
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
PTR-CTW
PTR - ZTW (-R
)
ZTR - ZTW (B
P+R)
ZTR - CTW (-R
)
ZTR - ZTW (-R
)
ZTR - ZTW (+
R)
CTR - ZTW (-R
)
WSR - ZTW (-R
)
Crop establishment methods
Pro
du
cti
vit
y(t
/ha
)
Wheat Rice Rice + Wheat
Effect of crop establishment methods on rice and wheat yields for a long term trial at Pusa, Bihar
(Data from Ravi Gopal Singh - CSISA Hub Manager - Bihar)
Effect of establishment sytems on Yield attributes of rice
(Data from Ravi Gopal Singh - CSISA Hub Manager - Bihar)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
ZTR-SB ZTR-res ZTR+ res Ses
fbZTR
CP fb ZTR PWSR UPTPR PTPR
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Grain Yd (t/ha) grains/ panicle Panicles /m2
CA-based Technologies can Increase the Profitability of Agriculture for
Farmers
$-
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
Conventional till Zero till
US
D p
er
ha
Gross benefits
Costs that vary
Net benefits
Economics of Wheat Production in India
(Data from the Rice-Wheat Consortium)
•Cost saving ~ Rs 3000/ha .•Water Saving ~ 20-25cm of irrigation water.• In on-farm trials, DSR yield was similar or higher in 65% cases than PTR. •Basmati type and hybrid rice cultivars performed better under DSR.•Sesbania Co-culture with retained residues in DSR reduces weeds by half, and saves 15-20 kg N/ha. •DSR facilitates timely planting of wheat and helps in improving system productivity
Summary
New Strategy for RiceZero Till, Mechanical Transplanting
Mechanical Rice Transplanter Zero Till Mechanical Transplanted Rice
Mechanically Transplanted, Unpuddled Rice in Bihar, India
CAN RICE BE PLANTED ON RAISED BEDS INCLUDING
PERMANENT RAISED BEDS?
TRANSPLANTING RICE ON TILLED BEDS IN INDIA
TRANSPLANTED RICE ON TILLED BEDS IN INDIA
DIRECT SEEDED RICE ON PERMANENT BEDS AFTER WHEAT - INDIA
MUNGBEAN ON PERMANENT BEDS AFTER WHEAT AND BEFORE RICE
TRANSPLNTED RICE ON PERMANENT BEDS AFTER MAIZE - BANGLADESH
TRANSPLANTED RICE ON PERMANENT BEDS WITH RESIDUE REMOVED - BANGLADESH
Boro Rice Transplanted on Permanent Raised Beds in Bangladesh
TRANSPLANTED T AMAN RICE ON PERMANENT BEDS – DINAJPUR, BANGLADESH
TRANSPLANTED RICE ON PERMANENT BEDS AFTER WHEAT - BANGLADESH
Effect of Planting Method and N-levels on Grain yield of Aman Rice in Rajshahi,
Bangladesh (Dr. M. Ilias Hossain)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Gra
in yield
(t/ha)
Bed X
50N
Bed
X100N
Bed X
150N
Con X
50N
Con X
100N
Con X
150N
Planting Method and N-levels
Gra
in y
ield
(t/h
a)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Bed x
0% Straw
Conv x
0% Straw
Bed x
100% Straw
Conv x
100% Straw
Planting method options x straw levels
Tota
l S
yste
ms P
roductivity (t/ha) Rice Wheat Mungbean
Comparison of Total Productivity for the Conventional Puddled, Fooded Rice Versus Permanent Raised Beds with Different Straw Retention Levels for a Rice-Wheat-Mungbean System in Rajshahi, Bangladesh (Dr. M. Elias
Hossain)
Effect of Planting Method on Grain and Straw Yield for Boro
and Aman Rice In Bangladesh ( Dr. H M Talukder)
7.645.617.946.06Puddled,
Flooded
Flat
Planting
8.146.388.476.88Permanent
Raised
Beds
Aman Rice
Straw
Yield
(t/ha)
Aman Rice
Grain
Yield
(t/ha)
Boro Rice
Straw
Yield
(t/ha)
Boro Rice
Grain yield
(t/ha)
Planting
Method
Effect of Planting Method on Irrigation Water Application (mm) for Boro and Aman Rice In Bangladesh
( Dr. H M Talukder)
2930% Irrigation Water
Savings with
Permanent Raised
Beds
2681187Puddled, Flooded Flat
Planting
192827Permanent Raised
Beds
Aman Rice
Irrigation Water
Applied
(mm)
Boro Rice
Irrigation Water
Applied
(mm)
Planting Method
Effect of Planting Method on Grain and Straw Arsenic
Content for Boro Rice In Bangladesh ( Dr. H M Talukder)
10.930.65Puddled, Flooded Flat
Planting
1.550.25Permanent Raised Beds
Boro Rice Arsenic
Content
(ppm)
Boro Rice
Arsenic Content
(ppm)
Planting Method
INDIA – TRANSPLANTED RICE ON BEDS
INDIA – TRANSPLANTED RICE ON BEDS AFTER WHEAT
INDIA – TRANSPLANTED RICE ON BEDS AFTER WHEAT
TRANSPLANTED RICE ON BEDS - INDIA
DIRECT SEEDED RICE ON BEDS - INDIA
INDIA – HARVESTING BED PLANTED RICE
Effect of planting method and tillage on paddy rice yield
in India during the 2001 crop season*
5,020
5,620 5,6905,190 5,290
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
Direct seeded
On beds used for
wheat
Transplanted
On beds used for
wheat
Direct seeded on flat
Zero till after wheat
Direct seeded on flat
Reduced ti ll after
wheat
Transplanted on flat
Normal tillage with
puddling
* Average yie lds from 14 ha (22 farmers) direct seeded on beds
Average yie lds from 12 ha (20 farmers) transplanted on beds
Average yie lds from 12 ha (10 farmers) zero til led after wheat
Average yie lds from 1.6 ha (7 farmers) reduced ti ll after wheat
Planting method
Tillage
Effect of planting method and tillage on irrigation water requirement for rice grown in India during the
2001 crop season*
250
216
146153
205
125
145
165
185
205
225
245
265
285
Direct seeded
O n beds used for
wheat
Transplanted
O n beds used for
wheat
Direct seeded on flat
Zero till after wheat
Direct seeded on flat
Reduced till after
wheat
Transplanted on flat
Normal tillage with
puddling
To
tal
irri
ga
tio
n t
ime
(ho
urs
/ha
)
* Average from 14 ha (22 farmers) direct seeded on beds
Average from 12 ha (20 farmers) transplanted on beds
Average from 12 ha (10 farmers) zero tilled after wheat
Average from 1.6 ha (7 farmers) reduced till after wheat
Planting
method
Percent savings in irrigation water for rice compared to the transplanted rice with normal tillage and
puddling in India during the 2001 crop season*
39
42
18
13
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Direct seeded
O n beds used for wheat
Transplanted
On beds used for wheat
Direct seeded on flat
Zero till after wheat
Direct seeded on flat
Reduced til l after wheat
Per
cen
t w
ate
r sa
vin
gs
* Average from 14 ha (22 farmers) direct seeded on beds
Average from 12 ha (20 farmers) transplanted on beds
Average from 12 ha (10 farmers) zero t illed after wheat
Average from 1.6 ha (7 farmers) reduced t ill after wheat
Planting
method
Comparison of Crop Establishment of Maize after Different Rice
Seeding Systems in Pusa, Bihar, India
After Puddled Transplanted RiceAfter Zero Tiil Rice on the Flat
After Direct Seeder Rice on Permanent Beds
THANKS
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