Islam: Shia-versus Sunni/emergence of the Caliphates 632-1500.
Post on 17-Dec-2015
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Hajj
Muslims performing the Hajj (a pilgrimage to Mecca).
The simple white garments symbolize the equality of believers.
Jihad
“Jihad” among extremists refers to “Holy Wars” against the infidels or of Territorial expansion.
Among moderates, Jihad refers to
“Defense” of one’s faith; and or an “inner struggle” to rid oneself of evil and submit to Allah.
Emergence of Shia
Claim that ‘Ali’s descendents were the true successors to Muhammad
Shia community recognizes the Imans, the successors to ‘Ali’s Spiritual Authority
Recognizes Koran only, not Koran but Sunna (traditional teachings) as authoritative.
Caliph
Caliph or “Deputy” refers to the Islamic rulers after the death of Muhammad.
Abu-Bakr is first Caliph (632-624) The first four caliphs expanded the
kingdom still further. Caliphs have both religious & civil authority.
Eras of Islamic Civilization
570-632: Muhammad-Founder
632-661: First four Caliphs: - Expansion in Mideast
661-750: Ommayad Dynasty-(Centered in Damascus) Expansion in N.Africa & Spain
Eras of Islamic Civilization cont.
750-1258: Abbasid Dynasty, Golden Age at Baghdad
1000s-1400s: Seljuks &Mongols
1453-WW I: Ottoman Empire; & Fragmentation
Branches of Islam
Most Muslims would agree on the basic principles of Islam
Many varieties in beliefs and practices exist. The main groups are: Sunnis Shiites
Sunnis
Comprises 85% of Muslims Considered to be mainstream everywhere except
in Iran Sources of religious and legal authority are the
Qur’an and the hadith (traditions)
Analogy and consensus are used to arrive at solutions
Sunnis often able to adapt to different cultures without losing their own values or beliefs
Shi’ites
Started as a political dispute over the leadership of Islam
Muhammad died without naming an heir; some believed his cousin Ali should be his successor
661 CE, Ali was murdered; 680 CE, his son, Husayn, was killed in Iraq
Ali and Husayn were the first martyrs of the Shi’ites (Shia Ali)
Imams
Spiritual leaders of Islam are the imams Imams are without sin and can interpret scripture
without error Innovation possible only through an imam’s
approval Belief in the Mahdi (guided one) - messianic figure
who will lead the world into a time of peace Sunni and Shi’a disagree over the scope and power
of Imams: for Sunni, the Imam is a prayer leader; for the Shi’a, the Imam is temporal leader—the True Caliph.
The Umayyad Caliphate
Flourish from 661 to 750 Centered in Damascus Nearly took Constantinople (674-77) but
were deterred by Greek Fire Captured Spain but were defeated by
Charles Martel at Tours in 732. Weakness of Umayyads—only Arabs could
be Muslims—opposed by Abbasids who accepted Muslims of all ethnicities
The Abbasid Caliphate Flourished from 750 to 1258 Centered in Baghdad Great libraries, academies, and schools. Translated classical Greek scholarship into Arabic
—preserving it for posterity Achievements in Medicine, astronomy, and
Mathematics Muslim states in West break away from Abbasid
control beginning in 756. Seljuk Turks convert to Islam and conquer
Abbasids (1055) but allow Abbasids to continue to rule
Genghis Khans Grandson topples Abbasids in 1258
Ottoman Empire (1300-1918)
The Ottoman Empire would rival that of China in size and economic power.
But over time the Ottoman Empire would be weakened until the twentieth century.
Yet under Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566) the Ottoman Empire expanded into North Africa and Syria.
Growth of the Ottoman Empire
For nearly 300 years the Ottomans expanded into the Balkans and to Persia.
By 1683 the Turks controlled Hungary in Europe to the Persian Gulf.
Initial Ottoman conquest and expansion was under their able leader Osman (1299-1326).
Osman was a ghazi, or warrior, who was determined to spread the faith.
Why Did The Ottomans Succeed?
Ottomans tolerated other faiths—didn’t fight wars of religious exclusivism
Many in Old Byzantine Empire were weary of corruption in Byzantine state
Key Events of the Ottoman State
1389 – Defeat the Serbs at Battle of Kosovo.
1396 – Crushed the Hungarians and foreign knights at Nicopolis.
1402 – Tamerlane defeats the Ottomans near Ankara.
1453 – Turks capture Constantinople by Mohammed II.
1517 – Turks captured Cairo. 1529 – First siege of Vienna. 1683 – Second siege of Vienna.
Historic Contributions of the Islamic Civilizations
Rhazes (d. 925): Medical expert of the Abbasid Dynasty who studied optics; Caesarian operations and more.
Most famous treatise On Small Pox and Measles
Historic Contributions of the Islamic Civilizations
• Avicenna (d. 1037): A Muslim scholar of the Abbasid Dynasty who excelled in both Medicine and Philosophy
• His Canon of Medicine was translated into Latin in the 12th century and by the 16th century was in its 35th edition.
Historic Contributions of the Islamic Civilizations
Aveorres (d. 1198): Philosopher of the Abbasid Dynasty who tried to harmonize Islamc faith with Aristotelian logic.
Astrolabe
Used for astronomy & for navigation.
It is believed that the Muslim al-Fazari (d.777A.D.) was the first scientist in the MidEast to make an astrolabe, following the arrival of an Indian mission to Baghdad.
Muslim Medicine
Muslim physicians were active in the advancement of surgical techniques, and were among the first to use narcotic and sedative drugs in operations.
Omar Khyyam
Of the Abbasid Dynasty was the author of the Rubaiyat and the Book of 1001 Nights.
“A Book of Verses underneath the Bough; A jug of wine, a loaf of bread—and thou beside me in the wilderness—Oh Wilderness were paradise enow!”
Harun Al Rashid (800s)
An esteemed ruler of the Abbasid Dynasty who exchanged gifts, and established friendly relations with Charlemagne (ruler of the greatest Christian Kingdom in Europe at that time).
Muslim Art & Architecture
The Muslim religion prohibited the picturing of human and natural forms.
Muslim art was thus channeled into artistic displays of great geometric complexity and abstract ornamentation.
Muslim Art & Architecture
This Muslim mosque in Seville, was built in 1172.
It was converted to a Chrisitan Cathedral in 1248.
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