Transcript
Dr.K.BaranidharanPresent by…
Engineering Economics &
Financial Accountingment
Ee&fa2April 12, 2023
INDEX
•Isocosts•Least-cost Combination Of Inputs
•Cobb-Douglas production function
•Law of Return to Scale
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ISOCOSTS
Isocosts refer to the cost curve that represents the combination of inputs that will cost a producer the same amount of money.
Isocosts denotes IQ2a particular level of total cost for a given level of production.
The level of production changes, the total cost changes and, thus the isocosts curve moves upwards
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The total cost as represented by each cost curve, is calculated by multiplying the quantity of each input factor with its respective price.
Click icon to add pictureThe three download sloping straight line cost curves (assuming that the input prices are fixed, no quantity discount are available) each costing Rs.1.0 lakh, Rs.1.5 lakh and Rs.2.0 lakh for the output leavels of 20,000-30,000 and 40,000 units.
capital
Labour
IC=1.0
IC=1.5
IC=2.0
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Least-Cost Combination
A manufacturer has to “produce at a lower cost to attain a higher profit”
Isocosts and isoquants can be used to determine the input usage that minimizes the cost of production
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The slope of an isoquant is equal to that of an isocost is the place of the point of cost of production.
This can observed by superimposing the isocosts on isoproduct curve
• It is possible because the axes in both maps represent the same input variable
• The points of tangency A, B and C on each of the isoquant curves represent the least cost combination of inputs, yielding the maximum level of output.
• Any output lower or higher than this will result in a higher cost of production.
Units of Capital (K)
x
y
Units of labour (L)
AB
C
Scale line
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Managerial EconomicsManagerial Economics
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Dr.K.BaranidharanTHANK YOU
Dr.K.BaranidharanPresent by…
Engineering Economics &
Financial Accountingment
Ee&fa12April 12, 2023
RETURNS TO SCALE
Return to scale refer to the return enjoyed by a firm as a result of change in all inputs.
It explains the behavior of the returns when inputs are changed simultaneously.
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Returns to Scale
Returns to scale is the rate at which output increases in response to proportional increases in all inputs.
In the eighteenth century Adam Smith became aware of this concept when he studied the production of pins. 14
Returns to Scale
Adam Smith identified two forces that come into play when all inputs are increased.– A doubling of inputs permits a greater
“division of labor” allowing persons to specialize in the production of specific pin parts.
– This specialization may increase efficiency enough to more than double output.
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Constant Returns to Scale
A production function is said to exhibit constant returns to scale if a doubling of all inputs results in a precise doubling of output.– This situation is shown in Panel .
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Capitalper week
4
A
3
2
1
Laborper week1 2 3
(a) Constant Returns to Scale
40
FIGURE 5.3: Isoquant Maps showing Constant, Decreasing, and Increasing Returns to Scale
q = 10
q = 20
q = 30
q = 40
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Decreasing Returns to Scale
If doubling all inputs yields less than a doubling of output, the production function is said to exhibit decreasing returns to scale.– This is shown in Panel
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Capitalper week
4
A
3
2
1
Laborper week1 2 3
(a) Constant Returns to Scale40
Capitalper week
4
A
3
2
1
Laborper week1 2 3
(b) Decreasing Returns to Scale40
FIGURE 5.3: Isoquant Maps showing Constant, Decreasing, and Increasing Returns to Scale
q = 10 q = 10
q = 20q = 20
q = 30q = 30
q = 40
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Increasing Returns to Scale
If doubling all inputs results in more than a doubling of output, the production function exhibits increasing returns to scale.– This is demonstrated in Panel
In the real world, more complicated possibilities may exist such as a production function that changes from increasing to constant to decreasing returns to scale.
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Capitalper week
4
A
q = 10
3
2
1
Laborper week1 2 3
(a) Constant Returns to Scale40
Capitalper week
4
A
3
2
1
Laborper week
1 2 3(c) Increasing Returns to Scale
40
Capitalper week
4
A
3
2
1
Laborper week1 2 3
(b) Decreasing Returns to Scale40
FIGURE 5.3: Isoquant Maps showing Constant, Decreasing, and Increasing Returns to Scale
q = 10 q = 10
q = 20
q = 20q = 20
q = 30q = 30
q = 30q = 40
q = 40
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Dr.K.BaranidharanTHANK YOU
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