Island evolution. Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris Geospiza magnirostris strenua Geospiza fortis Geospiza nebulosa nebulosa Camarhynchus parvulus parvulus.

Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsSpeciation on islands

Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris

Geospiza magnirostris strenua

Geospiza fortis

Geospiza nebulosa nebulosa

Camarhynchus parvulus parvulus

land surface of the world

islands: 3%

mainland: 97%

islands: 13.5% (35 500 spp)

mainland: 86.5%

higher plant species(263 000 spp)

Higher plant species

total nr endemic nr %species species endemic

New Zealand 2371 2480 81.9Madagascar 8000-10000 5000-8000 68.4

Hawaii 1180 906 89.9

Cook Islands 284 3 1.1

Land snail species

total nr endemic nr %species species endemic

Madagascar 380 361 95

Hawaii ca. 1000 ca. 1000 99.9

Canary Islands 181 141 77.9

Insect species

Drosophila species: 511 + 300

Hawaii

Insect species

Drosophila species: 511 + 300 spp.Tree crickets: 3 genera, 68 spp.

Hawaii

Insect species

Drosophila species: 511 + 300 spp.Tree crickets: 3 genera, 68 spp.Sarona plant bug: 40 spp.

Hawaii

Insect species

5700 spp., 2200 spp. endemic

Canary islands

Insect species

285 spp.

Tropical Pacific Lepidoptera

100 spp. one island endemics 28 spp. regional endemics

Lizard species

23 genera, 100 spp.

Tropical Pacific Scincidae

66 spp. one island endemics 13 spp. regional endemics

9 endemics

Lizard species

1 endemic genus: 7 extant spp.

Canary Islands Lacertids

Lizard species

400 spp. of Anolis

Caribbean Anolis

150 spp. on Caribbean islands

Bird species

10300 spp. of birds

1750 spp. confined to islands (17%)

402 threatened (23%)

1132 threatened (11%)

Mammal species

84 genera, 170 spp.

Philippines (7000 islands)

24 endemics (29%)

111 endemics (64%)

Comparisons among taxaPacific Ocean Islands (26-30 islands)

regional endemics local endemics

butterflies 10% 35%birds 10% 65%skinks 13% 66%mammals 6% 54%

large, high, remote islands

++

Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsSpeciation on islandsDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciation

allopatricspeciation

allopatricspeciation

"sympatric"speciation

allopatricspeciation

Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsSpeciation on islandsDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemism

Scaly fern trees, Cyathaceae, Madagascar Janssen et al. 2008

Scaly fern trees, Cyathaceae, Madagascar Janssen et al. 2008

bipinnate clade

tripinnate clade

gymnosphaera

Miocene-Pleistocene

bipinnate clade

gymnosphaera

tripinnate clade

Pleistocene

bipinnate clade

tripinnate clade

gymnosphaera

Pleistocene

Laurel forest, Teneriffe, Canary Islands

Laurel, Seub franco

Barbusano, Appollonias barbujana Isoplexis canarienis

Azores

Madeira

Canaries

Azores

Madeira

Canaries

Azores

Madeira

Canaries

Azores

Madeira

Canaries

Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsSpeciation on islandsDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismMechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidy

colonisation ofisland 1 in oneevent (>30ind)

colonisation ofcolonisation ofisland 1 in oneisland 1 in oneevent (>30ind)event (>30ind)

rapid expansion,adaptive changes,drift

colonisation ofcolonisation ofisland 1 in oneisland 1 in oneevent (>30ind)event (>30ind)

rapid expansion,rapid expansion,adaptive changes,adaptive changes,driftdrift

memberscolonizeisland 2

colonisation ofcolonisation ofisland 1 in oneisland 1 in oneevent (>30ind)event (>30ind)

rapid expansion,rapid expansion,adaptive changes,adaptive changes,driftdrift

membersmemberscolonizecolonizeisland 2island 2

drift and adaptive changes to different environment

colonisation ofcolonisation ofisland 1 in oneisland 1 in oneevent (>30ind)event (>30ind)

rapid expansion,rapid expansion,adaptive changes,adaptive changes,driftdrift

membersmemberscolonizecolonizeisland 2island 2

drift and adaptive drift and adaptive changes to different changes to different environmentenvironment

members of aderived populationarrive at occupied island

colonisation ofcolonisation ofisland 1 in oneisland 1 in oneevent (>30ind)event (>30ind)

rapid expansion,rapid expansion,adaptive changes,adaptive changes,driftdrift

membersmemberscolonizecolonizeisland 2island 2

drift and adaptive drift and adaptive changes to different changes to different environmentenvironment

members of amembers of aderived populationderived populationarrive at occupied arrive at occupied islandisland

competition,character displacement,reinforcement

Blue chaffinch, Fringilla teydea, Canary Islands

Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsSpeciation on islandsDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismMechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidy

disruptive sexual selection

disruptive natural selection

discrete habitat models

continuous resource models

bekhoogte

frequentie

vruchtgrootte

frequentie

frequentie

Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsSpeciation on islandsDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismMechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidy

Polyploid plants

Juan Fernandez Islands 0%Canary Islands endemics 25.5%Canary Islands non-endemicsCanary Islands non-endemics 36.4%36.4%New Zealand gymnosperms 0%New Zealand angiosperms 63%

~ latitude island ~ age island~ taxon

Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsSpeciation on islandsDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismMechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidyMechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidyPhylogeny: anagenesis, anacladogenesis, cladogenesis

anagenesis

progenitor speciesbecomes extinct

anacladogenesis

progenitor surviveswith little change alongside the derivedspecies

cladogenesis

progenitor speciesis partitioned in twolines and becomes extinct in its originalform

Hawaiian honeycreepers, Drepanidinae, Hawaii

Anolis radiation, Caribbean Islands

Juan Fernandez Islands

148 endemic species

anagenesis71%

progenitor speciesbecomes extinct

cladogenesis5%

progenitor speciesis partitioned in twolines and becomes extinct in its originalform

anacladogenesis24%

progenitor surviveswith little change alongside the derivedspecies